非均质地基承载力及破坏模式的FLAC数值分析

利用基于Lagrangian显式差分的FLAC算法,通过数值计算,对黏结力随深度线性增长的非均质地基上条形基础和圆形基础的极限承载力及地基破坏模式进行了对比计算与系统分析。研究表明：（1）随着地基黏结力沿深度非均匀变化系数的增大,地基的破坏范围逐渐集中在地基表层和基础两侧：（2）即使地基的非均质程度较小,当将非均质地基近似地按均质地基考虑时,由此所估算的承载力可能过于保守;（3）地基承载力系数随黏结力沿深度非均匀变化系数的增大而非线性地增大。与数值解相比,skempton与Peck等近似公式均可能高估了非均质地基承载力。     

An embedded bond-slip model for finite element modelling of soil–nail interaction

Soil nailing has been widely used as a reinforcing technique to retain excavations and stabilise slopes. Proper assessment of the interaction between the nails and the surrounding soil is central to safe and economical design of the composite reinforced soil structure. In this note, a new interface model, denoted as “embedded bond-slip model”, is proposed to model the soil–nail interaction numerically in a simplified manner. Combining the key features of the embedded element technique and the conventional interface element method, the proposed plane–strain interface model has the advantages that no special considerations have to be given to the arrangement of the finite element mesh for the soil nails, and that possible tangential slippage along the interface can be modelled. The formulation also allows pore water flow across the soil nails to be incorporated into the analysis. The proposed model has been implemented into a finite element code and verified by simple element tests under different uni-direction loading conditions. Using the proposed interface model, back analyses of a field test involving a soil-nailed cut slope subjected to a rise in groundwater table have been conducted. This note presents the details of the embedded bond-slip model and the numerical results which demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of simulating soil–nail interaction conveniently and realistically.     

有关砂土地基承载力数值解析问题的讨论

以砂土地基的极限承载力为对象,讨论了古典理论解与室内模型实验值之间的差异,并结合试验中所观察到的现象对其原因进行了简要的分析,最后,利用有限元解析对各种极限承载力的计算方法进行了客观地评价.砂土材料强度具有明显的各向异性以及软化特性,并与周围压力大小以及密度相关.另外,砂土地基的破坏呈渐进性,砂土的粒径大小影响它的承载力以及变形破坏.结果表明,只有考虑砂土以上的各种特性的数值解析方法才能合理地得到砂土地基的极限承载力.     

Analysis of a rigid footing lying on three-layered soil using the finite difference method

A numerical procedure is described for the analysis of the vertical deformation and the stress distribution of the strip footings on layered soil media. Three layers of soil with different stiffness are considered with the middle soil layer the thinnest and most stiff layer. The soil media is discretized and using the theory of elasticity, the governing differential equations are obtained in terms of vertical and horizontal displacements. These equations along with appropriate boundary and continuity conditions are solved by using the finite difference method. The vertical and horizontal displacements, strains and stresses are found at various nodes in the soil media. Parametric studies are carried out to study the effect of the placement depth of the middle soil layer, the relative ratios of the moduli of deformation of the soil layers on the vertical displacement of the footing and the vertical stress distribution. These studies reveal that the middle thin but very stiff layer acts like a plate and redistributes the stresses on the lower soft soil layer uniformly. The displacement on the top and bottom of the middle soil layer is almost the same showing that the compression of the middle layer is negligible as it is very stiff.     

Trace-element partitioning between garnet,clinopyroxene and Fe-rich picritic melts at 3 to 7 GPa

We have determined mineral-melt partition coefficients (D values) for 20 trace elements in garnet-pyroxenite run products, generated in 3 to 7 GPa, 1,425–1,750°C experiments on a high-Fe mantle melt (97SB68) from the Paraná-Etendeka continental-flood-basalt (CFB) province. D values for both garnet (∼Py₆₃Al₂₅Gr₁₂) and clinopyroxene (∼Ca_0.2Mg_0.6Fe_0.2Si₂O₆) show a large variation with temperature but are less dependent on pressure. At 3 GPa, D ^cpx/liq values for pyroxenes in garnet-pyroxenite run products are generally lower than those reported from Ca-rich pyroxenes generated in melting experiments on eclogites and basalts (∼Ca_0.3–0.5Mg_0.3–0.6Fe_0.07–0.2Si₂O₆) but higher than those for Ca-poor pyroxenes from peridotites (∼Ca_0.2Mg_0.7Fe_0.1Si₂O₆). D ^grt/liq values for light and heavy rare-earth elements are ≤0.07 and >0.8, respectively, and are similar to those for peridotitic garnets that have comparable grossular but higher pyrope contents (Py_70–88Al_l7–20Gr_8–14). 97SB68 D _LREE^grt/liq values are higher and D _HREE^grt/liq values lower than those for eclogitic garnets which generally have higher grossular contents but lower pyrope contents (Py_20–70Al_10–50Gr_10–55). D values agree with those predicted by lattice strain modelling and suggest that equilibrium was closely approached for all of our experimental runs. Correlations of D values with lattice-strain parameters and major-element contents suggest that the wollastonite component and pyrope:grossular ratio exert major controls on 97SB68 clinopyroxene and garnet partitioning, respectively. These are controlled by the prevailing pressure and temperature conditions for a given bulk-composition. The composition of co-existing melt was found to have a relatively minor effect on 97SB68 D values. The variations in D values displayed by different mantle lithologies are subtle and our study confirms previous investigations which have suggested that the modal proportions of garnet and clinopyroxene are by far the most influential factor in determining incompatible trace-element concentrations in mantle melts. The trace-element partition coefficients we have determined may be used to place high-pressure constraints on garnet-pyroxenite melting models.     

铂族元素作为地球化学指示剂有关问题讨论

铂族元素在研究地球化学过程中发挥着越来越重要的示踪作用。根据铂族元素在不同圈层中的分布,可以探索地球的形成历史和地外撞击事件。根据铂族元素之间的分异性,可用来研究岩浆的部分熔融程度、岩石的形成过程以及大地构造环境的判别等。然而,多年来,由于分析手段和分析方法等的限制,对铂族元素在地质作用过程中的化学行为的认识尚欠深入,对其作为地球化学指示剂的研究还存在诸多问题,许多现象尚不能得到很好的解释。本文提出,应加强地质样品中超痕量铂族元素的高精度分析方法研究和铂族元素在地质作用过程中分异行为、分异规律的研究。     

P波作用下饱和土中输流管道动力响应

根据Biot波动理论,采用复变函数与多级坐标法,求解了P波作用下饱和土体中地下输流管道的波动散射方程,分析了管道中流体介质性质、入射波角度及管道埋深等对地下输流管道周边动应力集中系数及孔压集中系数分布的影响。计算结果表明：在低频弹性波入射时,管道周边动应力集中系数及孔压集中系数分布相对均匀,而随入射频率的增加,其分布变得复杂化,但其峰值有所减小;中低频波入射作用下,管道内为水、石油介质时,动应力集中系数和孔压集中系数较空气介质时小,而在高频波作用时情况相反;对于管道内流体介质为水时,随着入射角度的变化,应力集中分布也沿一定角度的方向发生转动,入射波自管道下方垂直入射时,管道周边动应力集中系数峰值相对较大;随埋深的增加,动应力集中系数和孔压集中系数均呈震荡减小的趋势。