柴达木盆地北缘西段下石炭统物源和构造背景：来自碎屑岩U- Pb年代学与地球化学的约束

为查明柴达木盆地北缘西段早石炭世沉积物来源和构造背景,本次研究采集小赛什腾山怀头他拉组沉积岩进行碎屑岩锆石U- Pb年代学和全岩微量元素地球化学分析。研究表明：测试样品微量元素蛛网图呈平坦型,富Th、U、Hf,贫Co、Sc、Ni、V元素;砂岩轻重稀土元素分馏明显,属轻稀土富集型,具有中等负Eu异常;Cr/Zr、Sm/Nd、Th/Sc及Th/U等微量元素比值和判别图版显示研究区怀头他拉组为上地壳长英质物源区。沉积岩微量元素、稀土元素含量及特征比值显示,研究区样品与大陆弧环境砂岩具有极为相似的地球化学特征,相关构造环境投图同样表明怀头他拉组沉积环境以大陆弧为主,兼有主动大陆边缘特征。怀头他拉组碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄可划分出3个年龄区间,480～402 Ma,1493～900 Ma和1908～1803 Ma。年龄谱呈早古生代单峰值特征,峰值年龄为414 Ma,反映物源区与柴北缘加里东期构造带内早古生代晚期的岩浆作用关系密切。结合前人区域上古地理、古水流证据,综合分析认为小赛什腾山下石炭统怀头他拉组物源主要来自于柴北缘高压—超高压变质带。     

东准噶尔三塘湖盆地中侏罗统砂岩碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及对铀成矿的意义

三塘湖盆地汉水泉地区是东准噶尔地区砂岩型铀矿找矿的有利地段,为揭示该地区中侏罗统西山窑组和头屯河组沉积物物源体系,分析地层铀源条件,对西山窑组和头屯河组砂岩开展碎屑锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb测年和Hf同位素分析。分析结果显示西山窑组砂岩的碎屑锆石年龄集中于晚古生代,2个样品年龄峰值分别为328 Ma和340 Ma,碎屑锆石εHf(t)为8.9~14.7,二阶段模式年龄介于690~415 Ma之间;头屯河组砂岩的碎屑锆石年龄可划分出238~163 Ma、505~259 Ma和1950~744 Ma三个区间段,碎屑锆石εHf(t)为-6.5~12.1,二阶段模式年龄介于1709~575 Ma之间。物源分析表明西山窑组砂岩物源单一,主要来自于研究区西部卡拉麦里—麦钦乌拉和野马泉地区;头屯河组砂岩物源相对复杂,除了有来自于卡拉麦里地区的碎屑物质外,还接受了其他区域的物源供给。二者之间碎屑锆石年龄特征的突变,代表了东准噶尔地区中侏罗世一次剧烈的构造变形事件,物源特征指示汉水泉地区中侏罗统地层铀含量相对有限,铀源是限制该地区砂岩型铀矿成矿的重要因素。     

安哥拉东北部地区Inkisi组碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

Inkisi组是刚果盆地西南缘最古老的沉积地层之一,岩性主要为一套紫红色、红褐色细粒、细中粒长石砂岩、杂砂岩。通过对安哥拉东北部Inkisi组长石砂岩开展碎屑锆石测年、岩石地球化学研究,探讨其沉积时代、物质来源、沉积环境和大地构造背景,为研究刚果盆地演化提供科学依据。结果表明,碎屑锆石206Pb/238U年龄主要集中于3个年龄峰值区间2350~1900 Ma、1150~850 Ma、850~500 Ma,最年轻的锆石峰值年龄为531±9 Ma,据此,笔者等认为Inkisi组的沉积时代上限应厘定为早寒武世。Inkisi组砂岩地球化学特征显示,物源具有长英质物源近源搬运特征,沉积时期的水体为陆相开阔的淡水环境。通过碎屑锆石年龄谱特征、主微量元素物源判别及构造判别图解,本文认为,West Congo构造带为安哥拉东北部地区Inkisi组主要物源区,Lufilian构造带、Angola 地盾等是其次要物质来源,物源区构造环境主要为活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘构造环境背景。     

安哥拉东北部地区Inkisi组碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

Inkisi组是刚果盆地西南缘最古老的沉积地层之一,岩性主要为一套紫红色、红褐色细粒、细中粒长石砂岩、杂砂岩。通过对安哥拉东北部Inkisi组长石砂岩开展碎屑锆石测年、岩石地球化学研究,探讨其沉积时代、物质来源、沉积环境和大地构造背景,为研究刚果盆地演化提供科学依据。结果表明,碎屑锆石206Pb/238U年龄主要集中于3个年龄峰值区间2350~1900 Ma、1150~850 Ma、850~500 Ma,最年轻的锆石峰值年龄为531±9 Ma,据此,本文认为Inkisi组的沉积时代上限应厘定为早寒武世。Inkisi组砂岩地球化学特征显示,物源具有长英质物源近源搬运特征,沉积时期的水体为陆相开阔的淡水环境。通过碎屑锆石年龄谱特征、主微量元素物源判别及构造判别图解,本文认为,West Congo构造带为安哥拉东北部地区Inkisi组主要物源区,Lufilian构造带、Angola 地盾等是其次要物质来源,物源区构造环境主要为活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘构造环境背景。     

南辽河群盖县组的重新厘定:来自辽南地区黄花甸-苏子沟一带变质砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学证据

传统认为辽河群顶部的盖县组广泛分布于辽南地区。本文对岫岩县黄花甸-苏子沟一带的南辽河群盖县组变质长石石英砂岩和变质石英砂岩进行了LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究。其中变质长石石英砂岩中碎屑锆石普遍发育核-边结构,核部具有清晰的振荡环带;变质石英砂岩中碎屑锆石基本无核-边结构,具有清晰或者略模糊的振荡环带。锆石微量元素分析结果显示,具有振荡环带锆石微区具有轻稀土元素(LREE)亏损、重稀土元素(HREE)相对富集的配分曲线特征,Ce正异常和Eu负异常明显,Th/U和Zr/Hf比值较高,表明其岩浆成因。变质长石石英砂岩岩浆成因锆石微区~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb谐和年龄集中于2506～1748Ma之间,且呈现～2178Ma和～1863Ma两个年龄主峰,表明主要物质来源为同时期花岗质岩石(条痕状花岗岩和斑状花岗岩);变质石英砂岩岩浆成因锆石微区~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb谐和年龄集中于3546～1950Ma之间,呈现～2149Ma年龄主峰值,表明主要物质来源为条痕状花岗岩,另有少量太古宙基底物质的加入。研究区变质长石石英砂岩～1.86Ga的年龄峰值与辽河群其它变沉积岩明显不同,表明沉积时代一定晚于～1.86Ga,即形成于辽河群古元古代变质作用之后。综合研究区盖县组变质长石石英砂岩与辽河群其它变沉积岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄的差异,我们建议将盖县组部分变沉积岩从辽河群中解体出来。     

科尔沁沙地粗—细组分的碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄特征：对定量物源及区域构造- 岩浆演化事件的指示

追踪干旱—半干旱地区大型沙地的物源和风- 河流相互作用机制对于理解陆地景观格局演变、地表过程与地貌动态以及大气圈和岩石圈之间的联系至关重要。然而,目前科尔沁沙地的物源仍存在较大争议,且缺乏具有统计意义的锆石U- Pb年龄数据库。因此,本研究对科尔沁沙地地表风成沙进行多点取样,根据不同粒级(＜63 μm和＞63 μm)选取1500颗碎屑锆石进行U- Pb测年分析,并利用逆向蒙特卡罗模型对其物源进行定量约束。结果表明,从目视定性的角度看,科尔沁沙地的碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄谱特征非常相似。但定量重建结果显示沙地的物源整体上以中亚造山带的贡献为主(50. 5%~61. 3%),然而东南部体现出华北克拉通的绝对优势(~75. 8%)。科尔沁沙地的物源存在空间异质性,沙地西部和北部的锆石年龄谱极为相似,与南部锆石年龄特征显著不同。科尔沁沙地的碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄特征基本不受粒度分异的影响,但沙地东南部除外。本文认为,风与河流的协同作用及其由此导致的沉积分异和再循环作用解释了科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石的U- Pb年龄特征。结合区域构造演化历史,科尔沁沙地在~2. 5 Ga和~1. 85 Ga的U- Pb年龄峰值分别是前寒武纪华北克拉通的生长、拼合与碰撞过程中的两期构造事件的产物。此外,~1. 7 Ga的锆石年龄可能是对Columbia超大陆聚合与裂解的综合响应。古生代以来的锆石年龄峰值(500~400 Ma、300~250 Ma、130~110 Ma)记录了在古亚洲洋的俯冲闭合、蒙古- 鄂霍次克海俯冲碰撞和古太平洋的俯冲、回退的区域构造背景下多期区域构造- 岩浆事件。     

新疆柯坪地区上泥盆统克孜尔塔格组砂岩物源分析及其大地构造意义

对柯坪地区克孜尔塔格组岩石地球化学特征的分析表明,其稳定元素(Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3,MnO)明显多于不稳定元素(MgO,K_2O,Na_2O),显示岩石经过了较远的搬运。轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素亏损,具明显的Eu异常。主量、微量元素综合分析表明,其构造背景为被动大陆边缘,其物源主要来自成熟的大陆石英质物源区,少量来自花岗岩源区。碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄明显存在4个区间:550~400,1 050~750,1 800~1 550,2 550~2 400 Ma,反映了塔里木地区的4次构造热事件。基于地球化学特征及碎屑锆石测年结果的分析表明,克孜尔塔格组主要物源区为塔北隆起的前寒武纪基底和早古生代岩浆岩。     

内蒙古伊敏地区下石炭统红水泉组砂岩物源分析及其构造意义

碎屑沉积物成份与源区构造环境、构造背景及源区岩石性质密切相关。通过对伊敏地区红水泉组砂岩样品进行砂岩碎屑颗粒成分统计、地球化学特征及碎屑锆石LA--ICP --MS U--Pb 年代学等物源分析方法,确定红水泉组砂岩为长石岩屑砂岩,物源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧环境,其物源类型为切割型岛弧。红水泉组砂岩中最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为338 ± 3 Ma,该年龄值表明红水泉组形成的时代为早石炭世密西西比中期的韦宪阶或之后。903 ～ 1 676 Ma 的分散元古界锆石年龄和～ 780 Ma 新元古代锆石年龄峰值,可能反映南蒙古微板块基底年龄信息。～ 500 Ma 和～ 380 Ma 的年龄峰值指示源区可能经历了多期岩浆事件: ～ 500 Ma 的岩浆锆石物源可能来自额尔古纳与兴安地块闭合相关的后造山花岗岩, ～ 500 Ma 的变质锆石可能来自变质基底, ～ 380 Ma 的物源可能反映额尔古纳-兴安地块与松嫩地块至少在晚泥盆世开始碰撞拼贴,并导致该区存在一个晚泥盆世-早石炭世的岩浆弧。     

中国北部陆架海碎屑锆石U- Pb年龄和钾长石主微量元素物源示踪研究

渤海湾盆地每年沉积大量的河流碎屑物质,但其中的砂级物质能否迁移扩散到胶东半岛海湾内一直不清楚。锆石和钾长石分别是河流沉积物中常见的副矿物和主要造岩矿物之一,由于各自的U- Pb年龄和地球化学元素组成在不同区域内存在显著差异,是进行物源示踪研究的理想矿物。基于此,本文利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪 (LA- ICP- MS) 对渤海湾盆地主要注入河流和胶东半岛的威海湾和银滩湾的海岸砂开展碎屑锆石 (n=438) 和钾长石 (n=160) 微区原位U- Pb年龄、Th/U比值和主微量元素分析,结果表明威海湾和银滩湾内的砂级沉积物的碎屑锆石以具有典型的新元古代峰值年龄 (697~735 Ma),缺乏古元古代和新太古代峰值年龄为特征,Th/U比值和胶东基岩接近,结合Kolmogorov- Smirnov 统计方法的多维判别图 (MDS),说明这些砂级碎屑物质的源区主要是以胶东半岛为源区的近源物质。而黄河口的碎屑钾长石原位(in situ) Na2O、K2O、Al2O3和Rb、Sr、Ba、Pb元素含量变化与刘公岛和银滩的海砂样品截然不同,进一步验证了上述碎屑锆石的研究结果。因而将碎屑锆石和钾长石原位地球化学分析相结合有助于精准判定物源关系,在今后中国北部陆架海物源示踪研究、渤海湾盆地盆山耦合研究中将具有良好的应用前景。     

漠河盆地绣峰组形成时代及物源分析:对蒙古?鄂霍茨克洋东段演化的启示

漠河盆地位于蒙古?鄂霍茨克缝合带（MOSB）东段南缘,是研究蒙古?鄂霍茨克洋东段演化的绝佳窗口.本文对漠河盆地东缘出露的绣峰组砂岩进行详细的岩相学、U-Pb锆石定年和主微量元素地球化学分析,综合前人研究成果,限定了蒙古?鄂霍茨克洋乃至中亚造山带东段演化历史.结果表明,绣峰组砂岩碎屑物磨圆度较低、分选差,表现出近源剥蚀的特点;U-Pb锆石定年共获得217个谐和年龄,可划分为3个年龄组,其峰值均与盆地南缘额尔古纳地块的岩浆事件相吻合,其中最年轻的碎屑锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为158±2 Ma（N=5）;样品相对富集大离子亲石元素（LILEs）和轻稀土元素（LREEs）,亏损高场强元素（HFSEs）和重稀土元素（HREEs）,具有明显的Eu负异常.样品源岩为上地壳长英质岩石,形成于大陆岛弧的构造环境,源区可能为漠河盆地南侧的大陆岛弧、额尔古纳地块以及盆地的古老基底.综上所述,绣峰组的最大沉积年龄为晚侏罗世,物源区构造背景为活动大陆边缘的大陆岛弧环境,形成于晚侏罗世蒙古?鄂霍茨克洋向南俯冲、闭合造山的构造背景下,指示在绣峰组沉积时期（约158 Ma）,蒙古?鄂霍茨克洋仍处于俯冲阶段,尚未完全闭合.综合前人研究成果,推断蒙古?鄂霍茨克洋最终闭合的时间可能在晚侏罗世至早白垩世之间.      

贺兰拗拉谷北段奥陶系等深流沉积研究

笔者采用野外观察和室内分析相结合的研究方法,分析了贺兰拗拉谷北段桌子山剖面奥陶纪地层的沉积相特征及沉积环境的垂向变化和横向迁移规律。以桌子山剖面奥陶系沉积相研究为基础,采用Fischer图解法,求取了其可容空间的变化曲线。在此基础上,结合沉积相模式,识别出了典型的碳酸盐等深流沉积,建立了贺兰拗拉谷北段奥陶系层序地层学模式,为拗拉谷的存在提供了有力的证据。各层序的水进体系域,应列为该区油气勘探的重要目标层段。     

Tourmalinite from northern Guangxi,China

The extensive development of tourmalinite is a feature that distinguishes the northern Guangxi polymetallic tin province of China from similar metallogenic provinces elsewhere. Two types of tourmalinite occur in the province. The first type, in the lower part of the Early Proterozoic Sibao Group, is bedded, stratiform or lenticular tourmalinite that shows well-developed laminated, gel, and degelatinized structures. Its mineral assemblage is very simple and the grain size ranges from 2 to 8 m. This tourmaline is relatively rich in Mg, with an Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio of 0.25–0.50.The second type of tourmalinite occurs as lodes distributed in the exocontact zone of Late Proterozoic biotite-granite intrusions. Its mineral assemblage is relatively complex; the tourmaline is present as euhedral or subhedral crystals ranging from 0.1 to 3.5 mm, mostly from 0.5 to 1 mm. This tourmaline commonly exhibits a radiating, zoned structure with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of 0.64–0.79. It is suggested that the bedded tourmalinite formed by exhalation in an Early Proterozoic spreading-ridge environment, whereas the vein tourmalinite formed in a plate-convergence setting genetically associated with emplacement of Late Proterozoic biotite granite. As the tourmalinites themselves are related to mineralized rocks and orebodies, their origin and the related boron cycle of the region reflect to some extent the formation and evolution of the associated polymetallic tin deposits of the region.     

Ultramafic nodules from Seiland,northern Norway

Peridotitic inclusions were emplaced in synorogenic basic and ultrabasic dykes during the later evolutionary stages of the Seiland petrographic province. Tectonite and cumulate types are recognized. The former show penetrative textural evidence of a series of pre-incorporation mineral assemblages due to partial equilibration of the source along a decreasing P-T gradient. Unmixing of aluminous pyroxenes and reaction with spinel resulted in the appearance of minor plagioclase, which later was replaced by hydrous minerals. The metamorphic fabric eliminates an accumulative relationship with the transporting magma. The rare cumulate-type nodules, however, retain evidence of poikilitic textures and primary plagioclase; orthopyroxene and spinel are due to subsolidus reaction of olivine and plagioclase.A high-temperature alpine peridotite rising diapirically through the upper mantle is postulated to be the parent of the tectonite-type nodules. This intrusion may be the source of the synorogenic magmatism and positive gravity anomaly of the Seiland province.     

Geochemical mapping in northern Honshu,Japan

Geochemical mapping of northern Honshu in the Northeast Japan Arc was carried out using stream sediments at a sampling density of one sample per 130 km². More than 50 elements were determined in 395 stream sediment samples (<0.18 mm fraction). In geochemical maps, areas with especially low concentrations of large ion lithophile elements (LILE), Be and Li widely overlap with the distribution of Quaternary volcanic rocks along the volcanic front. The areas rich in mafic elements are associated with mafic rocks in many cases. On a regional scale, Ni, Cr and Cu contents are higher in the eastern Paleozoic–Mesozoic basement zone, Pb and Tl tend to be higher on the western zones, and Zn and Cd are high in the western back-arc zone. The areas especially rich in Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi and Tl coincide with the distribution of large mineral deposits. High concentrations related to Kuroko, hydrothermal-vein, and skarn-type deposits are recognized. High values of As and Sb are related to active geothermal areas near volcanoes and ore deposits. Chemical variations of K, Ce, Th and Sn in the stream sediments are concordant with chemical variations in major rocks. The median and mean concentrations for the stream sediments in northern Honshu, showing arc signatures, are lower in Rb, Cs, Th, Li, K, Be, Ta, LREE, Ni, Hg and Sn, and higher in Sc, Ca and Cd relative to the whole area of Japan, largely because of the contribution of Cenozoic island-arc volcanic rocks that are generally poor in incompatible elements. The averaged chemical compositions of the stream sediments for the geologic zones show systematic variations of many elements. The contrasting variations of LREE and Th contents, which are lower in the zones of Cenozoic rocks relative to the zones of pre-Neogene basements, reflect the regional variations in the main rocks, and also reflect the change of geological settings of the studied area from the continental margin to an island arc during the Cenozoic.     

Evolution of Irruputuncu volcano,Central Andes,northern Chile

The Irruputuncu is an active volcano located in northern Chile within the Central Andean Volcanic Zone (CAVZ) and that has produced andesitic to trachy-andesitic magmas over the last ∼258 ± 49 ka. We report petrographical and geochemical data, new geochronological ages and for the first time a detailed geological map representing the eruptive products generated by the Irruputuncu volcano. The detailed study on the volcanic products allows us to establish a temporal evolution of the edifice. We propose that the Irruputuncu volcanic history can be divided in two stages, both dominated by effusive activity: Irruputuncu I and II. The oldest identified products that mark the beginning of Irruputuncu I are small-volume pyroclastic flow deposits generated during an explosive phase that may have been triggered by magma injection as suggested by mingling features in the clasts. This event was followed by generation of large lava flows and the edifice grew until destabilization of its SW flank through the generation of a debris avalanche, which ended Irruputuncu I. New effusive activity generated lavas flows to the NW at the beginning of Irruputuncu II. In the meantime, lava domes that grew in the summit were destabilized, as shown by two well-preserved block-and-ash flow deposits. The first phase of dome collapse, in particular, generated highly mobile pyroclastic flows that propagated up to ∼8 km from their source on gentle slopes as low as 11° in distal areas. The actual activity is characterized by deposition of sulfur and permanent gas emissions, producing a gas plume that reaches 200 m above the crater. The maximum volume of this volcanic system is of ∼4 km³, being one of the smallest active volcano of Central Andes.     

西藏羌塘盆地北部拗陷侏罗系层序地层划分对比及地质意义

在对北羌塘拗陷侏罗系地层发育特征分析基础上,通过典型剖面沉积相、层序界面特征、准层序叠置序列、体系域构成等研究,将侏罗系地层划分为5个三级层序。其中第1层序(SQ1)对应于雀莫错组地层,第2层序(SQ2)对应于布曲组中下部地层,第3层序(SQ3)对应于布曲组上部和夏里组下部地层,第4层序(SQ4)对应于夏里组中上部和索瓦组下部地层,第5层序(SQ5)对应于索瓦组上部和雪山组地层。在此基础上,开展了北羌塘拗陷内侏罗系层序地层对比。研究区层序地层的划分与对比研究,对羌塘盆地地层划分与对比、分析盆地古地理微地貌、预测盆地埋藏区生储盖发育特征等都具有重要意义。     

The Inata deposit,Belahouro District,northern Burkina Faso

The Inata gold deposit is hosted in the Bouroum greenstone belt of northern Burkina Faso and contains ca. 5 Moz of gold resource. The greenstone belt is divided into 4 distinct domains: The Pali West, Pali-Minfo and Fété Kolé domains comprised of variable proportions of mafic to intermediated volcanic, volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks, and the Sona Basin comprised of feldspathic sandstones and turbidites. Potential Tarkwaian-like conglomerates are rarely observed on the eastern margin of the basin. The stratigraphy is crosscut by a series of intrusions between 2172 ± 15 Ma and 2122 ± 4 Ma. A complex deformation sequence is recorded in the rocks and has been interpreted in a five stage scheme: early syn-depositional basin margin faults reactivated through time and partitioning all subsequent regional deformation (De_B); N–S compression (D1_B > 2172 Ma); E-W compression (D2_B, < ca 2122 Ma); NW–SE compression (D3_B), and a late N–S compression (D4_B). D2_B-D4_B overprint all rocks, including those of the Sona Basin and Tarkwaian-like conglomerates. Peak metamorphism is mid- to upper-greenschist facies.Mineralisation at Inata is hosted in black shales and volcaniclastic rocks of the Pali-Minfo domain and comprises shear-zone hosted quartz-tourmaline-ankerite veins with associated sulphides dominated by pyrite and arsenopyrite. Three generations of pyrite (py1, py2, py3) and one generation of arsenopyrite (apy2) have been identified. Py1 is parallel to bedding and early D1_B foliation and not associated with gold. Py2 and apy2 are coeval, contain up to 1 ppm gold and are spatially associated with auriferous quartz veins. Py3 locally overprints previous assemblages and is also associated with Au. Fluid inclusions in quartz indicate H₂O to H₂O–CO₂–NaCl fluids in auriferous quartz veins.Microscopic to macroscopic observation of fabric-mineral-vein crosscutting relationships indicate that mineralisation is syn-D2_B, disrupted and remobilised during D3_B. All observations and data are consistent with Inata representing an orogenic style of gold mineralisation formed relatively late in the evolution of the host terrane.     

Vegetation history of a polygonal peatland, northern, Yukon

Pollen, macrofossils and matrix composition are described for a 221 cm core from a polygonal peatland overlying a late-Wisconsin lakebed. A hydroseral succession of wetland communities occurred at the site, and included a submerged assemblage with Chara , a Carex aquatilis - Eleocharis marsh, a fen, and finally a Sphagnum - Ledum bog. A transition about 9,600 B.P. to a wetter S. balticum - Andromeda carpet is attributed to formation of permaforst and polygonal ice wedges. This community, sometimes with S. compactum and Chamaedaphne , prevailed until about 3,000 B.P. when the polygon became high centered, and peat growth declined. Peat growth rate is determined from 11 ¹⁴C dates, and is used to calculate pollen influx. Apparent periodic oscillations every 2,000 years, in total influx, are not accepted as sufficient evidence of treeline fluctuations.     

藏北羌塘盆地褶皱形变研究

羌塘盆地由于受多期构造活动的影响形成多个构造层,不同构造层的变形特征存在明显差异。其中三叠纪构造层多形成一些紧闭倒转的小型背、向斜褶皱,侏罗纪构造层内多发育大型宽缓的背、向斜及复背斜、复向斜,而白垩纪—新近纪构造层多位于向斜核部和背斜翼部,形成宽缓的褶曲。褶皱变形以近东西向为主,从老到新不同构造层形成的褶皱由紧闭到宽缓,存在一定的继承性和递进叠加的特点。褶皱轴迹的空间展布及变形特点表明不同时期板块的拼合挤压是导致盆地变形的主要驱动力,基底断裂及基底凸凹变化对褶皱的展布和变形有一定程度的控制和影响。     

Volcanic geomorphology of northern Viti Levu,Fiji

Analysis of radial, centripetal and gutter drainage in the volcanic region of northern Viti Levu, Fiji, enabled the delineation of several distinct volcanoes, despite the early Pliocene age and considerable later erosion. Three main shields with calderas and several smaller volcanoes are mapped. The results are consistent with some other geological and geophysical facts, but do not support the idea that these volcanoes were dominantly submarine eruptions. The method picks out known centres of gold mineralisation and may be applicable, in conjunction with other techniques, in mineral exploration.