中国麦饭石资源与开发研究

本文介绍了麦饭石的性能、中国麦饭石的资源状况和开发研究。指出由于这些优越的性能 ,使生活在麦饭石产区的居民健康长寿 ,那里的作物不用施肥和施用农药就能生长得很好 ,还出产名优作物。中国的麦饭石资源丰富 ,但国人尚不“识货” ,目前主要供出口之用。相信通过开发研究 ,随着人民生活水平的提高 ,我国麦饭石资源将得到充分的利用     

秦岭麦饭石的地质特征和初步应用效果

麦饭石是一种古老的药用矿石资源,古代主要作为治疗疮毒的外用药。现代意义的麦饭石,无论是产地、性状还是应用范围都已较古代意义的麦饭石发展了。秦岭麦饭石产在小秦岭地区。麦饭石的母岩是黑云石英二长斑岩。侵入时代为燕山期,与围岩呈侵入接触。麦饭石为半风化状,其主要氧化物含量、稀土元素及有害元素含量均符合中国五金矿产进出口公司天津分公司的出口标准。其吸附性、双向调节 pH 位能力均达到或超过国内已知麦饭石的水平,能溶出人体所需的最主要的14种微量元素中的大多数。毒性试验证明,其对动物无任何毒副作用。秦岭麦饭石曾在酱油和醋酿造、豆腐加工、净化污水、简单外科医疗、冰箱除臭、动物饲养等方面作了初步应用试验,均取得良好效果,其中麦饭石酱油、醋已由有关厂家批量生产进入市场。秦岭麦饭石初步应用试验效果和资源量均具备开发前景,当前开发利用可考虑净化污水、动物饲养、食品(饮料)加工和医疗保健四个方面。     

吉林省发现一处优质“天池麦饭石”

吉林省地矿局科技处受吉林省白河林业局的委托,在长白山天池附近找到一处优质“天池麦饭石”。该麦饭石是在调查寻找七处矿点中优选出来的。出露范围有0.5km~2,其质地优良,富含 Mo、Se、Cr、Cu、Zn 等对人体有益元素,且溶出量高;原岩有害元素 Pb 最低,As、Cd、Hg 也均低,且溶出量也很低;生物毒理试验效果较佳。各项指标均可与中华麦饭石、阜新麦饭石及我省凤栖、长白麦饭石比美。该项资源是经地学、医学、卫生等十位行业专家共同鉴定确认的。并认为其研究程度较高,具有国内同类研究的先进水平。     

麦饭石促进异养反硝化去除水中硝酸盐的研究

微生物异养反硝化技术是市政污水处理中广泛应用的技术,但在实际应用中,微生物活性易受冲击负荷、重金属胁迫等环境条件影响,使出水效果不稳定。麦饭石作为一种天然硅酸盐矿物,能有效提高微生物活性及对环境胁迫的抗性,可以将其应用于微生物污染治理领域。通过批实验研究麦饭石的剂量、处理方式对异养反硝化的促进作用并探究麦饭石作用于微生物的机理。结果表明,麦饭石的投加剂量和处理方式均显著影响了微生物对硝酸盐的去除效果。硝酸盐去除率与麦饭石投加量呈正相关,麦饭石投加量为350 g/L时硝酸盐去除率可达96%,未添加麦饭石的空白组硝酸盐去除率仅为25%;处理方式会影响麦饭石对反硝化过程的强化作用,研磨后过200目筛的麦饭石在投加量<150 g/L时具有优势,投加量继续增大后,未经处理的麦饭石表现出更强的反硝化促进作用。进一步采用未经处理的麦饭石、研磨后过200目筛麦饭石及球磨麦饭石浸出液进行反硝化的促进实验及微生物毒性实验探究麦饭石作用于微生物的机理。实验结果表明,麦饭石浸出液能够提高微生物的活性及对环境胁迫的抗性,影响麦饭石生物促进作用的主要因素为其溶出微量元素的成分及浓度。本研究为天然矿物麦饭石应用于微生物污染治理提供理论依据和实际应用价值。     

麦饭石的现状及今后研究方向

一、麦饭石国内外研究现状麦饭石是保健用的一种矿物药石,因其外观颇似握聚麦饭团而得名。在我国明朝伟大的医药实践家李时珍著《本草纲目》中记载,麦饭石“甘、温、无毒”,主治“一切痛疽发背”。近代麦饭石传到国外,在日本称麦饭石为“健康石”,南朝鲜称为“矿泉药石”。麦     

麦饭石优化生活饮用水的改性研究

把经过酸改性、热改性以及复合改性的麦饭石分别用于处理自来水,通过考察经改性麦饭石处理前后自来水中Cu、Mn、Zn和Pb离子浓度的变化,研究了酸浓度、热改性温度以及复合改性条件对麦饭石的溶出性及吸附性的影响;测定了改性麦饭石的溶出及吸附透过曲线。结果表明热改性和盐酸改性对麦饭石的离子交换性能有促进作用:先用1.5 mol/L的盐酸改性,再经400℃热改性的麦饭石可以除去自来水中81.9%的Pb,并使水中Zn的浓度增加0.132 mg/L;在200 m L/min流速下,60 g改性麦饭石,可以有效优化自来水8 h,平衡时间约为12 h。     

麦饭石地质特征及其试验研究

在国内有十余个省一百多处相继发现麦饭石。其主要产出于各时代中酸性火山—深成岩中,岩性为二长岩,石英二长岩及石英二长闪长岩。 人类健康与生存的地球化学环境密切相关。经研究,有的地区麦饭石、麦饭石产地的井水及人体血液中三者含的微量元素曲线是一致的。通过对麦饭石的浸入、吸附等试验,认为麦饭石含有人体健康所需的微量元素,被称为“药石”。     

齐齐哈尔碾子山麦饭石基础功能性

麦饭石作为一种对生物无毒、无害并具有一定生物活性的复合矿物或药用岩石,其利用历史十分悠久,明代李时珍所著《本草纲目》对麦饭石的性能、用途和用法已有记载。从地质科学的角度讲,麦饭石母岩通常被认为是岩浆结晶分异晚期残留岩浆以次火山岩产出的闪长玢岩、石英钠长斑岩或石英闪长斑岩等,矿物成分主要有斜长石、钾长石、石英、角闪石、绿泥石等,作为一类非金属矿产资源,目前研究多集中在畜牧与动物医学、中药学以及地质学等领域,基础研究薄弱,因而对其理化性质、矿物组成和岩石类型目前尚无统一的标准和认识。我国麦饭石产地众多,内蒙古奈曼旗、山东蒙阴联城、齐齐哈尔碾子山等地矿产储量较高、品质较好。其中,齐齐哈尔市碾子山区于2001年5月被国家授予"中国麦饭石之乡"的称号。碾子山麦饭石资源储量达1.4亿m3,因其含硒、锌、磷、钙等20多种微量元素,被国内外市场看好,以其为原料生产的饮具、酒具等器皿类和床垫、颗粒肥、粉末等远销日本、韩国、香港、澳大利亚等地。但由于碾子山麦饭石的地质产出、岩石矿物组分、微量元素含量、元素溶出及吸附能力等各项理化性能尚缺乏基础研究信息和数据,对其进一步的开发利用缺少理论指导依据。本研究主要通过对碾子山麦饭石开展基础研究,通过确定其成分、结构、性能,再在此基础上根据麦饭石的吸附功能、含有多种微量元素、抑菌功能等特性开展化妆品、功能涂料、功能陶瓷、催化剂载体、保健品等产品的开发。通过岩石手标本观察、岩石光学薄片观察、粉晶X射线衍射分析(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、热重分析(TG)、孔结构及比表面分析等手段对碾子山麦饭石作了初步了解,并进一步研究了其重金属吸附性能、VOCs吸附性能、p H缓冲能力等性能,从而全面揭示了碾子山麦饭石基础性能信息,为后续的产品开发提供了理论支持。研究得知该地区麦饭石主要矿物有钾长石、斜长石、石英等,同时含少量的风化产物——黏土矿物(蒙脱石、绿泥石、角闪石);微量元素分析结果显示碾子山麦饭石含少量人体有益微量元素(Sr、V、Mn、Zn等);由于大量长石及少量黏土矿物的存在,推测该麦饭石具有一定的吸附能力及pH缓冲能力。通过实验还发现,碾子山麦饭石对重金属离子具有一定的吸附能力,且矿区不同层位的麦饭石吸附性存在一定差异。由于矿区表层风化程度相对较高,黏土质含量较高,因而吸附性优良,麦饭石对重金属的吸附性能随麦饭石样品层位由上部至下部依次减弱。另外,p H缓冲实验测试显示,麦饭石对酸碱溶液都具有很好的调节作用,尤其对酸液的调节作用极为显著,该结论同时在重金属吸附试验中得到验证,溶液由吸附初始的酸性变为吸附后的中性偏碱性。本研究通过对碾子山麦饭石样品开展一系列基础功能性实验,初步量化其基本理化性能及吸附特性,为其更好的开发利用提供了依据。     

山东几处典型麦饭石矿床的地质特征及其主要物化性能

山东境内至今已发现几十处麦饭石矿,其中以“泰山麦饭石”、“雪花山麦饭石”和“青岛麦饭石”较为典型。三者均为风化一半风化状的中酸性岩浆岩,其化学组分与国内、日本的典型麦饭石矿庆基本一致,主要物化性能为溶出性、吸附性、双向调节活性效应和复用性等。     

山东省蒙阴县蒙山北部麦饭石地球化学、溶出与吸附特征

山东省蒙阴县蒙山北部地区麦饭石矿产资源品质好,且矿石开发利用已具有较大规模。为查明该区麦饭石全岩地球化学及麦饭石溶出和吸附特征,本文对研究区麦饭石岩相学和地质地球化学特征进行了分析研究。研究结果表明,蒙阴县蒙山北部地区麦饭石属钙碱性岩浆岩,其对人体的有益和有害元素的含量与地壳元素丰度值相当或略低。麦饭石的溶出和吸附特征表明,麦饭石能溶出有用组分偏硅酸(H₂SiO₃),并且含量均达到了天然饮用矿泉水的标准要求(≥25.00 mg/L),有益有害元素也均满足限量指标要求,溶出效果较好。麦饭石对有害元素Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr均具有较强的吸附作用,其中对Cd、Hg、Pb等元素吸附效果最好。本次研究为制定山东省麦饭石矿产地质勘查地方标准及开发利用提供科学依据。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.