应重视记录保存历次地震震动的持续时间

由于地震监测是一个未攻克的世界性难题,因此在地震灾害发生之前能够采取积极的防御措施,在地震灾害突然袭击时能够高效有序地开展应急救灾就显得尤为重要。记录保存好历次地震震动持续时间对于研制减震器各种工程性防御设施、设备、仪器和各种应急、救助装备以及在震时、震后采取各种有效的救灾行动等都将有重大的指导作用。因此,各测震台网在地震发生后不但要记录保存地震“三要素”,还要作好地震震动持续时间的记录保存工作应重视记录保存历次地震震动的持续时间$镇江市地震局@黎建新     

水库诱发地震的地震动特征

利用新丰江、美国奥洛维尔和蒙蒂赛洛水库地震极近场地面运动资料，研究了水库诱发地震的地震动峰值加速度衰减。结果表明，水库地震的峰值加速度高，衰减快。利用国内水库地震资料研究了水库地震烈度。水库地震烈度与同级天然地震烈度相比，一般是烈度高，衰减慢。水库地震的地震动反应谱频率高，地震动持续时间短     

由强震动数据分析芦山地震地面运动持时及周期特征

以芦山地震震中距100km内的20个台站60条原始强震记录为依据,研究芦山地震动卓越周期、反应谱峰值周期、地震动持续时间和震源持续时间。研究发现:EW、SN和UD3个方向卓越周期的变化范围为0.013~0.275s;5%阻尼比反应谱峰值周期变化范围为0.03~0.65s;芦山地震动90%持续时间变化范围为5.1~35.9s,震源持续时间在EW、SN和UD 3个方向的均值分别约为6.41s、6.05s和5.47s。以台站地震动持时为依据,回归地震动持续时间的空间变化曲线,并与Bommer(2009)地震动持时预测曲线进行比较,发现芦山地震动持续时间高于Bommer(2009)预测曲线,表明芦山地震中的震源作用时间大于目前的预测平均值。芦山地震动持时和震源持续时间在NE向有较明显的方向性,尤其是震源持续时间;而该方向上的余震分布弱于震中SW方向,表明发震构造在主震发生过程中NE方向能量释放较多,所以余震分布较弱。地震动持时和震源持时无上盘效应可能与隐伏发震构造相关。     

估计和比较地震动潜在破坏势的综合评述

如何估计和比较地震动对结构的破坏作用，一直是国内外抗震研究中的一个至关重要的问题。本主要篇幅用于介绍这一领域迄今所取得的成果并作了简单的评述，并在此基础上，提出了一种可用来比较地震动潜在破坏势的综合评估法，提出该方法的目的并不在意去确定什么量更能代表地震动在潜在破坏势，而只是在考察现有的各种被认为能代表地震动的潜在破坏势的各种参数基础上，考虑采用什么方法才能更合理地判定和比较地震动的破坏势，为此本将通常作为地震动潜在破坏势的地震动参数分成两类：一类为直接由地震动本身得到的参数，另一类为地震动通过结构反应得到的参数，并分别对此进行了讨论和分析，在此基础上得出了一种在目前可认为是研究地震动潜在破坏势押送为合理的方法-地震动潜在破坏势综合评价法。     

基于《建筑抗震设计规范》强度包线函数参数取值研究

利用《中国地震动参数区划图》采用的地震动参数衰减关系,以及《中国地震动参数区划图》中地震动峰值加速度和地震动加速度反应谱特征周期反推不同设防烈度和设计地震分组对应的震级和震中距,再根据《建筑抗震设计规范》中各设防水准的峰值加速度确定对应的震级和震中距,进而根据地震动强度包线参数与震级和震中距关系计算地震动强度包线参数的取值,为基于强度包线函数生成人工地震动提供参考,并讨论强度包线参数的取值规律：(1)随着设防烈度的提高,加速度时程曲线上升段持续时间t₁和平稳段持续时间t_s减小,下降段衰减指数c增大;(2)随着地震水准和设计地震分组的提高,加速度时程曲线上升段持续时间t₁和平稳段持续时间t_s增加,下降段衰减指数c减小;(3)在生成人工地震动时,除考虑峰值加速度和设计地震分组影响外,还需要考虑设防烈度影响。     

弱震区土层对基岩峰值加速度放大效应的试验研究

以人工爆炸波作为震源,通过现场试验获得基岩和土层场地爆炸波地震动时程,分析场地覆盖层厚度对基岩地震动峰值加速度和地震动持时的放大效应。试验结果表明:土层对基岩地震动有放大作用,基岩峰值加速度放大系数受覆盖层厚度和土层结构的共同作用影响;地震动持续时间随覆盖层厚度的增加而显著增加,受覆盖层土层结构影响不显著。     

地震动特性对黄土斜坡稳定性的影响分析

采用弹塑性动力有限元分析方法和Drucker-Prager屈服准则，将基于现行抗震设计规范中的Ⅰ、Ⅲ类场地标准反应谱曲线拟合而成的地震动时程作为地震输入，选取黄土地区典型滑坡类型进行分析计算。通过对不同峰值加速度、频谱、持续时间作用下黄土斜坡的变形破坏特征的分析，展示了土体在地震作用下的动态响应和变化规律，揭示了地震动的工程特性对黄土斜坡稳定性的影响。     

海洋石油平台的工程地震问题

对于海洋石油平台,结构抗震设计要求提供地震动峰值、反应谱、持续时间以及速度时程等参数,由于海洋石油平台的结构和形式的特殊性,以及海域地震环境特征,考虑海洋石油平台地震动作用时要有不同的方法及侧重点,本文对海洋石油平台地震作用分析中涉及的一些工程地震问题研究进行了讨论,包括设防地震动水准、设定地震、地震动衰减关系、长周期地震动及其相关问题。     

陇东黄土高原地区建筑抗震设防参数研究

通过对陇东黄土高原区地质构造环境、历史地震影响与破坏特征、概率地震危险性计算等几方面的研究,对该区地震动参数特征进行了分析,研究了该区黄土场地及地形地貌对地震动参数的放大效应与分区特征.研究表明,陇东黄土高原地区的地震影响主要来自中远距离的大震,地震动持续时间长,长周期部分相对丰富,黄土场地及地形对地震动具有明显的放大效应,地震动参数具有明显的地貌分区特性.最后对比地震动参数区划图给出了陇东黄土高原地区建筑抗震设防参数的一些建议,认为在抗震设防参数取值中适当提高特征周期,对峰值加速度则按地貌分区取值.     

地震动持续时间定义中的几个问题

1.引言人们在分析强震资料时,首先研究的是地震动的峰值,其次是频谱特性,随着震害经验的积累,人们逐渐认识到了地震动持续时间对震害的影响。由于地震动的振幅和频谱的定义较明确,因而研究得较多,可持时的定义不统一,因而持时的研究处于众说纷纭的阶段。 2.持时研究的现状     

盆地对三分量地震动持时的影响初探

利用关东盆地及其周边KiK-net台网井上台站记录的2004—2017年15次中强地震（矩震级为5.1～6.9级）构建三分量记录显著持时Ds_5-95数据库。针对该数据库,基于残差分析方法和3种水平向地震动持时参数预测方程,计算并给出事件间残差和事件内残差及其随不同类别参数的变化。在此基础上,初步探讨了水平向地震动持时预测方程应用于预测竖向地震动持时的可行性及盆地对三分量地震动持时的影响。研究结果表明,对于震源距和场地V_S30相当的情况,盆地内台站持时普遍大于盆地外台站持时,盆地内、外台站竖向地震动持时均大于水平向地震动持时;3种预测方程均可实现对盆地外台站水平向地震动Ds_5-95的合理估计,但在一定程度上低估了盆地内台站的水平向地震动Ds_5-95;3种预测方程均无法直接应用于竖向地震动持时预测。     

考虑场地类别与强震持时的滞回耗能谱的特征分析

基于力或位移的结构抗震设计方法大多无法反映地震动持时的影响,而能量设计方法则能较好地弥补其不足。按场地类别和强震持时,将302条Northridge地震记录分为15组,对地震记录的峰值进行规一化处理,采用钢筋混凝土退化三线型恢复力模型,对单自由度体系进行弹塑性时程分析,研究场地类别、强震持时、强度屈服水平以及结构周期等因素对滞回耗能的影响。结果表明:在给定地震记录的峰值和屈服强度水平下,结构的滞回耗能依赖于场地条件和强震持时等因素;滞回耗能随强震持时的增加而增大,随场地特征周期的增加而增大。通过非线性回归分析,建立了与峰值加速度、峰值速度、强震持时相对应的简化滞回耗能谱的计算公式。     

ANALYSIS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DURATION AND PERIOD OF GROUND MOTION OF THE LUSHAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON THE STATION RECORDS

Based on 60 records from the 20 stations within 100km to the epicenter of Lushan earthquake, the predominant period, period of peak response spectrum, duration of ground motion, and source duration are investigated. By the study, we conclude that within 100km to the epicenter, the scope of predominant period is 0.013~0. 275s in EW, NS and UD direction; the scope of period of peak response spectrum for 5% damping ratio is 0.03~0.65s; the scope of 90% ground motion durations is 5. 1~35. 9s; the scope of averaging source duration is 6.41 (EW), 6.05 (NS) and 5.47s (UD). Furthermore, based on the ground motion duration calculated by 20 stations dada, the predictive curve and equation of ground motion duration is regressed and compared with the recent equation of ground motion duration by Bommer (2009). We find that the ground motion durations of most stations are larger than predictively mean value by Bommer (2009), which means that the source effect of Lushan earthquake is relatively larger. Lastly, by the contour figure of ground motion duration and source duration, we conclude that the directivity character of duration is relatively apparent in NE direction. The relatively larger source duration and ground motion duration in NE direction indicate more energy release in the main shock of Lushan earthquake, which perhaps causes the relatively less aftershocks in this direction. The duration has no hanging wall effect, which perhaps results from the blind-reverse fault structure of Lushan earthquake.     

Influence of earthquake ground‐motion duration on damage estimation: application to steel moment resisting frames

This paper presents an analytical study evaluating the influence of ground motion duration on structural damage of 3‐story, 9‐story, and 20‐story SAC steel moment resisting frame buildings designed for downtown Seattle, WA, USA, using pre‐Northridge codes. Two‐dimensional nonlinear finite element models of the buildings are used to estimate the damage induced by the ground motions. A set of 44 ground motions is used to study the combined effect of spectral acceleration and ground motion significant duration on drift and damage measures. In addition, 10 spectrally equivalent short‐duration shallow crustal ground motions and long‐duration subduction zone records are selected to isolate duration effect and assess its effect on the response. For each ground motion pair, incremental dynamic analyses are performed at at least 20 intensity levels and response measures such as peak interstory drift ratio and energy dissipated are tracked. These response measures are combined into two damage metrics that account for the ductility and energy dissipation. Results indicate that the duration of the ground motion influences, above all, the combined damage measures, although some effect on drift‐based response measures is also observed for larger levels of drift. These results indicate that because the current assessment methodologies do not capture the effects of ground motion duration, both performance‐based and code‐based assessment methodologies should be revised to consider damage measures that are sensitive to duration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

基于特征分类排序的典型海底地震动记录研究

面向海域工程抗震设计及评估对海底地震动的需求,基于日本相模湾海域K-NET的ETMC海底强震动记录,根据震级、震中距选取面向工程输入的949组地震动记录数据库。在考虑震源类型差异的基础上,对地震动峰值、持时、频谱等参数进行分析,通过反应谱、Arias烈度等指标描述典型海底地震动特征。根据峰值加速度、显著持时等强度指标对海底地震动记录进行排序,给出基于不同地震动特征分类下的典型地震动记录。推荐的海底地震动可为考虑不同结构需求参数的典型海域工程结构时程分析提供输入地震动。     

Ground motion duration effect on responses of hydraulic shallow-buried tunnel under SV-waves excitations

Although intensive research of the influence of ground motion duration on structural cumulative damage has been carried out, the influence of dynamic responses in underground tunnels remains a heated debate. This study attempts to highlight the importance of the ground motion duration effect on hydraulic tunnels subjected to deep-focus earthquakes. In the study, a set of 18 recorded accelerograms with a wide-range of durations were employed. A spectrally equivalent method serves to distinguish the effect of duration from other ground motion features, and then the seismic input model was simulated using SV-wave excitation based on a viscous-spring boundary, which was verified by the time-domain waves analysis method. The nonlinear analysis results demonstrate that the risk of collapse of the hydraulic tunnel is higher under long-duration ground motion than that of short-duration ground motion of the same seismic intensity. In a low intensity earthquake, the ground motion duration has little effect on the damage energy consumption of a hydraulic tunnel lining, but in a high intensity earthquake, dissipation of the damage energy and damage index of concrete shows a nonlinear growth trend accompanied by the increase of ground motion duration, which has a great influence on the deformation and stress of hydraulic tunnels, and correlation analysis shows that the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.8. Therefore, the duration of ground motion should be taken into consideration except for its intensity and frequency content in the design of hydraulic tunnel, and evaluation of seismic risk.

     

与观测方向无关的水平地震动参数计算方法

强震动记录的使用通常不考虑观测方向对于水平地震动参数计算的影响。文中以2008年汶川Ms8.0级地震中绵竹清平台获取的强震动记录为研究对象,对记录进行水平向旋转以模拟观测方向的变化,分析水平向峰值加速度PGA、峰值速度PGV、相对持时DR、绝对持时DA及谱加速度PSA随观测方向的变化情况。结果表明,PGA、PGV及PSA的计算较大依赖于观测方向,而DR和DA则受观测方向影响较小。为此文中提出了一种与观测方向无关的水平地震动参数计算方法,对于计算诸如PGA、PGV等与周期无关的地震动参数时不考虑周期独立;而对于计算诸如PSA等与周期有关的地震动参数时考虑周期独立。     

The effect of amplitude scaling limits on conditional spectrum-based ground motion selection

Amplitude scaling is commonly used to select ground motions matching a target response spectrum. In this paper, the effect of scaling limits on ground motion selection, based on the conditional spectrum framework, is investigated. Target spectra are computed for four probabilistic seismic hazard cases in Western United States, and 16 ground motion suites are selected using different scaling limits (ie, 2, 5, 10, and 15). Comparison of spectral acceleration distributions of the selected ground motion suites demonstrates that the use of a scaling limit of 2 yields a relatively poor representation of the target spectra, because of the small limit leading to an insufficient number of available ground motions. It is also shown that increasing scaling limit results in selected ground motions with generally increased distributions of Arias intensity and significant duration Ds_5-75, implying that scaling limit consideration can significantly influence the cumulative and duration characteristics of selected ground motions. The ground motion suites selected are then used as input for slope displacement and structural dynamic analyses. Comparative results demonstrate that the consideration of scaling limits in ground motion selection has a notable influence on the distribution of the engineering demand parameters calculated (ie, slope displacement and interstory drift ratio). Finally, based on extensive analyses, a scaling limit range of 3 to 5 is recommended for general use when selecting ground motion records from the NGA-West2 database.     

Simulation of risk-consistent earthquake motion

A method to combine probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and stochastic earthquake motion models is presented. A set of parameters characterizing stochastic earthquake motion models is determined on a consistent probabilistic basis. The method proposed herein consists of two steps. First, the ground motion intensity is determined in the context of the conventional hazard curve technique. Next, other ground motion parameters such as duration, predominant frequency and spectral shape parameters are determined as conditional means corresponding to the annual probability of exceedance for the ground motion intensity. Some example applications are presented.     

基于目标功率谱和包线的地震动合成

本文给出了以目标功率谱和目标包线函数为双目标函数的人工地震动合成方法,使人工地震动不仅符合目标功率谱,还基本符合目标包线函数,并对加速度基线进行了调整,使速度时程和位移时程更为合理。作者认为如果用反应谱作为目标谱,生成的人工地震动时程可能会弱化地震动的随机特性,用这样的人工地震动时程作为输入来分析建筑结构的非线性动力反应,不是理想的选择。对建筑结构进行非线性时程分析时,用基于功率谱的人工地震动作为输入,应当是一种更为合理的方法。作者认为平方和具有明确的物理意义,是随机信号的总能量参数,并通过理论分析和数值计算,对于一定持时的随机平稳信号样本,平方和(持时×平方平均值)对振幅起重要控制作用。平方和、归一化功率谱、时域包线函数是基于功率谱模型的地震动三要素。