粉砂岩的强度特性和变形特性

本文通过实验,研究了一种介于岩石与土之间的软岩--粉砂岩在不同应力状态和应力路径下的基本力学性质、时间效应和交叉效应,提出了一维率相关型本构方程、三维体积应变本构方程以及破裂准则。     

应力历史对饱和砂土力学性状影响的试验研究

三向应力历史条件的影响是准确预测地基变形的重要参考因素之一。针对相对密度为30 %的福建标准砂,利用土工静力-动力液压-三轴扭转多功能剪切仪,进行了复杂条件下应力路径变化的应力控制式单调排水剪切试验。通过控制试验过程的平均主应力保持不变,改变应力历史条件,着重探讨应力历史对饱和砂土剪切强度和应力-应变关系的影响。试验结果表明：当平均主应力一定时,在排水条件下应力历史的改变,对砂土的剪切强度几乎没有影响,但会影响应力-应变特性。弹性轨迹随着中主应力系数和主应力方向角历史的不同而发生变化。引入考虑应力历史同剪切过程之间条件变化的参数,结合试验数据,给出了三维空间中砂土受到应力历史作用后形成的弹性边界的关系表达式。     

深圳抽水蓄能电站水压致裂法三维地应力测量和分析

由于水压致裂法地应力测量的突出优点已在国内外得到广泛应用,但以往只能测量钻孔横截面上的二维应力状态。近期兴起的水压致裂法三维地应力测量,已在多个工程中得到应用。深圳抽水蓄能电站采用了3个不同方向钻孔测量法和单钻孔测量法进行了三维地应力测量,得到了很好的测量成果。其中单钻孔三维地应力测量,在近水平向和铅垂向两个钻孔中应用。三维地应力测量成果不仅得到了相应钻孔横截面上和原生裂隙面上二维应力实测值的检验,而且得到了同一位置两种不同三维地应力测量方法的相互印证,和同一个钻孔（铅垂向）中套芯应力解除法三维地应力实测值的印证。两种水压致裂法三维地应力测量成果（单钻孔测量法包含了非铅垂向和铅垂向钻孔的两种测量法）非常一致,能够代表该测量区的地应力状态。     

通二井田不同地质构造成分的定量分离

应用二维多项式趋势面分析方法分离出通二井田不同级别的构造成分,进而推断出研究区构造应力作用方式和方向。      

压磁套芯三维原地应力测量研究

压磁套芯解除法是20世纪50年代开始发展起来的原地应力测试技术。为了实现在单一钻孔中进行三维地应力测量研制了单孔全应力计。在简单介绍压磁全应力计结构和计算原理的基础上,通过现场测试,对在锦屏二级水电站地下厂房洞群区压磁套心解除3孔交汇法三维地应力测量和单孔三维地应力测量及水压致裂地应力测量进行了比较分析研究。测量结果表明,在探洞浅部,受局部地形影响,测点的应力分布主要受自重和地形地貌控制,形成特有的“V”型河谷岸坡内的局部应力状态,最大主应力为11 MPa左右,作用方向NNW基本近水平;在探洞深部地应力应力值较高,最大主应力为40 MPa左右,作用方向近直立;随水平埋深的增大最大主应力由近水平状态转变为近直立状态,说明在洞深部自重应力起主导作用。通过三种方法测量结果的对比分析,说明压磁套心解除单孔三维地应力测试技术与压磁套心解除3孔交汇法和水压致裂地应力测试技术具有相同测试精度。     

金沙江溪洛渡水电站地应力测量

利用1999～2001年在金沙江溪洛渡水电站厂区用水压致裂法先后完成的9个垂直深钻孔平面地应力和8个测点三维应力测量结果，结合河谷地形地貌、构造岩性等资料，对工程区地应力场的基本特征进行了较系统的分析研究，认为电站区最大主应力数值在10～20MPa，方向在NW～NWW间，大致平行于金沙江河流走向，地应力作用以水平为主。随着深度增加，地层平面、三维主应力值均有所增大。本文的研究结果为电站工程设计提供了地应力的基础资料。     

复杂应力条件下掺砾黏土真三轴试验

采用新型真三轴仪器,对掺砾黏土进行了复杂应力条件下加载试验,近似模拟了土石坝填筑期心墙土体单元的加荷过程。试验结果表明,由于土体单元处于复杂应力状态,即使是单向加载这样的简单加荷应力路径,在不同应力方向上的应力和变形也都呈现显著的应力各向异性。土石坝应力变形分析中坝体单元处于三向应力条件下,由于加载引起的应力各向异性对心墙乃至整个坝体的应力变形规律都有较大影响,合理的本构模型应该能够反映并描述这种复杂应力状态下的应力各向异性。     

煤样三维渗透率应力敏感性试验研究

目前国内三维渗透率测试研究处于起步阶段,利用自主研发的煤样三维渗透率测试仪,可以模拟实现真实三向应力状态下流体通过立方体煤样孔隙的三维渗流,并进行真实三向应力条件下煤样渗透率应力敏感性试验研究。试验结果表明,真实三向应力作用下煤样水平最大主应力对煤样水平方向渗透性的影响程度大于水平最小主应力;煤样三维渗透率对三向应力的敏感程度不同,对垂直应力的敏感性最强,水平最大主应力次之,水平最小主应力最小。      

基于剪切滑移的圆形洞室应力状态研究

引入一种基于滑移线上非线性本构关系的圆形洞室计算模型,并从这个模型推导得出洞室开挖后应力状态的非连续表达式。在该表达式中围岩的应力分区以及其中的应力值由一个不定的荷载参数控制。通过引入边界条件的方法确定荷载参数,解决了荷载参数不确定的问题。从围岩的应力分布状态确定荷载参数的取值范围,并计算得到不同荷载参数范围内围岩应力分布曲线。将围岩应力状态的解析解与局部剪切应变二维有限元程序的数值解进行比较验证,一致性较好。     

A density‐dependent elastoplastic hydro‐mechanical model for unsaturated compacted soils

This paper presents a three‐dimensional elastoplastic constitutive model for predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils. It is based on experimental results obtained from a series of controlled‐suction triaxial tests on unsaturated compacted clay with different initial densities. Hydraulic hysteresis in the water‐retention behaviour is modelled as an elastoplastic process, with the elastic part modelled by a series of scanning curves and the elastoplastic part modelled by the main drying and wetting curves. The effect of void ratio on the water‐retention behaviour is studied using data obtained from controlled‐suction wetting–drying cyclic tests on unsaturated compacted clay with different initial densities. The effect of the degree of saturation on the stress–strain‐strength behaviour and the effect of void ratio on the water‐retention behaviour are considered in the model, as is the effect of suction on the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour. The initial density dependency of the compacted soil behaviour is modelled by experimental relationships between the initial density and the corresponding yield stress and, thereby, between the initial density and the normal compression line. The model is generalized to three‐dimensional stress states by assuming that the shapes of the failure and yield surfaces in the deviatoric stress plane are given by the Matsuoka–Nakai criterion. Model predictions of the stress–strain and water‐retention behaviour are compared with those obtained from triaxial tests with different initial densities under isotropic compression, triaxial compression and triaxial extension, with or without variation in suction. The comparisons indicate that the model accurately predicts the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated compacted soils with different initial densities using the same material constant. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桩基完整性检测与面向对象编程

根据反射波法原理,探讨应力波在一维变截面和不同周土中的传播及反射,从数值分析的角度推导相应的计算公式,并利用面向对象编程实现该计算方法。     

Formulation of a three‐dimensional constitutive model for unsaturated soils incorporating mechanical–water retention couplings

Wheeler, Sharma and Buisson proposed an elasto‐plastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils that couples the mechanical and water retention behaviours. The model was formulated for isotropic stress states and adopts the mean Bishop's stress and modified suction as stress state variables. This paper deals with the extension of this constitutive model to general three‐dimensional stress conditions, proposing the generalized stress–strain relationships required for the numerical integration of the constitutive model. A characteristic of the original model is the consideration of a number of elasto‐plastic mechanisms to describe the complex behaviour of unsaturated soils. This work presents the three‐dimensional formulation of these coupled irreversible mechanisms in a generalized way including anisotropic loading. The paper also compares the results from the model with published experiments performed under different loading conditions. The response of the model is very satisfactory in terms of both mechanical and water retention behaviours. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On generalization of constitutive models from two dimensions to three dimensions

In this paper, a study is made of the generalization of constitutive models for geomaterials from two‐dimensional stress and strain states to three‐dimensional stress and strain states. Existing methods of model generalization are reviewed and their deficiencies are highlighted. A new method is proposed based on geometries of the model imprints on two normal planes. Using the proposed method, various three‐dimensional failure criterions suitable for geomaterials are implemented directly into a two‐dimensional model and the generalized model is identical to its original form for the axially symmetric condition. To demonstrate the application of the proposed method, the Modified Cam Clay model is extended using the Matsuoka–Nakai failure criterion. Simulations of soil behaviour for loading in the principal stress space are presented and analysed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于真空预压沉降计算的研究

真空预压的沉降计算参数（压缩系数）是通过压缩试验得到的,但地基土在真空预压荷载作用下的受力状态与压缩试验中土样的受力状态是不同的,用压缩试验得到的压缩系数进行真空预压处理的沉降计算是不合理的。为了探讨这个问题,进行线弹性条件下的理论分析、模拟真空预压应力路径的全自动应力控制三轴（GDS）压缩试验、真空预压的现场监测等工作,初步讨论了弹性条件竖向荷载相同时等向与单向压缩量的比、模拟真空预压应力路径的压缩系数与单向压缩时的压缩系数的试验关系,真空预压现场监测和单向压缩量计算结果对比表明了上述分析的合理性。     

温度效应对盐岩力学特性影响的试验研究

对经历不同温度后盐岩的力学性能进行了试验研究,分析了盐岩应力-应变曲线、峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量等的变化情况。分析结果表明,温度对盐岩的物理力学特性影响较大,随着温度的升高,盐岩的力学性能劣化明显,峰值应力和弹性模量降低,峰值应变增加;峰值应力可以表示成围压与温度的函数,并从盐岩弹性模量随温度的变化规律入手,导出了热损伤演化方程和一维TM耦合损伤本构方程。     

作用在岩体裂隙网络中的渗透力分析

从岩体裂隙网络渗流的特点出发, 以单裂隙渗透力分析为基础, 分析了二维及三维情况下岩体裂隙网络渗流对岩体裂隙壁施加的两种作用力: 垂直于裂隙壁使裂隙产生扩容的法向渗透静水压力以及平行于裂隙壁和裂隙水流方向一致的切向动水压力, 推导出二维及三维情况下裂隙单元因这两种作用力而产生的等效结点力, 并应用算例定量分析了岩体裂隙网络渗透静水压力和动水压力共同作用对岩体应力的影响, 结果显示: (a)渗透力作用下裂隙上部岩体压应力减小, 而裂隙下部岩体压应力增大, 最大压应力增大 10 .5 3%; (b)渗透力作用下裂隙岩体拉应力增大, 最大拉应力增大 9.0 9%; (c)裂隙渗透力使岩体剪应力增大, 最大值达 2 3.75 %。     

Three‐dimensional elasto‐plastic model for unsaturated compacted soils with different initial densities

This paper presents an elasto‐plastic model for unsaturated compacted soils and experimental results obtained from a series of suction‐controlled triaxial tests on unsaturated compacted clay with different initial densities. The initial density dependency of the compacted soil behaviour is modelled by establishing experimental relationships between the initial density and the corresponding yield stress and thereby between the initial density and the location and slope of normal compression line. The model is generalized to three‐dimensional stress states by assuming that the shapes of the failure surface and the yield surface in the deviatoric plane are given by the extended SMP criterion. A considerable number of the isotropic compression, triaxial compression and extension tests on unsaturated compacted clay with different initial densities were performed using a suction‐controllable triaxial apparatus, to measure the stress–strain–volume change in different stress paths and wetting paths. The model has well‐predicting capabilities to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of specimens compacted under different conditions not only in isotropic compression but also in triaxial compression and triaxial extension. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑降解效应的城市固体废弃物非线性本构模型

基于城市固体废弃物(MSW)的降解及土力学特征,在应力降解模型、等向压缩特性和邓肯-张模型的理论基础上,建立了一个能够描述MSW应力和降解耦合作用的全量非线性本构模型。给出了不同应力状态下单元体体积和轴向变形随时间变化的数学表达,同时给出了所有参数的确定方法。采用该模型对不同龄期和不同围压条件下填埋场现场试样的三轴CD应力-应变曲线以及室内长期一维降解压缩试验进行了模拟。结果表明,模型概念合理、参数明确,能够较全面地描述不同降解龄期垃圾的本构关系,可用于分析填埋场的长期变形。     

Glyph and hyperstreamline representation of stress and strain tensors and material constitutive response

Results of numerical analyses of boundary value problems in geomechanics include output of three‐dimensional stress and strain states. Two‐dimensional plots of stress–stress or stress–strain quantities, often used to represent such output, do not fully communicate the evolution of stress and strain states. This paper describes the use of glyphs and hyperstreamlines for the visual representation of three dimensional stress and strain tensors in geomechanics applications. Glyphs can be used to represent principal stress states as well as normal stresses at a point. The application of these glyphs is extended in this paper to represent strain states. The paper introduces a new glyph, called HWY glyph for the representation of shear tensor components. A load step‐based hyperstreamline is developed to show the evolution of a stress or strain tensor under a general state of loading. The evolution of stress–strain states from simulated laboratory tests and a general boundary value problem of a deep braced excavation are represented using these advanced visual techniques. These visual representations facilitate the understanding of complex multidimensional stress–strain soil constitutive relationships. The visual objects introduced in this paper can be applied to stress and strain tensors from general boundary value problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elastoplastic model with loading memory surfaces (LMS) for monotonic and cyclic behaviour of geomaterials

A new elastoplastic model called loading memory surface based on the critical state concept and the multi‐surface framework is proposed for geomaterials. The model uses a hypoelastic formulation and two plastic mechanisms. The formulations of the model are made in three‐dimensional stress–strain space and work under both monotonic and cyclic loadings. A newly introduced formalism makes it possible to obtain the cyclic response directly from the monotonic loading one. This formalism gives a three‐dimensional generalization of the well‐known Masing rule. The model has been validated against test results of Hostun sand under several conditions: monotonic and cyclic, drained and undrained, tests in compression and in extension, and at different confining pressures and different densities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.