GIS-based spatial and temporal investigation of groundwater level fluctuations under rice-wheat ecosystem over Haryana

Groundwater irrigation is the most predominant method used across India and about 50% of the total irrigated area is dependent on it. The state of Haryana has witnessed a spectacular increase in agricultural production in the last few decades, and is largely dependent on groundwater for irrigation. Groundwater mining for irrigation has become a reality in the state over the years as the number of tube wells has increased from 0.02 million in 1966 to 0.73 million in 2012, showing alarming signs of over-exploitation. The impact of increased groundwater irrigation on groundwater levels has not been studied both spatially and temporally. Therefore, this study has been undertaken to investigate the groundwater level fluctuations in the state using geographical information system (GIS) from the groundwater level data of 893 observation wells obtained from Groundwater Cell, Department of Agriculture, Government of Haryana, Panchkula, for the period 2004-12. Many researchers have applied GIS to reveal the spatial and temporal structure of groundwater level fluctuation and as a management and decision tool. The analysis of results indicated a mix of negative and positive trends in the groundwater levels. However, the negative trends were much more pronounced than positive ones. Groundwater level in the state ranged between 0.16 to 65.97 m from the ground surface and per cent area with groundwater level depth more than 10 meter (critical category) was about 56% in 2004 and has increased to 64% by 2012. The average annual decline in groundwater level was observed to be above 32 cm/year, with the strongest decline (108.9 cm/year) in Kurukshetra district.     

诱发滑坡的地下水流系统响应历史与趋势——以甘肃黑方台灌区为例

灌溉的地下水系统响应是黑方台地区灌溉诱发地质灾害研究的基础.黑方台台塬自上而下由黄土、砂砾石和基岩3个含水岩组构成.以对斜坡稳定性影响最大的黄土含水系统为研究对象,分析了灌溉前后水均衡变化,采用数值模拟的方法恢复了引水灌溉引起的地下水流系统演化过程,对不同灌溉量下地下水流系统发展趋势进行了预测.结果表明,黑方台地区长期大量引水灌溉打破了地下水均衡,改变了地下水系统的天然状态,使地下水的分布及其水流系统发生了很大变化,中心部位地下水位44年间上升了至少20m,减少灌溉量至350× 104m3/a地下水位将呈下降趋势.研究成果可为黑方台滑坡地质灾害综合治理提供科学依据.     

Changes in Hungary's agrarian sector with special reference to the northern hill region

The Hungarian agriculture and food industry has changed greatly since 1989 and this sector is now in crisis. This essay will present an overview of the most important economic and social problems which are partly the heritage of the socialist system, but which also stem from the change in the political system. It will also deal with the specific problems of the transition in the northern hill region of Nógrad where the physical conditions for agriculture are relatively unfavourable. In 1970s and 1980s state farms and cooperatives tried to compensate for the low demand for labour in agriculture by setting up subsidiary enterprises, which in many cases were the only source of local jobs. Many other people in the rural areas commuted to work in factories in the towns as industry and construction became the largest sector in the county's economy (41.3 percent in 1990 compared with 19.8 in agriculture). However, many of the former commuters are now unemployed and the cooperatives have withdrawn from subsidiary enterprises. So while an unstable situation has developed in Hungarian agriculture generally, through changes in structure and ownership, the problems faced by the less-developed agrarian regions of northern Hungary have been accentuated. Further research is needed to explore the real nature of the crisis in order to make provision for remedial action that best meets the local situation.     

Karez irrigation in Pakistan

Karez is an indigenous method of irrigation in which groundwater is tapped by a tunnel. After running for some distance the tunnel comes out in the open and the water is conducted to the command area. Karez irrigation is practised in 22 countries from China to Chile including Pakistan. In Pakistan it is confined to the province of Balochistan which has a tribal society.Karez is an old and stable irrigation system of Pakistan. It is a community enterprise managed by tribal tradition and run by social control. Spacing of the karez, their types, life, length, discharge, land development and allocation, water distribution and management are important aspects of karez irrigation which have been discussed in this paper. Differences in karez maintenance and management produced by differences in tradition and customs of various tribes inhabiting Balochistan are brought out. Furthermore recent changes in Karez irrigation caused by changes in the socio-economic conditions are also analysed.     

河西走廊疏勒河灌区地下水特征现状分析

依据实际观测的1984-2013年地下水水位资料、2013年地下水水质化验及2011年水利普查有关成果, 对甘肃省河西走廊疏勒河灌区地下水特征现状进行了分析. 结果表明: 疏勒河灌区地下水开发利用以农业用水为主, 1984-2013年30 a来地下水水位变化总体特征为稳中下降, 个别地方地下水位略有上升; 地下水埋深在1.30～80.00 m之间, 年内地下水水位随灌溉制度变化显著, 年调节能力强. 地下水水质均超Ⅲ类, 由于农业生产大量使用氮肥, 氨氮指标最大值超Ⅲ类标准0.7倍, 是造成灌区地下水面源污染的主要因素.     

灌区灌溉管理质量指标的综合因子分析

针对全国大型灌区续建配套与节水改造项目,提出了用于评价灌区灌溉管理质量的8个指标,应用因子分析原理建立了灌区灌溉管理质量评价的综合指标——综合因子,对样本灌区灌溉管理质量的综合因子进行的正态性检验结果表明它服从正态分布,在此基础上提出了相应的评价标准。应用结果表明,灌区灌溉管理质量的综合因子及其评价标准能较全面地反映灌溉管理状况、较好地描述灌区灌溉管理水平,具有实用性、可操作性和推广价值。     

Norias,boreholes and the role of the state during the groundwater ‘silent revolution’ in La Mancha,Spain

The ‘silent revolution’ is a phenomenon describing the individualistic behaviour of farmers in the adoption of intensive groundwater abstraction technologies, which in some cases has led to groundwater over-abstraction and environmental degradation in semiarid areas such as La Mancha, Spain. However, a lacuna exists as to the extent to which state politics have affected the development of groundwater abstraction technologies in Spain. With new quantitative and qualitative data from the irrigation community of Manzanares and public irrigation and colonisation plans, this report studies the adoption of groundwater abstraction technology and investigates the historical role of the state in the development of modern groundwater-fed irrigation socio-ecologies in the semiarid area of La Mancha in Spain.     

矿井水污染的地表水灌溉入渗过程中的水岩作用

分析了污水灌溉对地下水化学环境影响的研究现状, 以淄博煤矿区矿井水污染的孝妇河水进行灌溉的区域为例, 利用土柱实验研究煤矿矿井水污染的地表水灌溉入渗过程中的水岩作用。结果表明, 灌溉水入渗过程中发生可溶盐的溶解及离子交换等水岩作用, 而且在灌溉的初期主要表现为溶解作用, 而后以离子交换作用为主。溶解作用的速率, 在污水入渗初期大, 而后逐渐减小, 直至趋于零。      

Irrigation with saline water

The potential of the saline water for irrigation against the background of the world's food shortage is reviewed. It is shown that irrigation has improved food situation wherever it has been used. However, irrigation is always associated with salinity problems. Leaching techniques and drip irrigation suggest a partial solution for the problem. The objective of this paper is to review and examine additional solutions in order to increase the use of saline water for irrigation. A quantitative approach to further research on the use of saline water for irrigation is suggested. An analytical solution to the mass-balance equation of nutrients and salt in the soil, which includes a sink term for absorption by a plant, revealed some valuable derivatives, both for planning further research in irrigation with saline water and making decisions about fertilization and soil leaching throughout the growth period of a crop. Preliminary attempts to meaningfully increase the fertilization level of crops irrigated with saline water support the approach that was developed from one of the model's derivatives.     

The Mechanism of Groundwater Salinization and Its Control in the Yaoba Oasis, Inner Mongolia

The arid area is one of the most concerned areas among the water resources researchers and economists. Northwest China will be an important developing region of China in the 21st century. Yaoba is a well-irrigation oasis within this arid area, which is located in the Alxa area west of the Helan Mountains and next to the Tengger desert in the east. It has contributed greatly to the local stock raising and agriculture since its development in 1970. However, the groundwater which the oasis depends on to survive has been getting salinized gradually and more serious in recent years.A comprehensive study was carried out using the methods of groundwater environment isotope analysis, lithofaci-es and palaeogeography, calculations of water-rock interaction and the existing form of chemical components in groundwater etc. It has been found that the salinization of groundwater is mainly caused by reinfiltration water solving the salt in soil which is deposited simultaneously with the sediments and accumulated in th     

Suitability assessment of shallow and deep groundwaters for drinking and irrigation use in the El Khairat aquifer (Enfidha, Tunisian Sahel)

The El Khairat aquifer is an important groundwater aquiferous system, which is considered a major source for drinking and irrigation water in Enfidha in Tunisian Sahel. The analysis of groundwater chemical characteristics provides much important information useful in water resources management. Assessing the water quality status for special use is the main objective of any water monitoring studies. An attempt has been made for the first time in this region to appreciate the quality and/or the suitability of shallow and deep groundwater for drinking and irrigation. In order to attend this objective, a total of 35 representative water samples were collected during February 2007 from both boreholes (17) and wells (18); and analyzed for the major cations (sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium) and anions (chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, and nitrate) along with various physical and chemical parameters (temperature, pH, total dissolved salts, and electrical conductivity). Based on the physico-chemical analyses, irrigation quality parameters like sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), percentage of sodium (Na%), and permeability index (PI) were calculated. In addition to this, iso-concentration maps were constructed using the geographic information system to delineate spatial variation of qualitative parameters of groundwater samples. The correlation of the analytical data has been attempted by plotting different graphical representations such as Piper, Wilcox, and US Salinity Laboratory for the classification of water. The suitability of the water from the groundwater sources for drinking and irrigation purposes was evaluated by comparing the values of different water quality parameters with World Health Organization guideline values for drinking water. A preliminary hydrochemical characterization shows that most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of calcium–magnesium–chloride–sulphate type of water. Majority of the samples are not suitable for drinking purposes and far from drinking water standards. The high EC value and the percentage of Na in most of the groundwater render it unsuitable for irrigation. Wilcox classification suggested that around 50% of both deep and shallow groundwater samples are unsuitable for irrigation. According to the US Salinity Classification, most of the groundwater is unsuitable for irrigation unless special measures are adopted.     

灌溉用水反弹效应研究综述

推行节水灌溉技术的节水效果可能被产出增长带来的新增用水抵消,甚至出现用水有增无减的现象,表现为灌溉用水的反弹效应。目前有关灌溉技术节水效果的研究已有丰富成果,但关于灌溉用水反弹效应的研究还缺乏系统梳理。从灌溉用水反弹效应概念内涵、灌溉用水特性与节水的尺度效应、灌溉用水反弹机制以及反弹程度4个角度综述相关文献。灌溉过程中的水量转化、水分消耗及用水效率评价非常复杂,对灌溉用水反弹的研究还需进一步深入。未来研究的重点领域包括:①灌溉用水反弹的定义,如区分水文反弹和经济反弹,区分用水反弹和耗水反弹,区分一般反弹效应和回火效应（大于100%的反弹）;②灌溉用水反弹的作用机理和控制路径;③设计合理的方法实证计算反弹效应。     

非线性节水高产优化模型

为研究节水高产的灌溉制度,从研究作物根区土壤水运动及作物腾发规律入手,建立了一个求解作物灌溉制度的非线性优化模型.经实例验证,模型是合理可行的.     

一种黄土滑坡渐进破坏过程分析

在中国西北,建设了许多灌溉水渠,由于水渠的灌溉引起了许多滑坡破坏,并带来了人员伤亡和财产损失。以高楼村水渠灌溉引起的黄土滑坡破坏为例,提出了滑坡破环渐进过程为：水的入渗在滑体中产生一定深度的水压力,引起黄土黏聚力和摩擦角下降,使滑坡体在一定深度产生剪破坏,紧接着滑体后缘产生拉剪破坏,致使后缘黄土处于破坏后区状态,并产生不平衡剪应力。该不平衡剪应力驱动滑体向前移动,直至滑面只有一点处于临界状态,随即整个滑坡发生破坏,并伴随着滑体解体,产生泥流。这种破坏过程可以概括为：滑坡先产生剪破坏,紧接着后缘产生拉剪破坏,当破坏后区产生的驱动剪应力大于滑体的摩阻力,会推动滑坡向前移动,直至滑坡发生完全破坏。以理论和试验论证了这种破坏机制的正确性,并验证了一种新剪应力本构模型的合理性。     

Ecology of Karez irrigation: a case of Pakistan

Though hard to construct, difficult to maintain, and yet limited in scope, the karez irrigation system has been an integral part of agricultural landscape in Baluchistan province of Pakistan for the last 2500 years, if not earlier. The irrigation system is well adjusted with the social and political institutions in Baluchistan and synchronizes with the local economies.Archaeology indicates that the idea of karez irrigation originated in the Indus Valley Civilization of Pakistan, while philology, method of construction, migration of karez technocrats support the view that the technology was introduced from Afghanistan and not from Iran as is generally accepted. An attempt has been made in this paper to examine the ecology of karez irrigation in Pakistan in terms of its nature, origin, diffusion and persistence including the recent changes in the system wherein tunnels are being replaced by cement pipes and Delay Action Dams.. The delay action dams are being introduced to augment the subsurface water supply. The tube-wells and modern electric-powered pumps are impinging on the karezes and may ultimately destroy the fragile ecosystem of Baluchistan, including the age-old karez irrigation system.     

论银北灌区的盐害指标与排引比

本文提出用有害盐量及其排引比取代以往惯用的盐量及其排引比 ,作为评价灌区积、脱盐和盐渍土改良的指标。从而计算并证实了有害盐量排引比约为盐量排引比的1.7倍。指出 35a来灌区土壤经历着脱盐淡化的进程 ,有害盐量排引差为正值 ,累计排出灌区的有害盐量为1376×104t;而无害盐量排引差为负值 ,累计堆积于灌区的无害盐量为640 .8× 104t,这对调整灌区水量排引比和减少引黄水量具有重要实用价值。而提高沟排水中地下水排泄量的比例是加快灌区脱盐和盐渍土改良的重要途径。     

灌溉实时调度研究进展

灌溉实时调度是农业水管理走向智能化、自动化和现代化的重要标志,综合应用地理信息系统、卫星遥感技术、全球定位系统、计算机、人工智能、信息技术,以及农业灌溉、气象学、系统工程等多学科的最新成果,提高调度的灵活性、可靠性、实用性,是灌溉实时调度今后的发展趋势。同时,也面临着基础设施落后、技术力量薄弱、信息处理费用过高、卫星传输周期长等多方面的困难。综述了国内外在实时灌溉预报、渠系动态配水、土壤墒情监测、计算机辅助决策支持系统以及灌区空间信息管理等方面的最新研究进展和主要成就,力求促进灌区用水管理研究的发展。     

精量灌溉决策定量指标研究现状与进展

按照土壤 植物 大气连续体(SPAC)理论,灌溉决策的指标可分为三类:土壤水分、作物水分生理状况和气象因素。对这三方面的研究现状与进展作了详细的阐述。在土壤水分监测技术方面,时域反射仪(TDR)技术、微波技术、近红外辐射等的应用,使监测更加准确和便利;用于灌溉决策的作物水分生理信息监测包括:细胞液浓度、叶/水势、茎果微变化、生理电阻电容、声发射等,从目前国际上研究情况来看,叶冠层温度和茎流变化是指示作物水分状况较好的指标;在估算大气蒸发力方面,以参考作物蒸散量为指标,估计作物参考蒸散量的方法以联合国粮农组织(FAO)最新推荐的Penman-Monteith方法较为精细。并对目前灌溉决策指标的综合运用情况进行了总结。讨论了作为精准农业重要组成部分的"精量控制灌溉"今后的发展方向,建议以通过对作物、土壤、气象复合系统的分析和判断,指导灌溉的适时和适量。     

引水灌区黄土地质灾害成因机制与防控技术 ——以黄河三峡库区甘肃黑方台移民灌区为例

黄土是具有水敏性的特殊类土,遇水后性质发生明显变化,甚至引发地质灾害.甘肃黑方台地区由于引水灌溉引发的滑坡和黄土湿陷等灾害十分严重,也很典型,已成为地质灾害研究和工程实践的热点地区之一.针对引水灌区黄土地质灾害成因机制研究与防控技术中存在的问题,以黑方台地区为例,从灌溉水入渗引起的地下水动力场与黄土工程地质性质响应及其诱发的黄土滑坡和黄土湿陷灾害等方面开展了国际合作研究.研究表明,40余年引水灌溉导致台塬中心部位地下水位上升了20m,升幅为0.476m/a,导致滑坡灾害频发,平均每年发生3～4次,引起黄土湿陷总量达5.9m,非饱和黄土和湿陷系数小于0.015的黄土所引起的湿陷量达到2.16m,对黄土湿陷性研究提出新的挑战.灌区地质灾害风险防控的关键是改变灌溉模式,减少地下水补给,实施排水工程,有效地降低斜坡地带的地下水位.     

东明县华航农产品专业合作社推进土地流转探索

推动土地合理流转、实施土地规模经营,是提高农民积极性、发展合作社的有效途径。在土地流转中切实做到坚持保证农民土地承包经营权和流转后的土地农业用途;坚持做到不限定流转时间、不限定流转模式、不强迫农民意愿、不侵害农民利益。在规范管理中,引入现代企业管理制度,执行统一的土地流转操作程序,确保土地流转双方在平等互利的基础上签订书面土地经营权流转合同,明确土地流转形式、面积、年限以及双方的权利和义务。通过土地的合理流转,提升了广大农民的思想观念,把土地自觉地推向农村市场,实施农业产业化发展,最大限度地发挥土地增值效益。