基于拓扑一致性的线目标空间冲突检测方法

现有的空间冲突检测方法需要将复杂的空间关系与定义的规则相比较.由于规则的不完备性,这些方法容易漏检或误检.为此,首先分析了拓扑冲突的类型和产生原因;然后以线目标间拓扑冲突为例,研究了线目标间拓扑关系的表达与计算、综合前后线目标间对应关系、拓扑关系的一致性评价方法;最后通过对对应的拓扑关系进行一致性检验,来检测已有方法漏...     

空间数据动态更新的冲突自动检测处理方法

针对空间数据动态更新的冲突检测与处理问题,以空间冲突的表现形式为基础,以地理实体与数据库空间目标的映射关系为切入点,探讨了空间冲突的检测方法,给出了空间冲突检测模型;并综合考虑不同类型的空间冲突,针对性地给出了处理方案;最后通过自主开发的更新系统进行实例验证,取得了良好的实验结果,证实了该方法具有一定的可靠性。     

线要素移位的Morphing变换方法

移位是解决地图制图和GIS中空间冲突的基本算子之一。Morphing变换可以实现源对象到目标对象的连续平滑变换,通过从两个方面拓展Morphing变换,从而实现对线要素进行移位。首先分析了线要素空间冲突的类型。在线要素弯曲识别的基础上,以弯曲作为冲突检查和线要素移位的基本单元;然后,用Delaunay三角网探测冲突区域,将冲突位置定义在局部的线要素弯曲(组);最后拓展Morphing变换实施线要素移位,即先对冲突发生弯曲(组)进行镜像变换,再对冲突发生弯曲(组)和它们的镜像进行Morphing变换,并给出了变换参数与移位距离和方向的定量关系。实验证明了该方法有效、可行。引入图形镜像避免了普通Morphing变换中的特征点识别和匹配等两个难点。将弯曲作为冲突发生的范围和化解冲突的操作单元,可以实现要素局部与全局移位的有机统一。     

居民地增量更新中拓扑冲突自动检测方法研究

针对现有的检测方法无法适应增量更新中冲突检测的问题,以居民地要素为例,首先分析了增量更新中拓扑冲突发生的区域性特点;然后在检测区域建立规则格网索引,用格子集表达的区域来表示更新对象的邻近区域,将位于邻近区域内的空间对象作为拓扑冲突判断的候选集;最后通过计算更新对象与对应候选集内的空间对象间的拓扑关系并与冲突规则进行匹配来判断拓扑语义冲突。实验表明,该方法将检测区域限定在利用索引格子集表达的更新居民地对象的邻近区域内,不仅能够检测出增量更新过程中的拓扑冲突,而且具有较高的效率,能够应用于更新数据的质量检测。     

基于直线段相交特征识别的线线空间关系计算方法

空间关系是GIS的重要信息和理论研究基础。空间关系描述的准确性、完备性、直观性直接影响到地理学分析和地图制图的效果。当前,国际国内在地理要素空间拓扑关系模型表达和拓扑关系挖掘与描述方面做了大量研究,解决了很多关键问题也发现了许多新问题。本文在前人研究的基础上,提出基于直线段相交特征的局部直线段拓扑关系识别方法,并结合拓扑链模型对线线空间关系进行细化描述。该方法不仅具有线要素集合划分的优点还有线线间空间关系细化描述的直观性,同时简化了线线空间关系的细化计算。     

节点相似度辅助下的线要素匹配方法设计

同名要素匹配是空间数据集成、更新和融合的关键技术。针对要素匹配中不同尺度数据构成差异但拓扑结构相似的问题,本文提出一种基于节点相似度的线要素匹配方法。该方法以线要素节点为主要特征,选取了方向、距离等相似性度量指标,并构建了拓扑、方向和距离三类约束,在此基础上,设计了一种基于拓扑关系和空间位置的匹配模型,实现了线要素特征点的相似性匹配。采用大规模道路网进行试验,试验结果表明,该方法切实可行,能够有效解决复杂线要素匹配问题。     

基于拓扑一致性的多尺度交通网空间冲突检测方法

以多尺度交通网线目标数据为例,探索了线目标空间冲突拓扑一致性自动检测方法。实践证明,该方法能够有效避免漏查和错查,实现了快速自动检测,可为今后其他数据资源冲突检测提供参考。     

ArcGIS平台下标注效果优化方法的探讨

针对大量复杂注记的特点,着重介绍了ArcGIS平台的Maplex高级智能标注引擎,从地图的点、线、面三要素出发,提供多种对应关系供选择和设置,有效利用了多余空间;提供自适应策略和冲突检测方式,设置优先级等减小与其他注记间的冲突,很好地解决了标注冲突问题。同时,使用ArcGIS的二次开发功能,探讨了超长注记的换行处理方法,有效利用空间的同时加强了注记与兴趣点的关联性。通过实例验证,此方法能解决大部分要素标注冲突问题,取得了理想的效果,在实践操作中值得探索和推广。     

一种道路网图形冲突移位改进研究

针对地图综合中解决空间冲突最复杂的移位算子,使地图地理要素清晰及其拓扑关系不变,该文以线要素为研究目标,利用Snake算法进行地图综合中的道路网移位,并且进行改进:1在线要素群移位前,引入了线要素的移位空间判断,找出其中可以移位的线目标和无法移位的线目标,将这两种目标分开移位,优先移动可以移位的线目标;2提出一种能确定线要素瓶颈特征的方法,并分析形状参数α、β的设置与曲线瓶颈特征的关系,保护线要素的瓶颈特征在移位中不被破坏;最后给出了道路网移位实例,证明了方法的有效性。     

顾及制图规则的地图多要素协同移位方法

在地图自动编制中,有时多类地图要素多个空间目标之间同时发生空间冲突,在移位过程中会影响到邻近区域的地图目标,这就需要对地图要素移位进行协同处理。在自动识别邻近空间冲突区的条件下,提出了一种顾及地图制图规则的解决地图目标群空间冲突的协同处理方法,并用参数表方法形式化表达了地形图上地图要素移位的常用制图规则。首先利用约束性Delaunay三角网识别出可能的空间冲突区域,并建立移位操作区;然后,建立移位传播关联线网,依据制图规则在关联线网上以能量最小化Beam移位模型为基础,对整个空间冲突区的地图目标群进行协同移位;最后,用实验验证了所提方法的有效性和适用性。     

Quantitative fuzzy topological relations of spatial objects by induced fuzzy topology

This paper presents a study on the modeling of fuzzy topological relations between uncertain objects in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Based on the recently developed concept of computational fuzzy topological space, topological relations between simple fuzzy spatial objects are modeled. The fuzzy spatial objects here cover simple fuzzy region, simple fuzzy line segment and fuzzy point. To compute the topological relations between the simple spatial objects, intersection concepts and integration methods are applied and a computational 9-intersection model are proposed and developed. There are different types of intersection, and we have proposed different integration methods for computation in different cases. For example, surface integration method is applied to the case of the fuzzy region-to-fuzzy region relation, while the line integration method is used in the case of fuzzy line segment-to-fuzzy line segment relation. Moreover, this study has discovered that there are (a) sixteen topological relations between simple fuzzy region to line segment; (b) forty-six topological relations between simple fuzzy line segments; (c) three topological relations between simple fuzzy region to fuzzy point; and (d) three topological relations between simple fuzzy line segment to fuzzy point.     

线图形简化与移位算子的协同方法

在地图综合过程中,线的图形简化和移位算子通常是分别执行的,图形简化和移位有时都会产生新的空间冲突。本文试图把这两种算子进行协同,避免在地图综合过程中进行空间冲突的多次探测,提高地图综合数据处理的效率。本文通过把线图形简化转换为线上的点移位,并构建邻近地图目标之间的移位传播路径,在考虑空间上下文关系和地图感受规则的前提下,使移位过程能考虑到线图形简化,并尽量保持有关地图目标的空间特征。最后,以道路和其周边的建筑物群为例,验证了该算法的有效性和可行性。     

GIS空间线目标间拓扑关系形式化描述模型

针对现有拓扑关系描述模型的不足,首先以点集拓扑学基本理论为基础,定义了空间线目标的端点、内部、边界等概念,在此基础上提出了一种描述空间线目标间拓扑关系完善的形式化模型——New 9交模型。根据线目标的物理意义,提出了5条取值规则以排除模型描述的拓扑关系中没有意义的类型,并在此基础上总结出了空间线目标间拓扑关系的最小集,定义了6种线目标间的基本拓扑关系,并且证明了此最小集的互斥性与完备性。     

地图数字化数据的平差处理

地图数字化是获取 GIS空间数据的主要手段之一。针对地图数字化过程中对直角型和直线型地物的数据采集误差的平差处理 ,建立了条件方程 ,并讨论了衡量地图数字化质量的精度标准     

基于CDT骨架线的地图目标邻近冲突识别

制图综合过程中随着比例尺的缩小,不可避免地产生邻近冲突。为了在数字环境下自动地解决这类冲突,首先需要实现这些冲突的自动识别。文中提出一种基于CDT骨架线的地图目标邻近冲突识别方法。该方法首先基于CDT提取地图目标之间空白区域的骨架线;然后沿着每一条骨架线弧段所穿过的三角形路径搜索相邻地图目标之间的冲突区域(宽度小于阈值的三角形集合);最后,从冲突涉及的地图目标、发生冲突的空间位置以及冲突严重程度3个方面给出所识别冲突的定量化描述,从而为邻近冲突的解决提供依据。     

An assessment of spatial similarity degree between polylines on multi-scale,multi-source maps

Similarity between the objects has close association with the geometrical structure and details of the objects. Therefore, in this study, a framework was presented based on the geometric criteria, the fuzzy Membership Functions (MF) and human spatial cognition. To increase the efficiency of MF and for the problem to get closer to reality, 1 K, 2 K, 5 K, 10 K, 25 K, 50 K, and 100 K data were used in this framework. The results showed that the degree of spatial similarity is specific to the objects themselves and their geometric structure. No linear or non-linear relationship could be found between scale changes and degree of spatial similarity of the objects, because the geometry of any object independently affects its degree of similarity to other objects in different scales and sources.     

Mapping local regression for spatial object-pairs

Local regression methods such as geographically weighted regression (GWR) can provide specific information about individual locations (or places) in spatial analysis that is useful for mapping nonstationary covariate relationships. However, the distance-based weighting schemes used in GWR are only adaptable for spatial objects that are point or area features. In particular, spatial object-pairs pose a challenge for local analysis because they have a linear dimensionality rather than a point dimensionality. This paper proposes using an alternative local regression model – quantile regression (QR) – for investigating the stationarity of regression parameters with respect to these linear features as well as facilitating the visualization of the results. An empirical example of a gravity model analysis of trade patterns within Europe is used to illustrate the utility of the proposed method.     

Solving Space Conflicts in Map Generalization: Using a Finite Element Method

A finite element method was developed to handle conflicts during the generalization of maps. The method is holistic and solves conflict problems for the entire map surface simultaneously. When a generalized object changes size, the method immediately causes displacements in surrounding objects. Boundary constraints were introduced which make it possible to maintain the shape of objects, and simultaneously change the size of the objects. An iterative solution procedure for the Finite Element problem was shown to give solutions that better fulfill topological requirements than a direct solution of the problem.     

Map Generalization with a Triangulated Data Structure

Automation of map generalization requires facilities to monitor the spatial relationships and interactions among multiple map objects. An experimental map generalization system has been developed which addresses this issue by representing spatial objects within a simplicial data structure (SDS) based on constrained Delaunay triangulation of the source data. Geometric generalization operators that have been implemented include object exaggeration, collapse, amalgamation, boundary reduction and displacement. The generalization operators exploit a set of primitive SDS functions to determine topological and proximal relationships, measure map objects, apply transformations, and detect and resolve spatial conflicts. Proximal search functions are used for efficient analysis of the structure and dimensions of the intervening spaces between map objects. Because geometric generalization takes place within a fully triangulated representation of the map surface, the presence of overlap conflicts, resulting from individual operators, can be detected due to the introduction of singularities in the triangulation, the structure of which is used to generate displacement vectors to resolve the conflict. Examples of the application of the implemented operators are described and illustrated using large scale topographic map data.     

基于元模式的空间关联规则挖掘方法

空间关联规则可以从空间数据库中发现空间对象之间的隐含的、不明确的空间关系。空间数据库中空间关联规则挖掘研究是空间数据挖掘和知识发现(SDMKD)的主要内容,其主要问题是多层,多关系的规则发现问题。本文把元模式与空间关联规则挖掘相结合介绍了挖掘地理信息系统(GIS)中空间数据库关联规则的常用步骤方法。