横观各向同性凸起地形对平面qP-qSV波的散射

为研究横观各向同性(TI)介质的凸起地形对平面qP-qSV波的散射问题,采用间接边界元法进行数值模拟并且分别给出该问题在时域和频域内的解答。在求解过程中将计算模型分解为开口层状半空间域和闭合凸起域,同时将波场分解为自由波场和散射波场,自由波场可通过直接刚度法求得,散射波场由斜线荷载动力格林函数来模拟。频域结果表明,TI介质参数的改变导致了凸起和层状半空间动力特性的改变,进而导致了凸起与层状半空间动力相互作用机制的改变,使得不同TI介质参数对应的地表位移幅值显著不同。而时域结果表明,TI介质参数与波的传播方向均对qP波和qSV波的在凸起地形中的传播有着显著影响。另外,时域结果更为清晰的地展示入射波、反射波和散射波的传播过程。     

横观各向同性凸起地形对平面qP-qSV波的散射

为研究横观各向同性(TI)介质的凸起地形对平面qP-qSV波的散射问题,采用间接边界元法进行数值模拟并且分别给出该问题在时域和频域内的解答。在求解过程中将计算模型分解为开口层状半空间域和闭合凸起域,同时将波场分解为自由波场和散射波场,自由波场可通过直接刚度法求得,散射波场由斜线荷载动力格林函数来模拟。频域结果表明,TI介质参数的改变导致了凸起和层状半空间动力特性的改变,进而导致了凸起与层状半空间动力相互作用机制的改变,使得不同TI介质参数对应的地表位移幅值显著不同。而时域结果表明,TI介质参数与波的传播方向均对qP波和qSV波的在凸起地形中的传播有着显著影响。另外,时域结果更为清晰的地展示入射波、反射波和散射波的传播过程。     

地震波斜入射情形下水平成层半空间自由场的时域计算

在应用有限元模拟地震工程中的波动散射问题时，为了计算边界节点的运动和实现波动能量的输入，必须首先确定边界节点的内行波场即背景水平成层半空间的自由场。利用显式有限差分法的内节点位移计算公式和基于水平成层介质波动传播特点建立的相邻节点间自由场运动的关系式，给出了计算水平成层半空间自由场的时城方程(以入射侧边界节点为例)。本方法是显式有限元意义上的数值精确解，可应用于近场波动数值模拟中内行波场与散射波场的时城同步模拟。     

SH波作用下各向异性弹性半空间中浅埋圆孔附近的动应力集中研究

研究了稳态水平剪切（SH）波作用下含有圆柱形孔洞的各向异性弹性半空间的动力响应问题,探讨介质的各向异性对孔附近动应力的影响规律。运用复变函数和多极坐标方法在变换空间中构造出各向异性弹性半空间中圆孔的散射波函数,所构造的散射波函数能够自动满足半空间水平表面上应力自由的边界条件和无穷远处的Sommerfeld辐射条件。根据圆孔表面应力自由的边界条件,采用最小二乘法求解所构造的散射波函数的系数。分析了SH波以不同角度自弹性半空间内入射时,不同介质特性、入射波数和埋深对圆孔附近动应力集中系数的影响。数值结果表明,各向异性弹性半空间中孔附近的动应力比各向同性情况有明显增高。     

地下障碍物探测井中地震散射波成像数值模拟

井中地震具有多波接收、高精度、高分辨率、能量传播距离短、接近探测目标、避开低速带等优点,在工程中得到了越来越广泛的应用.地震散射波是由地下三维不均匀体引起的地震波的变化,因此散射波成像特征与不均匀体分布情况密切相关.采用声波方程有限差分法对城市地下不均匀体如桩基、深埋管道等的散射波成像特征进行了数值模拟和分析;根据理论模拟给出了多种探测方式,并讨论了各方式的适用条件及应注意的问题.为城市地下空间开发中地下障碍物探测提供了理论指导.     

埋入源下半无限体中瑞利波可激性研究

埋入源激发波场分析对岩土工程勘探非常重要。基于模态叠加法给出均匀半无限体中埋入球形膨胀点源激发波场位移表达式,由此研究瑞利波可激性及其传播特性,分析埋入源下瑞利波可激性机制,并通过有限元模拟验证分析方法有效性。结果显示:在均匀半无限体中瑞利波可激性受源埋深与波长比影响,比值越小,瑞利波可激程度越高;当比值大于1时,瑞利波不易激发。与自由状态下以平面波阵面传播的简正瑞利波相比,半无限体中埋入源激发瑞利波速度随传播距离变化,传播具有空间特性,距中心轴线越近,竖直向质点振动相速度越小,当距离大于一个波长时,激发瑞利波传播特性趋于简正瑞利波。     

面波法在深层水泥土搅拌墙中的应用研究

面波法的理论基础是英国学者瑞利提出的半无限弹性均匀介质中的瑞利面波理论,及其后来发展的半无限弹性层状介质中的频散理论,所有这些理论的前提是半无限弹性空间,对于像水泥土搅拌墙等水平方向宽度有限,并且往往宽度很小的弹性介质,对其瑞利面波的特性研究的很少。对于有限宽度弹性介质,根据其边界条件的不同可以简化为平面应力、平面应变、弹性约束三种情况。通过理论分析发现三种情况下,其瑞利面波（直达波）的速度与半无限弹性空间中的瑞利面波速度相差很小,并通过室内模型试验验证了这一结论,为瑞利面波在水泥土搅拌墙等宽度有限的弹性介质中的应用提供了科学依据。     

地下浅部异质体对表面波场谱扰动分析

均匀半无限体中表面源激发近表面波场由瑞利波主导,当浅部存在异质体,前行瑞利波发生散射,异质体周围表面波场响应谱发生变化。当异质体长度相对波长较大时,由异质体上方表面质点响应谱提取绕射波频散曲线可分析异质体与周围介质刚度差异对绕射波传播特性的影响。与含软层或硬层半无限体中瑞利波特性比较,可以发现绕射波具有与瑞利波类似的传播特性。异质体上方谱变化特征与异质体和周围介质间刚度差异有关,本研究基于异质体绕射波与入射瑞利波位移结构差异解释谱变化现象。结果表明：异质体上方谱与周围谱明显不同,在偏移距−波长域,相对于前方波场,软质体上方谱密度整体呈减弱趋势,硬质体上方谱密度整体呈增强趋势。根据谱密度变化对应偏移距、波长及谱密度强弱,可以预估异质体在传播方向的位置、埋深,并识别异质体类型。     

三维非均匀结构体对面波的多次散射

在面波层析成像和传统面波勘探中,都假定地球或浅层探测对象是一个均匀分层的多层介质模型,而实际上,介质的横向不均匀性广泛存在于从地球直到超声尺度的各种范围内.这里采用模式耦合的方法,研究了均匀半空间和二层介质中(也可以是多层的),三维非均匀体对Rayleigh面波的多次散射,计算了频率和时间域中的散射波场,并分析了散射波场的特点,为散射面波的应用提供了初步的理论基础.     

应力波对裂隙的作用

强大的应力波冲击加载,能使完整介质发生变形,形成新的裂隙,导致破坏。而介质中原有的裂隙,除能提高破碎效率,还能吸收应力波的能量,使得应力波在传播过程中衰减。因此,研究应力波与裂隙的相互作用,对于研究岩石爆破机理、应力波传播规律以及波的反演--材料的动态特性等有着十分重要的意义。本文着重论述了应力波与裂隙的相互作用和裂隙对应力波传播的衰减影响,也综述了当前国内外对此所进行的模型计算和实验技术。     

半空间非水平层状介质瑞雷面波的频散方程

由于工程勘察中的一些特殊情况,使面波以往的一些理论和结论受到了不同程度的限制。本文从弹性动力学虚功变分原理出发,在重点分析自由表面外力提供的能量来源时,引入了等效面波(能量)震源概念。然后用有限元法建立了半空间多个非水平层状介质瑞雷西波的频散方程。这项工作有助于面波理论和应用技术的发展完善。     

Propagation of shock waves at the surface of heterogeneous soil grounds

The paper deals with the propagation of shock waves at the surface of soils. Heterogeneity and damping are introduced into analytical half-space solutions. The suggested model explains two phenomena, often observed with shock propagation in actual soils, that differ from the behaviour of the homogeneous half-space: the pronounced decay of the disturbances with distance and the elongation of the disturbance into a train of waves. The effects of heterogeneity and damping are discussed quantitatively. The response of footings on heterogeneous soils has been investigated by several authors. Awojobi⁴ considered the Gibson soil in which the shear modulus increases linearly with depth. Luco⁵ and Gazetas and Roesset⁶ investigated a multi-layered soil, the shear modulus being constant within each layer. Gazetas⁷, using a technique suggested by Gupta⁸ extended this method to layers with linearly varying shear modulus. Little work is available on the propagation of waves in heterogeneous bodies. Some results concerning the modes and the mode shapes in heterogeneous soils were reported by Ewing, Jardetzky and Press⁹ and Bath.¹⁰ The modes have to be superposed in an appropriate way to obtain the displacement field at the surface. This has been approximately achieved by the finite element formulations of Lysmer, ¹¹, Lysmer and Waas¹² and Waas.¹³ Auersch¹⁴ applied this method to a homogeneous layer on a rigid base. He found some dispersion of the Rayleigh wave within a narrow frequency range. Finite elements combined with discrete Laplace transforms, however, consume much computer time. Rao and Goda¹⁵ and Rao¹⁶ calculated surface vibrations of a half-space with exponentially varying shear modulus and density. Their method is similar to Lamb'S¹ procedure for the homogeneous half-space. Only one mode–the Rayleigh wave–occurs in their heterogeneous half-space. The examples show the considerable effect of heterogeneity on wave propagation. In the present paper, more general variations of the shear modulus are considered.     

半空间垂向非均匀复杂介质面波频散方程

根据工程勘察中的特殊要求,面波方法的理论和应用都要做进一步深入的研究和探讨。本文综合了半空间多层介质的弹性、粘滞性和各向异性三种主要因素,用有限元方法建立了这种复杂介质模式的面波频散方程,并对频散方程的主要特点进行了分析。本文讨论的内容有益于工程勘探中面波勘察技术方法的完善。     

Noise Reduction Technique Applied to the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves

This paper shows the presence of noises and technique to reduce these noises during the surface wave analysis. The frequency-dependent properties of Rayleigh-type surface waves can be used for imaging and characterizing the shallow subsurface. Interference by coherent source-generated noise inhibits the reliability of shear-wave velocities determined through inversion of the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves. Among these interferences by non-planar, non-fundamental mode Rayleigh waves (noise) are body waves, scattered and non-source-generated surface waves, and higher-mode surface waves. For the reduction of noise, the filtering technique is implemented in this paper for the multichannel analysis of surface wave method (MASW). With the de-noising technique during the MASW method, more robust and reliable outcome is achieved. The significance of this paper is to obtain pre-awareness about noises during surface wave analysis and take better outcomes with de-noising performance in near surface soil investigations.     

A new development of the scaled boundary finite element method for wave motion in layered half-space

The scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) developed by Wolf and Song has shown certain parallels to the finite element method (FEM) and boundary element method (BEM). Because of its semi-analytical nature, SBFEM is particularly suitable for the analysis of wave propagation in unbounded domains. This paper makes a certain modification of the standard SBFEM. A new idea of scaling surface instead of a scaling center is introduced to formulate the governing SBFE equations for the analysis of wave propagation in multilayered half-space, which leads to simplifying the modeling and saving considerably the computational effort. In addition, by employing the proposed approach, some problems encountered in engineering practice, which are difficult to deal with by the conventional SBFEM, for example, 3D foundation impedance on half-space with irregular geographical features, can be effectively solved. The proposed approach also helps to simplify the solution of shell structures. Numerical examples are provided to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach.     

PROPAGATION OF TORSIONAL SURFACE WAVES IN A HOMOGENEOUS SUBSTRATUM OVER A HETEROGENEOUS HALF-SPACE

The paper discusses the propagation of torsional surface wave in a homogeneous substratum over a half-space with linearly varying rigidity and density. The study reveals that under assumed conditions, a torsional surface wave propagates in the medium. The velocities of torsional surface waves have been calculated numerically and are presented in a number of graphs. It is also observed that for a stratum over a homogeneous half-space, the velocity of torsional surface waves coincides with that of Love waves. For a non-homogeneous half-space it is observed that the velocity of torsional surface waves is always higher than that of Love waves propagated in a homogeneous layer over a homogeneous half-space. An attempt is also made to assess the possible propagation of torsional surface waves in a half-space with linearly varying rigidity and density, lacking a superficial layer. It is concluded that such a half-space allows two solutions for torsional waves while a homogeneous half-space has one.     

Seismic Ground Motion Expected for the Eastern District of Naples

The seismic ground motion of a test area in the eastern district of Naples is computed with a hybrid technique based on the mode summation and the finite difference methods. This technique allows us the realistic modelling of source and propagation effects, including local soil conditions. In the modelling, we consider the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, a good example of strong shaking for the area of Naples, which is located about 90 km from the epicenter.The detailed geological setting is reconstructed from a large number of drillings. The sub-soil is mainly formed by alluvial (ash, stratified sand and peat) and pyroclastic materials overlying a pyroclastic rock (yellow neapolitan tuff), representing the neapolitan bedrock. The detailed information available on mechanical properties of the sub-soil and its geometry warrants the application of the sophisticated hybrid technique.As expected, the sedimentary cover causes an increase of the signal's amplitudes and duration. If thin peat layers are present, the amplification effects are reduced, and the peak ground accelerations are similar to those observed for the bedrock model. This can be explained by the backscattering of wave energy at such layers, that tend to seismically decouple the upper from the lower part of the structure.For SH-waves, the influence of the variations of the S-wave velocities on the spectral amplification is studied, by considering locally measured velocities and values determined from near-by down-hole measurements. The comparison between the computed spectral amplifications confirms the key role of an accurate determination of the seismic velocities of the different layers.The comparison performed between a realistic 2-D seismic response and a standard 1-D response, based on the vertical propagation of waves in a plane layered structure, shows considerable difference, from which it is evident that serious caution must be taken in the modelling of expected ground motion at a specific site.     

基于波浪理论的水库地质灾害涌浪数值分析方法

有别于国内现行广泛应用Navie-Stokes方程进行地质灾害涌浪的数值模拟技术,本文采用波浪理论对地质灾害涌浪波进行了分析。地质灾害涌浪波是非周期性波,并且有强烈的非线性,介于中等水波至浅水波之间;可用浅水波模型和Boussinesq模型进行数学描述。本文采用有限差分法的Boussinesq模型,以三峡库区龚家方崩滑体涌浪为例,模拟了涌浪波的传播和爬高问题。该模型能够计算形成涌浪瞬时河面、河面最大波高图、最大流速矢量图、最大爬坡和预警分布图。模拟计算结果与调查结果吻合非常好。这说明基于波浪理论的地质灾害涌浪分析方法精度较高,为涌浪的预测研究提供了一种新的研究方法。     

PROPAGATION OF TORSIONAL SURFACE WAVES IN VISCOELASTIC MEDIUM

It is well known that an elastic homogeneous half-space does not allow torsional surface waves to propagate. The present paper attempts to find out the possibility of propagation of such waves in a viscoelastic half-space. The study reveals that although the homogeneous elastic half-space does not allow torsional surface waves to propagate, a viscoelastic half-space does so. The wave is damped due to the viscoelastic parameter. It has also been found that as the viscoelastic parameter decreases, the medium becomes elastic and the torsional surface waves ceases to propagate.     

定向延迟组合激发正演照明方法及应用

基于波动方程照明分析原理和组合震源激发理论,对二维声波波场进行规则网格有限差分正演模拟,并给出组合震源照明度的计算方法,对于多个震源组合激发,通过改变相邻两个震源之间的激发时间,激发所产生的地震波场会沿着某一确定的方向传播,可以增强地下特定的区域的地质体的照明分析。模型试验结果表明,震源数目越多,激发的地震波最大能量指向越集中,改变震源之间的延迟时间,可以调整波场的传播方向,该方法对于分析简单的二维模型以及复杂的逆冲推覆构造模型和marmousi模型的照明能量分布均适用,对于指导炮点的设计有借鉴意义。