鲁西南莱芜、蒙阴、平邑盆地早第三纪地层的划分和对比

鲁西南地区分布着近东西向大致平行排列的早第三纪盆地群。在蒙阴、莱芜盆地早第三纪沉积称为官庄组，在平邑盆地称为卞桥组。依据沉积物特征和沉积旋回都能分为下段、中段和上段。通过对哺乳动物、介形类、轮藻、腹足类和孢粉等化石的研究可确定中段的沉积时代为早始新世，通过对轮藻、介形类和哺乳类动物的研究能确定下段和上段分别为始新世早期和中期。在卞桥组中段和官庄组中段发现介形类Ｃｙｐｒｉｄｅａ属，该属起源于晚侏罗世或早白垩世，在早白垩世繁盛，晚白垩世逐渐衰落，灭绝于晚古新世或早始新世，在早始新世沉积中的发现，是迄今在我国发现的最高层位。     

甜水海岔路口地区早石炭世地层化石的发现和帕斯群的建立

在1:25万岔路口幅区域地质填图时,在原划中泥盆统落石沟组中采到了大量腕足、珊瑚类化石,经鉴定其成时代为早石炭世中期。该套地层可与西邻区域地层进行对比,对此新建下石炭统帕斯群。     

黑龙江东部下白垩统鸡西群层序地层划分与聚煤作用分析

依据钻孔及露头资料,对鸡西盆地下白垩统鸡西群层序地层进行了研究,共划分出1个Ⅱ级、3个Ⅲ级层序.Ⅱ级层序代表了鸡西盆地最大一次湖侵→湖退沉积,3个三级层序反映了三次低级别的湖侵→湖退沉积作用.在此基础上讨论了鸡西群的成煤作用特点,其中Ⅱ级层序湖侵背景下的Ⅲ级层序湖侵体系域聚煤作用最好;湖退背景下Ⅲ级层序湖侵体系域聚煤作用次之;低水位背景下Ⅲ级层序湖侵体系域聚煤作用较差,Ⅲ级层序低水位与高水位体系域聚煤作用最差.研究结果对探讨鸡西盆地早白垩世沉积、成煤作用具有重要意义.     

黑龙江嘉荫地区古近纪早期古气候分析

黑龙江嘉荫地区是在我国范围内最有希望找到确切陆相白垩系一古近系界线的地区之一,定量研究界线附近古气候变迁有助于了解该界线前后的生物灭绝与复苏过程。本文以乌云组含煤段第10层所产20属29种木本双子叶被子植物化石为根据,定量研究了嘉荫地区白垩系古近系界线之后的生物复苏的环境条件。“叶相一气候多变量程序”定量分析结果显示,该区古近纪早期年均温度(MAT)约11．45℃,属暖温带气候类型;“叶缘分析”得出年均降水量(MAP)约为1424mm,林相总体上属混交中生林。     

西藏岗巴晚白垩世有孔虫动物群与海平面变化

西藏南部岗巴地区上白垩统的有孔虫动物群十分丰富，经鉴定共有52属130种。根据岩性，该地区上白垩统可以划分出三个最基本的岩石地层单位：冷青热组、岗巴村口组及宗山组。依据其中有孔虫的形态结构、生态环境、系统演化及地史分布等特征，可以划分出五个主要的有孔虫动物群，Rotalipora动物群，Whiteinella-Helvetoglobotruncana动物群，Dicarinella-Marginotruncana动物群，Globotruncana-Globotuncanita动物群及Orbitoides-Omphalocyclus动物群。这五个有孔虫动物在晚白垩世相继绝灭，其绝灭与古水深有着十分密切的关系，主要是受海平面变化的影响。     

冈底斯东段加查县丝波绒曲早侏罗- 始新世复式岩体成因及其对构造演化的启示

本文选取冈底斯带东段加查县东北部丝波绒曲复式岩体为对象,对其进行了岩相学、地质年代学、岩石地球化学以及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成的综合研究,据此探讨了该复式岩体的成因及其对构造演化的启示。研究结果表明,该复式岩体由早侏罗世辉长岩-花岗岩杂岩(188～185Ma)和始新世花岗质岩石(～47Ma)构成,两期花岗质岩石中普遍发育塑变形态的镁铁质包体。早侏罗世杂岩由角闪辉长岩和英云闪长岩组成,角闪辉长岩中的主要铁镁矿物为角闪石,它们为一套钙碱性弧岩浆岩组合,具有亏损的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成。始新世花岗质岩石主要为二长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩,它们较早侏罗世英云闪长岩更为富碱,属钙碱性-高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,其同位素组成也较早侏罗世英云闪长岩富集。综合分析表明,该区早侏罗世复合辉长岩-花岗岩的形成受控于新特提斯洋板片北向俯冲的构造背景,角闪辉长岩起源于受俯冲板片脱水交代的上覆地幔楔的部分熔融,共生的英云闪长岩则为同期幔源岩浆底侵诱发初生地壳部分熔融产生的长英质岩浆与幔源岩浆不同程度混合的产物。始新世花岗岩的形成受控于新特提斯洋板片断离的构造背景,是由具"弧"型地球化学特征的初生地壳再造的产物,并有少量印度陆壳富集组分参与成岩。     

中国晚始新世—早渐新世地层孢粉组合及其古气候特征

始新世—渐新世是从65Ma恐龙绝灭以来新生代地球历史上最重要的事件, 此时地球从“暖室”过渡到“冰室”, 全球气候突变, 南极冰首次出现, 气候突变引起生物的大绝灭, 而我国的孢粉组合也有明显的变化特征.根据我国各个区始新世晚期—渐新世早期地层中孢粉组合的演化规律来探讨当时我国的古气候变化规律, 研究认为中国从始新世晚期到渐新世早期总体上亚热带、热带植物成分丰度和分异度都降低, 温带植物如桦科和榆科花粉大增, 耐寒山地针叶植物大量发育, 干旱类型植物增加, 草本植物开始繁盛.这些反映了从始新世晚期到渐新世早期植被组成由热带亚热带常绿阔叶树为主的针阔叶林转变为落叶树为主的针阔混交林, 说明晚始新世气候温暖湿润过渡到早渐新世气候变干变冷.孢粉植物群所反映的我国气候变化趋势与全球气候变化趋势一致, 说明我国的陆地也受全球构造的演变和南极大陆冰盖的影响.      

抚顺盆地东露天煤矿早始新世孢粉组合特征及其古气候意义

系统研究了抚顺盆地东露天煤矿主煤层古城子组植物孢粉组合特征,并采用共存分析法(coexistence approach)定量分析了该区早始新世古气候。笔者在古城子组共发现孢粉化石71属159种,其中,被子植物花粉莫米粉(Momipites)、山核桃粉(Caryapollenites)、榆粉(Ulmipollenits)和栎粉(Quercoidites)含量较高;裸子植物花粉含量高,以杉粉(Taxodiaceaepollenites)和无口器粉(Inaperturopollenites)占绝对优势;蕨类植物孢子以水龙骨单缝孢(Polypodiaceaesporites)及紫萁孢(Osmundacidites)为主。亚热带类群丰富且花粉含量较高(56.3%~91.8%)。孢粉组合反映了该盆地分布以杉科(Taxodiaceae)丰富为特征的沼泽湿地林,可能为重要的成煤植物;盆地低山地带分布有常绿和阔叶落叶混交林为主的森林植被。通过共存分析法获得抚顺盆地早始新世年均温为14.9℃~15.8℃,年均降水量为1011.3~1163 mm。孢粉植物群特征及古气候参数综合分析,抚顺盆地早始新世属于温暖湿润的亚热带气候。     

Climate‐modulated sequence development in a tropical rift basin during the Late Palaeocene to Early Eocene super greenhouse Earth

Sequence developments in rift basins are considered to be influenced largely by tectonics and to a lesser extent by eustatic sea‐level and climate. Studies indicate that in passive margin basins, climate can mask the effects of tectonics and eustasy by modulating the sediment supply. It is, however, less understood how the sedimentary sequence in rift basins might respond to strong climatic fluctuations where tectonic pulses generate rapid accommodation space. Here a case study has been provided to assess the effect of climate vis à vis sea‐level and tectonics on sequence development in the Cambay rift basin, western India, during the Early Palaeogene (Late Palaeocene to Early Eocene) super greenhouse globe. Facies analysis of this shale–lignite sequence suggests deposition in a lagoon/bay, developed over the Deccan Trap basement. Detailed sequence stratigraphic analysis using basin‐wide representative composite sections, marker lignite seam, event bed and high‐resolution carbon isotope (δ¹³C) chemostratigraphy suggest an overall transgressive motif. Among the three prominent Early Eocene eustatic highstands, only the one at ca 53·7 Ma is expressed by the thickest coal accumulation throughout the basin. Expression of the other sequence stratigraphic surfaces is subdued and can be due to the overall finer grain size of the sediment or local variation in the subsidence rate at different fault‐controlled mini‐basins. Enigmatic presence of a maximum flooding surface coinciding with the 53·7 Ma climate event (Eocene Thermal Maximum 2), manifested by negative carbon isotope excursion, indicates possible influence of climate over and above tectonics in developing the rift sequence. Qualitative rainfall variation assessed using the magnitude of the carbon isotope excursion and pollen abundance show that a relatively dry/low precipitation climatic phase during the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 hindered the siliclastic supply to the basin. Thus, it has been inferred that climate‐induced high siliciclastic supply possibly enhanced the autocyclic reorganization and hindered the development of the key sequence stratigraphic surfaces across the basin during climate extremes.     

西南天山康克林组早二叠世小型无鳞板珊瑚动物群的发现及其地质意义简

西南天山哈拉奇地区康克林组第三段发现大量单体无鳞板四射珊瑚,经鉴定共有11属23种。根据该动物群的组成特征和与邻区的对比,建立了Amplexocaniaia-Tachylasma-Bradyphyllum组合,并确定其时代为早二叠世紫松期或阿舍尔(Asselian)期。通过对沉积相及该无鳞板四射珊瑚动物群古生态的对比分析,确定本区当时水深大于100m,属碳酸盐台地与盆地之间的过渡环境。     

四川石渠县沙尔木盆地始新世孢粉的发现

热鲁组因其下部发现孢粉、轮藻等化石,被定为始新世,但其上部地层时代无从定论。笔者等最近在上部地层中发现较多的植物孢粉,并建立了Lycopodiumsporites oligocenicus-Ephedripites(Distachyapites)eocenipites-Peltandripites davissii孢粉组合带,确定热鲁组上部地层的形成时代为始新世。     

Gigantic volcanic eruptions and climatic change in the early Eocene

23 layers of altered volcanic ash (bentonites) originating from the North Atlantic Igneous Province have been recorded in early Eocene deposits of the Austrian Alps, about 1,900 km away from the source area. The Austrian bentonites are distal equivalents of the “main ash-phase” in Denmark and the North Sea basin. We have calculated the total eruption volume of this series as 21,000 km³, which occurred in 600,000 years. The most powerful single eruption of this series took place 54.0 million years ago (Ma) and ejected ca. 1,200 km³ of ash material, which makes it one of the largest basaltic pyroclastic eruptions in geological history. The clustering of eruptions must have significantly affected the incoming solar radiation in the early Eocene by the continuous production of stratospheric dust and aerosol clouds. This hypothesis is corroborated by oxygen isotope values, which indicate a global decrease of sea surface temperatures between 1 and 2°C during this major phase of explosive volcanism.     

Carbon cycle variability in tropical Atlantic across two Early Eocene hyperthermals

Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr^-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr^-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258.