川西地区退耕还林工程及其对农村经济发展的影响

四川省西部地区是全国退耕还林（草）试点示范工程的重点地区。由于区内人地矛盾突出，随着退耕还林工程的实施，造成了该地区林农，林牧，农牧关系紧张，阻碍了当地退耕还林工程的实施和农村经济的发展。本文通过实地走访，问卷调查，座谈等形式，对川西地区退耕还林工程的实施，进展，困难，相关政策和技术应用情况等进行初步考察，并分析了退耕还林工程的实施对川西地区农村经济带来的影响；退耕还林后，川西地区农业（种植业）产值相对降低，林业和牧业产值逐渐增加，但变化幅度不大，表明退耕还林工程的实施在短期内并未给川西农村经济带来多大的变化，但从长远来看，这种影响又是深远的。因而退耕还要工程中强调生态效应的同时，如何将农村长期经济效应向短期化转化以及长期生态效应向经济化转化是个值得研究的问题。     

陇中黄土丘陵区农户收入对退耕还林(草)政策的响应——以龙滩小流域为例

退耕还林（草）政策的实施有效改善了陇中黄土丘陵区小流域生态环境、抑制了严重的水土流失,然而,对该区退耕还林（草）政策的实施和交通便利程度对小流域农户收入结构的耦合影响及互馈作用机制尚不清楚。本文选取定西市安定区巉口镇龙滩小流域为研究区,通过问卷调查获取3个区120个农户家庭土地利用情况、经营方式及收入数据,运用方差分析、回归分析和通径分析等方法定量分析交通便利程度和退耕还林比例对农户收入的影响与调控作用。结果表明：退耕还林比例影响了农田面积,进而影响了玉米和马铃薯的种植面积,由此增加了种植业收入,从而导致3个区低比例退耕还林农户收入均高于高比例退耕还林农户收入。同时退耕面积的增加也促使劳动力向非农产业的转移,而交通便利程度影响农户家庭打工人口比例,从而导致Ⅰ（交通便利）区农户的收入显著高于Ⅱ（交通欠发达）和Ⅲ（交通闭塞）区。交通便利程度和退耕还林比例通过农田面积、退耕还林地面积、玉米和马铃薯种植面积及打工人数等影响种植业、劳务输出和退耕还林政策性补助,进而影响流域内农户的收入水平。总之,退耕还林（草）政策的实施影响了陇中黄土丘陵区种植业和劳务输出产业的发展且存在区域差异,而对该区养殖业、林业及副业带动有限。因而,在新一轮退耕还林（草）政策实施之际,该区在加强交通等乡村基础条件建设的同时还需推动林下经济、特色养殖及副业发展,降低农户对种植业和退耕还林政策性补助的依赖,以此实现陇中黄土丘陵区生态和经济的可持续发展,提升农村绿色生产力。     

山西省农民收入与工业的灰色关联度分析

利用1998-2007年山西省农民收入和工业数据,运用灰色关联理论,研究了农民收入与工业的灰色关联度。结果发现:(1)在1998-2007年,工业与农民收入的关联度为0.823,属于较强关联,工业发展促进农民收入的提高。(2)2004年以后,工业与农民收入的关联度处于下降状态,下降速度为0.063,不利于农民收入提高。(3)轻工业、小企业、制造业比重工业、大中企业、采掘业有利于农民增收。(4)不同工业行业对农民收入组成影响程度不同,非金属矿物制品等产业更有利于促进工资性收入的增加;印刷业和记录媒介的复制等产业更有利于增加家庭经营性收入;专用设备等制造业更有利于增加转移性收入;造纸及纸制品业等制造业更有利于财产性收入的增加。最后,提出了在目前社会发展阶段下,山西省应加大发展工业步伐、发展机制灵活的小企业和具有规模效益的大企业相结合、大力发展制造业与采掘业等措施和加大"以矿补农"力度以促进农民收入增收。     

山东省海陆产业协同发展研究

采用灰色关联度、产值贡献率以及所构建的产业优势波动系数,分析山东省海陆产业的外在关联性与内在联动效应。2001—2011年山东省海陆产业结构从错位走向协调,海陆经济的密切联系主要体现在海洋第一产业对陆域经济的拉动以及陆域第二产业受海洋经济活动的影响;"海陆产业灰色关联度—优势波动系数"交叉关联将陆域产业划分为与海洋产业关系较强的波动型产业、与海洋产业关系较弱的波动型产业、与海洋产业关系较弱的稳定型产业以及与海洋产业关系较强的稳定型产业;最后根据海陆子产业灰色关联度构建山东省海陆复合产业链。     

广东省区域技术创新能力测度的灰色关联分析

区域技术创新能力是构建区域创新体系的中心问题,建设创新型区域是提升区域竞争力、促进区域经济社会发展的必由之路。提出了一套区域技术创新能力的测度指标体系,分析研究了区域技术创新能力形成机理及其数学模型,针对该问题的灰色不确定性,运用灰色关联分析模型对影响广东区域技术创新能力的因素进行了灰色关联度的定量分析,描绘出影响(1999~2006年)广东经济增长(GDP)的区域技术创新能力因素的灰色关联图。结果显示,该模型的有效性较好、可靠性较高、实用性较强。最后,根据广东省区域技术创新能力测度的分析结果,提出了提高广东省区域技术创新能力的对策建议。     

湖南省农业旱灾灾情评估与分析

旱灾是湖南省经济特别是农业生产可持续发展的重要制约因素.通过数学模型对湖南省14个地州市的农业旱情进行定量评估.结果表明,常德、衡阳等地州市旱灾度高,旱情严重;长株潭地区旱灾度低,旱情较轻.并运用灰色系统理论对影响湖南农业干旱的11个因素进行了灰色关联分析.结论是:水田比例的关联度最高,人口密度的关联度次之;单位面积水库塘坝容积关联度最低,抗旱浇地能力次之.因此,控制人口增长缓和人地关系,提高水利化程度,树立长期抗旱的思想,有效地组织抗旱,是减轻湖南农业干旱的重要途径.     

甘肃省会宁县和定西市安定区退耕农户恩格尔系数差异

测度退耕还林农户的恩格尔系数并分析其显著影响因素及差异性,对于完善退耕还林政策、巩固退耕还林成果、改善退耕农户贫困状况具有重要的现实意义。选取位于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的会宁县和定西市安定区退耕户跟踪数据,基于收入、政策、家庭因素等多个层面构建相关经济指标,揭示两个区域退耕户恩格尔系数呈现的基本特征、显著影响因素及其差异性。结果表明：首先,由于自然地理环境和区位相近,会宁县和安定区退耕户恩格尔系数呈现出较为一致的高位波动趋势,消费需求弹性较弱是主要影响因素;其次,退耕还林户补贴率对会宁县恩格尔系数有显著的负向影响,说明退耕还林政策对当地居民经济生活具有显著影响,安定区退耕还林户补贴率对恩格尔系数有显著的正向影响,主要原因是退耕还林补贴额在家庭收入中所占比重较少;最后,会宁县和安定区农户退耕率对恩格尔系数有显著影响,这意味着退耕户的主要收入来源于农业收入。     

退耕还林对云南山地利用的影响

云南省退耕还林工程于2000年开始试点实施，2002年正式全面启动。针对云南山地面积比重大的特点，对退耕还林影响进行初步分析。退耕还林工程使土地利用趋于合理化，改善了生态环境，增加了农民收入，但仍存在后续产业不继，管护工作薄弱等问题。为巩固退耕还林建设成果，提出提高耕地质量、优化林草结构、实施生态移民等对策和建议。     

港口-腹地关联性测度及驱动要素研究——以连云港港口-淮海经济区为例

在对国内外港口—腹地相互关联研究文献综述基础上,运用灰色关联分析法,通过计算港口—腹地经济关联发展的均值关联度,对1990~2005年连云港港口—淮海经济区关联发展效应进行定量研究,并对影响连云港港口—淮海经济区关联的驱动要素进行定性分析。主要结论有:连云港港口—港城关联发展总体上呈上升趋势,并具有明显的阶段性;连云港港口与淮海经济区中的苏北、鲁南、皖北和豫东4个板块之间的关联度差异具有明显的地域差异,即皖北和豫东保持稳定、鲁南整体下降、苏北缓慢上升;连云港港口与淮海经济区一体化进程在关联发展总体趋势较强的基础上推进,但具有明显的弱化倾向;自然条件与区位、基础设施与交通、经济水平与政策、腹地一体化程度是影响连云港港口—淮海经济区关联的主要驱动要素。     

新疆棉花种植面积时空格局演变特征及驱动机制研究

新疆棉花种植业发展迅速,已成为新疆国民经济的支柱产业之一,是农民增收的重要途径。对新中国成立以来新疆棉花种植业的调查数据进行统计分析,探究其时序演变规律和空间分布特点,并运用灰色系统关联分析和计量经济学的分析方法,构建棉花种植面积和其影响因素的交互作用关联度模型,定性与定量相结合揭示新疆棉花种植业发展的主要驱动力。研究结果表明:①自1949年以来,新疆棉花种植面积不断扩大,且表现出明显的阶段性和波动性,三大棉区即南疆棉区,北疆棉区,东疆棉区变化特点各异,其中南疆棉区起主导作用。按绿洲划分,以塔里木盆地绿洲棉区和西北沿边绿洲棉区变化明显。②棉花种植面积与各影响因素间的关联度都较强,其中,棉花种植面积与棉花单产的关联度最强;进一步建立作用关系模型,得出其弹性为0.883。③运用以上关联分析结果,将南疆棉区划分为最宜棉区、适宜棉区、不宜棉区3种区域,其中适宜棉区占50%以上,表明目前南疆棉花种植业发展基本合理,但处于不宜棉区的部分县市应该减少棉花种植或退棉,进一步优化农业种植结构。     

The role of social resource of indigenous people in local ecological resource management in China: A preliminary case in Zhangye, Northwestern China

Social resources of indigenous people are valuable wealth, including the social norms, the relational network, belief, attitude as well as the social system which is accumulated from generation to generation. Those social resources are very important for local ecological resource management, which can help diffuseness and communion of skills and traditional conservation techniques for conserving and restoring the ecological sites. Social capital is one indicator of social resources, which is accepted widely. In order to investigate the role of social resources of indigenous people in local ecological resource management, the authors studied the relation between social capital of indigenous people and local ecological resource management, taking Zhangye City as an exam-ple. In this paper, social capital of indigenous people is quantified by constructing social capital index, composed of structural so-cial capital and cognitive social capital; local ecological resource management is quantified by constructing "Grain for Green Pro-ject" performance index. Based on correlation analysis approach and logistic regression analysis approach, the authors analyzed the relation between social capital and "Grain for Green Project" performance index, as well as the relations between "Grain for Green Project" performance index and other factors such as per capita net income, medical treatment and so on. Results showed that the correlation between social capital and "Grain for Green Project" performance index was positive, the coefficient was 0.761, with P<0.01. An increase of 1 unit in social capital is associated with an increase of 1.550 units in "Grain for Green Project" per-formance. With factor, such as faction, per capita net income, medical treatment, increasing 1 unit, the "Grain for Green Project" performance index will increase 3.912, 1.039 and 1.005 units, respectively.     

退耕还林还草工程对黄土高原植被总初级生产力的影响

采用Landsat解译的2000年和2015年土地利用/覆盖数据和VPM模型（Vegetation Photosynthesis Model）模拟的2000~2016年总初级生产力（Gross Primary Productivity, GPP）数据,识别出了近16 a黄土高原退耕还林还草的空间范围,并估算了GPP的年际变化趋势。在此基础上,对比分析了退耕区和未退耕区GPP年际变化的差异,从而揭示退耕还林还草工程对GPP年际变化的影响。结果显示,2000~2015年,黄土高原退耕还林还草面积约3.5万km ²,占2000年耕地面积的16.8%。期间,GPP呈增加趋势,GPP显著上升区域占全区面积的67.3%,平均增速24.1 g/(m ²?a)（以C计,下同）。虽然退耕区多年平均GPP低于未退耕区,但退耕区GPP年际增速和相对变化率明显高于未退耕区,分别提高了5.9 g/(m ²?a)和1.5%。     

城市化和退耕还林草对中国耕地生产力的影响

20 世纪90 年代以来的快速城市化进程和1999 年开始启动的退耕还林草生态工程对耕地的分布与生产能力产生了重要影响。本研究应用由TM 遥感影像获取的1980s-2000 年与2000-2005 年两个时间段耕地变化数据,结合以多时相遥感数据为主要数据源的耕地生产力光能利用率遥感模型估算两个研究时段耕地生产力变化特征,比较城市化与退耕还林草政策主导下两个时期耕地转移对各区域耕地生产力的影响。研究结果表明:两个研究时段因城市占用损失的耕地生产力占土地利用变化(LUCC) 导致的耕地生产力减少总量比例均在60%以上。在20 世纪90 年代,全国新增耕地生产力总量比被占用耕地生产力高87%,耕地转移使中国耕地生产力增加。2000-2005 年间,退耕还林草政策的启动和快速城市化进程对耕地的持续占用导致耕地生产力占补正平衡指数由前一时段的正平衡变为负平衡,转出耕地生产力总量比新增耕地生产力高31%,耕地转为林草地和建设占用损失的耕地生产力分别较前一时段提高57%和85%。城市化与退耕还林草政策等驱动因素作用下耕地开垦区与占用区的空间分布差异使得耕地生产力占补平衡状态和趋势呈现明显的区域分异。     

生态退耕对中国农田生产力的影响(英文)

The changes in cropland quantity and quality due to land use are critical concerns to national food security, particularly for China. Despite the significant ecological effects, the ecological restoration program (ERP), started from 1999, has evidently altered the spatial patterns of China’s cropland and agricultural productivity. Based on cropland dynamic data from 2000 to 2008 primarily derived from satellite images with a 30-m resolution and satellite-based net primary productivity models, we identified the impacts on agricultural productivity caused by ERP, including "Grain for Green" Program (GFGP) and "Reclaimed Cropland to Lake" (RCTL) Program. Our results indicated that the agricultural productivity lost with a rate of 132.67×104 t/a due to ERP, which accounted for 44.01% of the total loss rate caused by land use changes during 2000-2005. During 2005-2008, the loss rate due to ERP decreased to 77.18×104 t/a, which was equivalent to 58.17% of that in the first five years and 30.22% of the total loss rate caused by land use changes. The agricultural productivity loss from 2000-2008 caused by ERP was more attributed to GFGP (about 70%) than RCTL. Although ERP had a certain influence on cropland productivity during 2000-2008, its effect was still much less than that of urbanization; moreover, ERP was already converted from the project implementation phase to the consolidation phase.     

陕甘宁地区植被恢复对气候变化和人类活动的响应(英文)

The "Grain for Green Project" initiated by the governments since 1999 were the dominant contributors to the vegetation restoration in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern China. Climate change and human activities are responsible for the improvement and degradation to a certain degree. In order to monitor the vegetation variations and clarify the causes of rehabilitation in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region, this paper, based on the MODIS-NDVI and climate data during the period of 2000-2009, analyzes the main charac-teristics, spatial-temporal distribution and reasons of vegetation restoration, using methods of linear regression, the Hurst Exponent, standard deviation and other methods. Results are shown as follows. (1) From 2000 to 2009, the NDVI of the study area was improved progres-sively, with a linear tendency being 0.032/10a, faster than the growth of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program (0.007/10a) from 1982 to 2006. (2) The vegetation restoration is characterized by two fast-growing periods, with an "S-shaped" increasing curve. (3) The largest proportion of the contribution to vegetation restoration was observed in the slightly improved area, followed by the moderate and the significantly improved area; the degraded area is distributed sporadically over southern part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as well as eastern Dingbian of Shaanxi province, Huanxian and Zhengyuan of Gansu province. (4) Climate change and human activities are two driving forces in vegetation restoration; more-over anthropogenic factors such as "Grain for Green Project" were the main causes leading to an increasing trend of NDVI on local scale. However, its influencing mechanism remains to be further investigated. (5) The Hurst Exponent of NDVI time series shows that the vegetation restoration was sustainable. It is expected that improvement in vegetation cover will expand to the most parts of the region.     

退耕还林还草工程对中国北方农牧交错区土地利用/覆被变化的影响——以科尔沁左翼后旗为例

以北方农牧交错区-科尔沁左翼后旗为例,利用卫星遥感技术获取1980~2010年土地利用/覆被信息,通过统计模型重建土地利用/覆被及景观格局变化过程,综合评价二者动态及退耕还林还草等生态恢复工程的影响。研究区土地整体处于准平衡态势,各地类双向转换较频繁;耕地与草地的变化对区域土地利用/覆被及景观格局变化起支配作用;退耕还林还草等生态恢复工程逆转了天然植被(包括草地与林地)整体减少及耕地与未利用地增加的局面,使各景观破碎化程度有所缓解,这可能有利于生态环境的改善。     

陕北地区退耕还林还草工程土壤保护效应的时空特征

以中国退耕还林生态工程重点区域陕北地区作为研究区,基于耕地遥感监测数据集,分析了陕北地区2000-2013年耕地的时空变化特征;基于梯田空间分布,对RUSLE模型进行改进,模拟生成陕北地区土壤侵蚀模数栅格数据并进行精度验证;最后结合耕地变化数据集对陕北地区退耕还林（草）地及未退耕地的土壤侵蚀变化特征进行对比分析,以明确工程对全区土壤侵蚀变化的影响。结果表明,2000-2010年,陕北退耕农田内部侵蚀模数减少了22.70 t/hm ²,是退耕农田区2000年土壤侵蚀模数的47.08%。同期,陕北地区未退耕农田侵蚀模数减少了10.99 t/hm ²,占未退耕农田区域2000年土壤侵蚀模数的28.60%。从陕北全区的角度看,各种土地利用类型2000-2010年土壤侵蚀模数平均减少了14.51 t/hm ²,占2000年全区土壤侵蚀模数的41.87%。由此可见,退耕还林还草工程可以有效减少土壤侵蚀模数,达到土壤保护的作用。其中,由耕地转为林草所导致的侵蚀减少最为显著,对土壤保护的贡献作用最大。但是,2010年以后（2010-2013年）为退耕还林还草巩固时期,因此该阶段陕北地区土壤侵蚀模数和土壤侵蚀量变化较前10年显著降低。     

黄土高原粮食生产空间重构过程中的生态系统服务权衡——以陕北榆林市为例

粮食生产空间重构集中了土地系统变化的主要矛盾,探索粮食生产空间重构过程中的生态系统服务权衡变化有利于明确粮食安全、生态修复与经济发展之间的矛盾,从而推进区域生态文明建设和高质量发展.采用生态系统服务评估模型及均方根偏差法,对2000—2018年陕北榆林市粮食生产空间重构过程中的固碳、食物供给、土壤保持和产水服务及其权衡...     

中国北方农牧交错带风水蚀复合区的粮食与退耕还林(草)问题

中国北方农牧交错带风水蚀复合区是一个非常特殊的生态脆弱区,通过对该类型区60个典型县域的实地考察和统计资料分析表明：①该类型区的人均粮食产量自给有余,但粮食单产较低,较高的人均粮食产量是以扩大耕地面积,牺牲生态为代价的,今后粮食增产的主要潜力重点应放在提高水浇地单产上。②从区域和国家生态安全角度考虑,该类型区不适宜大规模开垦耕地,而应在粮食自给的基础上逐渐转变为以牧为主的发展方向,退耕还林(草)正是实现这一重要转变的最有效途径和措施。③农户调查结果表明,退耕对农户粮食产量和家庭经济收入的影响不大,大部分农户能够自觉接受退耕还林(草)政策,但目前正处于相持阶段,仍需要国家给予适当经济补偿。因此,该类型区的退耕还林(草)工程不但不能压缩,而且应该进一步扩大规模,加大投资力度。     

Response of vegetation restoration to climate change and human activities in Shaanxi-Gansu- Ningxia Region

The “Grain for Green Project” initiated by the governments since 1999 were the dominant contributors to the vegetation restoration in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern China. Climate change and human activities are responsible for the improvement and degradation to a certain degree. In order to monitor the vegetation variations and clarify the causes of rehabilitation in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region, this paper, based on the MODIS-NDVI and climate data during the period of 2000-2009, analyzes the main characteristics, spatial-temporal distribution and reasons of vegetation restoration, using methods of linear regression, the Hurst Exponent, standard deviation and other methods. Results are shown as follows. (1) From 2000 to 2009, the NDVI of the study area was improved progressively, with a linear tendency being 0.032/10a, faster than the growth of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program (0.007/10a) from 1982 to 2006. (2) The vegetation restoration is characterized by two fast-growing periods, with an “S-shaped” increasing curve. (3) The largest proportion of the contribution to vegetation restoration was observed in the slightly improved area, followed by the moderate and the significantly improved area; the degraded area is distributed sporadically over southern part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as well as eastern Dingbian of Shaanxi province, Huanxian and Zhengyuan of Gansu province. (4) Climate change and human activities are two driving forces in vegetation restoration; moreover anthropogenic factors such as “Grain for Green Project” were the main causes leading to an increasing trend of NDVI on local scale. However, its influencing mechanism remains to be further investigated. (5) The Hurst Exponent of NDVI time series shows that the vegetation restoration was sustainable. It is expected that improvement in vegetation cover will expand to the most parts of the region.