Preliminary research to determine stress districts form focal mechanism solutions in Southwest China and its adjacent area

IntroductionManystudies(Kan,etal,1977;Cheng,1981;Xu,etal,1987;Xie,etal,1993,Mulled,etal,1997)indicatedthatthedirectionsofcrustaltectonicstresseshaveregionalvariation.SimpleanalysesbymeansOfthreeprincipalaxesoffocalmechanismsolutions,whichexpressedasP...     

Analysis on the master event method and precise location of 1997 Jiashi strong earthquake swarm in western China

IntroductionEarthquakelocationisoneoftheoldestinverseproblemsinseismology.Preciseearthquakelocationisthebasisoftheseismicresearch.Theprecisionoftheearthquakelocationdependsonmanyfactors,suchasthequalityofthestationnetwork,theprecisionoftheseismicwavearrivaltimemeasured,andtheknowledgeaboutthecrustalvelocitystructureandsoon.AccordingtotheresearchmadebyZhao(1983),thehorizontallocationerroroftheeanhquakelocatedbythetraditionalabsolutemethodinthecentralareaofNorthChinaisabouttZkin,intheedgeregio…     

由多个小地震推断的华北地区构造应力场的方向

利用1966——1978年间华北地区区域地震台记录的5级以下地震的初动方向,通过求平均节面解推断出13个分区的地壳构造应力场的主应力轴方向.通过数值试验论证了利用多个断层面随机取向的地震的 P、B、T 轴推断构造应力主轴方向的可能性.讨论了在推断构造应力场方向时,利用多个小地震资料比利用大地震资料所具有的优越性.用尝试法对所有可能解的三维参数空间以555的间隔进行了扫描搜索,改进了扫描方法,节省了计算时间.      

华北地区地震震源机制分区特征

利用华北地区(北纬36°—42°;东经111°—125°范围)2010年1月至2014年6月≥ML2.5的918个地震事件波形资料,采用FOCMEC方法计算震源机制,根据参与计算的清晰初动数量及振幅个数,以及在分别采用5°、10°、15°不同步长搜索震源机制解结果必须为同一组接近解的原则,我们共得到572个可靠的震源机制解.对于震级相对较大且波形低频部分信噪比较好的地震,同时采用TDMT全波形反演方法反演了矩张量,最终得到14个地震的矩张量,并与利用FOCMEC方法得到的震源机制解进行了比较.同时我们还搜集了1937年以来华北地区中强地震的震源机制解结果.根据震源机制类型特征及构造特点,我们从空间上对震源机制结果进行了分区分析.结果表明:研究区内中小地震的震源机制类型相对复杂,但仍能看出中小地震震源机制有显著的分区特征,震源机制主要类型是正断型和走滑型,并且大部分正断型震源机制分布在山西断陷带、唐山老震区、海城老震区内.该现象表明研究区内主要变形以平移和拉张为主;同时通过大于4级以上地震震源机制类型主要为走滑型可得出,走滑型应力在华北地区应力场上占绝对优势,但是局部地区的正断型应力也比较显著,比如山西断陷带、海城老震区、唐山老震区、渤海内(烟台—蓬莱段局部地区).     

华北北部地区现今应力场时空变化特征研究.

依据2002——2006年的中小地震资料,利用格点尝试法分析计算了华北北部4个应力小区的平均主应力轴,讨论了华北北部地区的现今应力场特征.在此基础上,对1977——1998年研究区内的单个地震震源机制解进行了进一步的分析计算,并结合以往的研究结果,研究了华北北部地区现今应力场随时间的变化特征,结果印证了唐山地震前后,唐山震源区及其邻近地区应力场主应力方向出现的转动和变化的现象:1976年唐山发生7.8级地震后,唐山震源区及其邻近的北京地区和邢台地区震源机制解的平均P轴可能顺时针转动了约15deg;——30deg;。北京地区和邢台地区近期（2002——2006年）的平均主应力轴与唐山地震前的综合断层面解较为一致,这两个地区应力场似乎转回到唐山地震前的状态. 而唐山区震源机制解的平均P轴在地震后则一直稳定在EW向上。位于张家口——渤海断裂带西段的京西北地区,其现今应力场则相对比较稳定,唐山地震前后主应力方向没有太大变动。鉴于数据资料等方面的原因,本文的研究结果仅仅是初步给出了华北北部地区应力场近几十年来一种可能的调整变化图象。      

Field of tectonic stresses from focal mechanisms of earthquakes and recent crustal movements from GPS measurements in China

Orientations of the principal axes of the tectonic stress field reconstructed from seismological data on focal mechanisms of earthquakes and strain fields determined from GPS measurements in China are compared. The data of GPS measurements used in the paper were obtained by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (about 1000 stations) in the period of 1998–2004. On the basis of information on the recent horizontal crustal motions, the strain field is calculated for the study territory by the finite element method. Calculations of the strain tensor using GPS data were carried out with a step of 1° in latitude and longitude. A catalog of earthquake focal mechanisms was used for the reconstruction of tectonic stress field components. Focal mechanisms of earthquakes were calculated with the use of seismological data on signs of first arrivals from the bulletin of the International Seismological Center. To estimate characteristics of the regional stress field, an approach based on the kinematic method proposed by O.I. Gushchenko was applied. The tectonic stress field was reconstructed in depth intervals of 0 < H < 35 km and 35 km < H < 70 km from data on focal mechanisms of earthquakes over the periods of 1998–2004 and 1985–2004. Comparison of directions of the principal strain axes at the surface (according to GPS measurements) and directions of the principal stress axes (reconstructed from focal mechanisms of earthquakes) showed their good convergence. Seismotectonic strains and GPS measurements coincide within a larger part of the territory. The coincidence is best in a depth interval of 0 < H < 35 km. Maximum misfit values are confined to areas of high 3-D gradients of strain axis directions and are possibly related to the structural heterogeneity of the region, zones with strains of the same type along both horizontal axes (compression or extension along all directions), or areas of small absolute values of recent horizontal movements. Areas with invariable directions of the stress axes are recognizable regardless of the depth of initial data. Good reproducibility of results obtained by two different methods made it possible to check the method of stress field reconstruction using data on focal mechanisms of earthquakes.     

Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of present stress field in the northern area of North China

From focal mechanism solutions of the earthquakes in the northern part of North China during the period of 2002～2006,the directions of principal stress axes in 4 stress sub-districts are analyzed using a grid test method.The characteristic of present crustal stress directions is discussed.Based on this result and on the focal mechanism solutions calculated for some events in the period of 1977～1998,in combination with some other study results,the temporal variation of present crustal stress directions in the northern part of North China is investigated.The re-sults confirm that the direction of crustal principal stress in some regions had somewhat rotated after the 1976 Tangshan M7.8 earthquake.The mean P axes of the focal mechanism solutions rotated clockwise not only in Tangshan sub-district,but also in Beijing and Xingtai sub-districts after the Tangshan earthquake.In Beijing and Xingtai sub-districts the orientations of principal stress axes in the period of 2002～2006 are consistent with that before the Tangshan earthquake,implying that the stress orientations has rotated back to the state before the Tang-shan earthquake in these two sub-districts.The directions of the mean P axes are nearly E-W in Tangshan sub-dis-trict since the M7.8 earthquake.The present stress field in the sub-district northwest to Beijing,or in the western part of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone,is relatively stable during the time period concerned in this study.Because of the limitation of data,this paper only states a possible variation of stress field in the northern part of North China in the recent decades.     

华北地区1900-1970年5级以上地震发震位置与震源机制研究

本文通过整理世界地震台网1900-1970年世界台站震相报告,对该时期发生在我国华北地区震级5级以上强震的震源位置及震源机制（断层面解）进行了测量.具体开展了以下三点工作：（1）使用1900-1970年之间Shide Circulars（BAASSC,1900-1912）,《国际地震资料汇编》（ISS）和EHB Bulletin的震相到时,对该时间范围内的22个地震事件重新定位,得到了21个地震事件的可靠结果;（2）使用1933年至1970年之间ISS的P波初动,对该时间范围内的15个地震事件求解震源机制解,得到了其中12个地震事件的震源机制解的可靠结果,从而丰富了华北地区基于全球地震台网观测的1900-1970年历史强震目录震源机制资料;（3）基于华北地区地震地质及区域构造应力场研究结果,推断了华北地区M≥5.0的部分缺乏地震资料观测的历史地震断层面参数,并对这种方法推断的断层面参数的可靠性进行了讨论.     

Types of focal mechanism solutions and parameter consistency of the sub-blocks in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces

Based on P- and S-wave amplitudes and some clear initial P-wave motion data, we calculated focal mechanism solutions of 928 M≥2.5 earthquakes （1994-2005） in four sub-blocks of Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, namely Sichuan-Qinghai, Yajiang, Central Sichuan and Central Yunnan blocks. Combining these calculation results with those of the focal mechanism solutions of moderately strong earthquakes, we analyzed the stress field characteristics and dislocation types of seismogenic faults that are distributed in the four sub-blocks. The orientation of principal compressive stress for each block is： EW in Sichuan-Qinghai, ESE or SE in Yajiang, Central Sichuan and Central Yunnan blocks. Based on a great deal of focal mechanism data, we designed a program and calculated the directions of the principal stress tensors, σ1, σ2 and σ3, for the four blocks. Meanwhile, we estimated the difference （also referred to as consistency parameter θ^- ） between the force axis direction of focal mechanism solution and the direction of the mean stress tensor of each block. Then we further analyzed the variation of θ^- versus time and the dislocation types of seismogenic faults. Through determination of focal mechanism solutions for each block, we present information on the variation in θ^- value and dislocation types of seismogenic faults.     

Dynamic variation of ambient shear stress field before and after three strong earthquakes in Yunnan

IntroductionThecrustaltectonicmovementisacomplicatedevolutionprocesswithtimeandspace.Spatially,themovementofcrustaltectoniciscloselyrelatedtotheinter-movementandinteractionofmulti-leveledcrustalblocksinacertainregionandtheirborderfaults.Temporally,themovementiscloselyrelatedtothatofmulti-leveledcrustalblocksandtimesequencedevelopmentofinteraction.Anearthquakeoccurrenceistheresultofsuddenruptureofcrustmediaundertheactionoftectonicstressfield,isalsoacomplicatedprocessinnercrust.Duetotheobviousi…     

华北地区中小地震应力场的优势方向

根据华北地区61次中、小地震（3.0≤M≤5.5）和10次M≥6.0大地震的震源机制结果的统计分析,得到地震释能应力场的优势方向,主压应力轴为70°-80°,主张应力轴为340°-350°,它们的仰角基本上小于45°。这表明,华北地区处于以北东东向水平压应力和北北西向水平张应力为主的现代构造应力场中。指出了这一地区6级以上地震和震源深度大于17公里的中、小地震应力场方向一致性较好,可能更接近构造应力场方向。华北地区一致性应力场的南缘,可能在秦岭、大别山及长江下游一带。     

小震震源参数与震源机制的联合测定

本文采用一个非均匀破裂圆盘位错模式,考虑到介质-仪器系统的影响,计算了它在不同幅射方向的P波初动位移与半周期,以及几组用于测定震源参数的理论曲线。在采用1/4周期测定介质的Q值和球面拟合震源机制解的基础上,给出了一个小震震源参数与震源机制的联合测定方法。该方法的实质是,将震源断层面作为被测参数的一部分,并同时考虑它对其它被测参数的影响,从而获得单个小震震源参数与震源机制的相应解。最后,根据新丰江水库区四个台的小震资料作了实测与分析,所得结果为:介质的平均Q值约450,地震矩1019——1020达因厘米,平均应力降约35巴;其震源机制解亦反映了本区构造应力场的主要特征。      

A possible change in stress field orientation due to the 1976 Tangshan earthquake

Two techniques are used to study the stress field in the Tangshan region. First, the mean directions of principal stress axes in three subregions of the Tangshan aftershock region are determined from 29 focal mechanism solutions. In doing so a slip-fitting technique is applied which determines the mean stress tensor by minimizing the angle between the observed slip direction on every fault plane and the calculated shear stress resolved onto the fault planes. Each of the two nodal planes of the focal mechanism solutions are alternately considered as a possible fault plane. Second, by making a grid search over all possible orientations of stress axes, the meanP,B andT axes in the Tangshan region, both before and after the Tangshan mainshock, are found on the basis of firstP-wave polarity readings from a number of small earthquakes. The results indicate that there is a possible azimuthal change of the principal stress axes in the focal region due to the occurrence of the mainshock.     

潮汐应力与大震关系研究

选用1976—2009年全球震源深度小于70 km, M_W≥7.0的地震为研究对象, 利用震源机制解资料, 对每个地震的发震断层面进行了判断, 得到233个地震的发震断层面解。 据此, 本文讨论了发震时断层面上的地球固体潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向的关系以及潮汐正应力在发震时所处的相位, 发震时断层面的库仑应力值。 结果表明, 当潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向一致时触发作用最为明显, 逆断层地震与潮汐的关系最为密切; 而当潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向相反时, 地震较少发生。     

Focal mechanism solutions and its tectonic significance in the trench of the eastern South China Sea

Introduction South China Sea (SCS) is located in the convergence zone between Euro-Asian plate, Pacific plate (Philippine plate) and Indian plate. Interactions of three plates made the crust of this region suffer tectonic stress in many directions and made the South China Sea be in the complex environ-ment of the tectonic stress. There are four different marginal types in the surrounding of the South China Sea: The tectonic zone of the rifting margin in the north of SCS, the NS direct…     

我国部分早期震源机制解答的重新测定

根据不同作者对同一地震震源机制解的不同测定结果之间的差异程度来估计测定结果的相对可信度。用此方法对１９８５年ＩＡＳＰＥＩ东京会议选定的５１个地震不同作者测定的结果作了分析，同时也对我国有两个以上测定结果的震源机制解答作了分析，结果说明，我国现有震源机制解答测定精度总体上有待提高。用５°×５°×５°的格点尝试法重新处理了国家地震局震源机制研究小组１９７３年所著《中国地震震源机制研究》第一集中所载除台湾地震和深震外的２２９个地震的Ｐ波初动方向数据，最后只得出了４７个可供参考的震源机制解答。     

利用多个震源机制解求东大别地区平均应力场

利用地震的震源机制解资料,得到应力张量在地理坐标系下的表达式,进而可计算平均应力张量.通过求平均应力张量的本征向量,即可得到其主轴方向,并由此推断区域应力场方向.利用东大别地区219次地震的震源机制解资料,比较了不同相似程度和不同起算震级资料得到的主轴方向,认为该方法计算结果非常稳定,主轴方位角的误差小于5°,倾角的误...     

Recent Crustal Stress Field and Dislocation Along Seismic Faults in the East China Region

INTRODUCTIONThere exist many methods for studying recent crustal stress field.One of the most commonmethodsis to use focal mechanismsolution data of earthquakes to deduce the recent crustal stressfield.The method is simple and feasible and the data obtained is reliable.Yan Jiaquan,et al.(1979)usedthe method to study the recent tectonic stress field in China and its adjacent areas andgave a rough configuration and regional characteristics of the stress field.Li Qinzu(1980),WeiGuangxing,e…     

2010年以来四川地区中强地震震源机制反演及深度确定

2008年5月12日四川龙门山断裂带发生了汶川8.0级地震,之后四川境内发生了两次7.0级地震(其中一个是芦山地震),为了研究汶川地震之后龙门山断裂带及周边区域的地震活动性,本研究收集了国家地震台网和四川区域地震台网2010年1月1日—2017年12月31日四川地区发生的17次M≥5.0地震以及120多次5.0>M≥4.0地震的波形资料,利用波形拟合法反演了震源机制解及区域应力场.反演结果显示,位于龙门山断裂带上的地震,震源机制以逆冲型为主,鲜水河断裂带地震震源机制以走滑型为主,而川滇块体西南部的理塘断裂、金沙江断裂附近,震源机制解以正断层为主.根据震源机制解反演得到的龙门山地区、鲜水河地区的主压应力场方向为WNW、近EW向.川滇块体的巴塘、理塘等地区,其主压应力轴方向为12°左右,接近SN向,且仰角接近40°左右.本研究利用面波振幅谱特征对震源深度进行了精确定位,定位结果与中国地震台网中心(CENC),美国地震调查局(USGS),国际地震中心(ISC)等机构地震目录进行了对比.结果显示,四川地区强震震源深度主要分布在20km以上的中上地壳.龙门山地区震源优势分布在10～20km,鲜水河断裂地震震源深度在10km左右,川滇块体西南部的理塘断裂,巴塘断裂,金沙江断裂等地区,震源深度一般在5～10km范围.