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1.
Water surface elevations(t), vertical surface velocities
and vertical surface acceleration
of wind-generated waves have been measured in a laboratory wind wave channel by using resistance-type wave gauges combined with an electronic differentiation circuits. Probability distributions of the values of(t),
, and
have been determined from the wave records.In an initial stage of wave generation,i.e., when wind waves are generated at short fetches and low wind speeds, the observed distributions for(t),
and
are appreciately good fit to the distributions given by successive sum of a Gram-Charlier series, which has been derived following the formulation ofLonguet-Higgins (1963), by taking the weakly nonlinear effect into account.However, when wind waves develop with increasing wind speeds and fetches, the observed distributions deviate gradually from the Gram-Charlier series. Particularly, the deviations are remarkable for the distribution of
.When the wind speed increases, the observed distributions of(t),
and
show the following characteristics: (i) the skewnesses of the distributions of(t) and
decrease slightly, (ii) the skewness of
changes, at some wind speed, from positive small values to relatively large negative values, (iii) the kurtosis of the distribution of(t) decreases slightly but that of
increases slightly and these characteristics seem to depend not so much on fetches, (iv) the kurtosis of the distribution of
increases rapidly. 相似文献
2.
Motoaki Kishino Takashi Ishimaru Ken Furuya Tomohiko Oishi Kiyoshi Kawasaki 《Journal of Oceanography》1998,54(5):431-436
In-water algorithms for OCTS standard products were developed using in situ data and installed for operationally processing
at NASDA/EOC. This paper describes the in-water algorithms Version 1.0 for chlorophylla concentration, pigment concentration, and attenuation coefficient at a wavelength of 490 nm. The selected OCTS standard algorithms
(Ver. 1.0) are as follows:
相似文献
3.
Tomonori Matsuura 《Journal of Oceanography》1986,42(5):362-372
Effects of the Ekman friction on the prograde (eastward) flows past a cylinder on a-plane are investigated when
(=R
2/U, whereR is the cylinder radius andU the freestream speed)O(1) and(=2E
k
1/2/R
0·O(1) where
is the non-dimensional beta parameter and the ratio of the square root of the Ekman numberE
k
multiplied by 2 to the Rossby numberRo multiplied by the aspect ratio(=H/R, whereH is the fluid depth). Previous studies without the Ekman friction have shown that the-effect inhibits flow separation for pragrade flows through the asymptotic boundary condition by shifting the region of the adverse pressure gradient toward the rear stagnation point. It is found that the Ekman friction alleviates this-effect on the exterior flow. In the Ek
1/4-boundary layer, on the other hand, Ekman friction suppresses the vorticity advection along the wall, which tends to make the boundary layer thickness thin and delay the flow separation. The Ekman friction thus affects flow separation in a complicated manner. Details of the boundary layer structures and the separation angles are described for 0.3<
<4.0 and 0.1<<1.5. 相似文献
4.
Mitsuhiko Hatori 《Journal of Oceanography》1984,40(1):1-11
Nonlinear properties of wind waves in a wind-wave tunnel are investigated by measuring the probability density distribution of surface elevation. The surface elevation distribution of raw records are found to have a positive skewness (K
3=0.21 to 0.43) and a negative kurtosis (K
4=–0.74 to –0.41) with magnitude depending of fetch and wind speed. The values of skewness are in qualitative agreement with a prediction of the weak interaction theory for a random wave field incorporating the effects of second harmonics (Tayfun, 1980), but the values of kurtosis are different in sign from the prediction.To examine the nonlinear properties of energy containing components, higher harmonic components are excluded from the wave records by using a kind of a band-pass filter. The surface elevation distributions of the filtered waves show a sharp decrease in skewness
, but the distributions remain highly non-Gaussian with a large negative kurtosis almost independent of the fetch and wind speed
. It is concluded that the negative kurtosis is due to the non-random character of the phase and amplitude among the energy containing components, and that nonlinear interactions occur amongst the energy containing frequencies. 相似文献
5.
A series of measurements of winds and wind-waves were carried out in wind-wave flumes. A data analysis based on the hypothesis
of local equilibrium yielded a new empirical formula on the controversial quantity of roughness heightz
0 over the water surface:
, where the nondimensional roughness height
is defined bygz
0/u
*
2 and the wave-wind parameterũ byω
p
u
*/g, g being the gravitational acceleration,u
* the friction velocity of air,ω
p
the peak frequency of wind-wave spectra. The obtained formula is compared with Charnock's (1955) and Toba's (1979) proposals;
is constant in the former and inversely proportional toũ in the latter. As in Toba's, this formula immediately leads to a practically important conclusion that the drag coefficientC
d
depends not merely on the usual variableU
10 (wind velocity at 10m height over the water surface), but also on the surface state represented by wind-waves. An explicit
expression is provided for the drag coefficient incorporating the wave-wind parameter; it covers the range ofC
d
calculated from most of the previous drag formulas, by varying the wave-wind parameter. 相似文献
6.
Masahiro Ueno 《Journal of Oceanography》1990,46(3):125-134
In each of six areas with various horizontal scale from 0.4 to 15.6 nautical miles, many surveys with vertical net hauls are made for sampling fish eggs and larvae. Though values ofC
A are widely spread in each area, the variances
2 and the meanm of catch numbers calculated from each survey follow approximately the relation from a Poisson mixture model (PMM).
相似文献
7.
The relationship between the scale of the spectral minimum of the first differences in temperature fluctuationsL and the local value of the Väisälä-Brunt frequencyN has been analysed using the results of more than 600 soundings made in various regions of the world's oceans. Allowing for the series of theoretical and experimental indications of the fact that the vertical scaleL at the boundary between the fine structure and microstructure in the ocean exists under the effect of processes of breaking of internal waves and hydrodynamic instability with the formation of turbulent patches, and using the energy relationships, the relationship for a solitary patch has been derived through the determining parameters. Based on two expressions forL, derived experimentally and using the energy estimations, the relationships for the averaged rate of absorption of the wave field energy by patches
and the coefficient of the density vertical diffusion
are derived, which do not contradict a series of independent estimations fromin situ measurements.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov. 相似文献
8.
The amount of penetration of a western boundary current into a marginal sea which is connected to an open ocean by two narrow straits is estimated from a linear, steady and barotropic theoretical model. In this model the western boundary current in the open ocean is driven by a wind stress imposed at the sea surface. The inflow of the water of the open ocean into the marginal sea is caused by the pressure difference between two straits produced by the wind-driven circulation in the open ocean.Main external parameters are combined into two non-dimensional parameters;
and (the ratio of the depth of the marginal sea to that of the open ocean), whereb is the distance between north and south boundaries of the ocean,D
0 is the depth of the open ocean, is the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis parameter andR is the coefficient of friction. The friction is assumed to be proportional to the flow velocity.In the limit of infinite the volume transport into the marginal sea is not affected by the width of two straits and . It is mainly controlled by the wind stress and the positions of two straits. For finite values of , however, the volume transport depends considerably on and the width of the straits.Guided by both this model and physical considerations, we obtained a relation between the volume transport into the marginal sea and the external parameters. This relation predicts that about 2 % of the volume transport of the Kuroshio penetrates into the Japan Sea. 相似文献
9.
On Seasonal and Year to Year Variation in Flow of the Alaskan Stream in the Central North Pacific 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Alaskan Stream is the westward boundary current of the North Pacific subarctic gyre. In the central region of the North Pacific, the Alaskan Stream serves as a connection between the Alaskan gyre, Western subarctic gyre and Bering Sea gyre. Its volume transport is very important in estimating the magnitude of the subarctic circulation in the North Pacific. In order to clarify its seasonal and interannual variation, we conducted observations along a north-south section at 180° during June from 1990 to 1997. Moorings were deployed from 1995 to 1997. Hydrographic casts were made at intervals of 37 km to a depth of 3000 m. Moorings were set between CTD stations, with Moor1 (Moor2) at the center (southern edge) of the Alaskan Stream. Geostrophic volume transport (referred to 3000 m) revealed large interannual variability in the Alaskan Stream. Average volume transport over the 8 years was 27.5 × 106 m3s-1 with a standard deviation of 6.5 × 106 m3s-1. Maximum transport was 41.0 × 106 m3s-1 (1997) and minimum was 21.7 × 106 m3s-1 (1995). Stable westward flows were observed at Moor1 1500 m (259°, 11.7 cm s-1) and 3000 m (240°, 3.7 cm s-1, 1996–1997 year average). The ratio of eddy to mean kinetic energy (KE/
) was very small (<0.6) throughout the year. A relatively weak and unstable westward flow was observed at Moor2 at 3000 m depth. Conversely, the average flow direction at Moor2 5000 m was eastward. 相似文献
10.
Shinjiro Mizuno Kazuo Kawatate Tomoki Nagahama Tsunehiro Miita 《Journal of Oceanography》1989,45(6):375-384
The Tushima Current in the east channel was measured in a site of the strong current between Tushima and Iki Islands for 43 days of the winter in 1986. The primary results are:First, it was highly barotropic and flowed northeastward with a mean speed of about 20 cm sec–1. Second, it was decelerated by northeast winds rather than by northwest winds in a frequency range of 0.3 and 0.4 cpd. Third, the scale analysis showed that the Tushima Current is approximately in geostrophic balance. The best empirical relationship between the measured Tushima Current and cross-channel adjusted sea level difference is given by
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