RSM-08瞬态信号记录处理系统软件组成

为配合我所研制的RSM-08瞬态信号记录处理系统的使用,我们开发了若干软件。其中的某些软件引用了“数字信号分析”的一些理论与方法。本文对所实现的声波测时,声波测幅,应力应变分析,微机通讯等各项功能程序的内容,并着重对数据采集与分析程序的结构,算法及编程,作一介绍。     

四阶Δ-Σ过抽样电路原理及其在微弱地学信号检测中的应用

传统的测量电路无法解决诸如海底大地电磁场这样微弱地学信号的检测问题。近几年诞生了一种称之为ΔΣ的电路理论以及相应的硬件芯片 ,给微伏级的弱信号检测开辟一条新的技术路径。文章介绍与地学探测有关的一种ΔΣ电路类型 ,该类型以低频段微弱信号为检测对象。采用系统理论和电路分析方法对ΔΣ原理作了较深入的讨论 ,阐明这种电路技术对提高微弱信号观测的分辨率是有效的。结合海底大地电磁探测中的信号采集问题 ,介绍了在仪器中把多路的被测模拟量变为数字量的技术过程。经对实际采集的海底信息的频谱曲线进行分析 ,证实所采用的ΔΣ技术以及多路信号采集的电路方案是合理的。     

基于LabVIEW的岩石阻抗分析仪控制程序设计

针对人工测量岩石复电阻率难以实现的困难, 在Windows 98 操作系统下, 采用LabVIEW6i图形化编程语言和VISA标准, 开发了Hp4194A 岩石阻抗分析仪的控制程序, 实现了该设备的扫描方式设置、显示参数设置、补偿参数设置及数据采集。与常规人工测量时间约60 min相比, 自动测量时间缩短到2 s, 保证了岩石复电阻率实验的正常进行。     

活动态金属离子测量(MMI)在金山金矿及外围勘查中的应用

为扩大新疆伊宁县金山金矿外围金矿资源量,开展了活动态金属离子(MMI)测量,在已知金矿体及外围获得多个显著的MMI异常。通过已知金矿体之上MMI法及常规土壤化探示矿信息对比,发现MMI指示隐伏矿体效果更好。结合异常区控矿断裂构造网络等找矿信息,推断宽沟异常区成矿条件与金山金矿床相似,预测伊尔曼得西-宽沟是新疆金山金矿床外围最佳找矿靶区。据MMI成果部署实施钻探验证,在黄土和火山碎屑岩层厚度达100 m之下发现厚10～30 m的缓倾斜金矿体。     

Optically stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial deposits: a review

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating allows age determination of sediments deposited during the last glacial-interglacial cycle. This relatively new technique therefore enables chronological frameworks to be established for fluvial deposits that often cannot be dated by other means. The OSL signal of quartz and feldspar minerals is reset by light exposure during fluvial transport, and builds up as a result of ionizing radiation after burial of the minerals. Incomplete resetting of the OSL signal because of inadequate light exposure in the fluvial environment can result in age overestimations, especially for relatively young samples. Methods used for the detection of incomplete resetting, or poor bleaching, are reviewed. It is argued that technique s measuring the OSL signal from small subsamples (aliquots) are most promising for detecting poor bleaching and for obtaining the true age for a sample in which not all grains had their OSL signal completely removed at deposition. Quartz should be the mineral of choice, because it has been shown to yield the most reliable results and because its OSL signal is more rapidly reset than that of feldspar. Aliquot size should be small, with aliquots ideally consisting of a single grain of quartz for samples in which the majority of grains are poorly bleached. Using single-aliquot dating of coarse-grain quartz, age offsets between zero and a few thousand years have been found for modern fluvial deposits. The validity of single-aliquot quartz OSL dating has been demonstrated by application to known-age samples, but for the older age range (>˜13 ka) further proof of the accuracy of the method is essential. The application of quartz OSL dating to investigations of fluvial deposits opens a new realm of possibilities to be explored, as is highlighted by some examples of geological applications.     

利用CAD技术对岩心复位的研究

目前获取定向岩心结构面向空间状态参数的方法主要有复位实测法，作图求解法和公式计算法。这3种方法在利用测斜数据时，存在一些不可避免的误差。采用Auto CAD二次开发工具Visual Lisp开发出岩心产状测试程序，利用计算机测量数据的精确性，直接测出岩心产状参数，提高精度。     

Improvement in the interpretation of stress measurements by use of the overcoring method: development of a new approach

Determination of the state of the initial stresses in a rock formation is still one of the most important and complex problems in geotechnics. The over-coring method of measuring the stresses is one of the measurement methods most frequently used in geotechnics. It has been shown to be highly suitable for measuring the stresses in “hard and sound” rocks. However, applied to rocks which have a partialy elastic behaviour the method comes up against many problems the biggest of which are: (1) the non-elastic behaviour of the rock; and (2) the presence of natural fractures or those caused by the overcoring operation. These problems make it impossible to obtain correct deformation measurements which can be interpreted in terms of stresses. To overcome these problems, a new method has been developed based on the use of the deformations recorded at the start of the overcoring tests this method is the subject of the present article.     

断层电子自旋共振定年中石英信号强度的影响因素分析

电子自旋共振(ESR)是一种利用矿物在地质环境中的累计辐射能进行测年的技术方法,它采用的测年矿物石英广泛分布,并具有记录断层作用良好的计时零点,是同位素测年的重要补充。ESR信号强度是决定ESR年龄精确度的关键因素,但是各种参数条件对测量结果的影响方式及其程度缺乏系统研究。本文以取自断层带石英的一种顺磁中心——E’心为研究对象,运用单因素重复性实验方法,分析石英ESR定年中5种影响因素与ESR信号强度的相关关系。结果表明,微波功率、调制幅度、扫描宽度是影响ESR信号强度的主控因素,样品管方位及直径对测量结果影响不大。微波功率0.02~0.1 m W、调制幅度0.25~0.4 Gs可作为精确测量断层泥石英E’心普适性的参数区间,过大或过小的扫描宽度均不利于ESR测量,可利用在大扫描宽度条件下先预扫描再精细扫描的方法确定合适的扫描宽度,重复测量后求取平均值可有效降低测量误差。利用本文提出的参数区间及其确定的方法测量断层泥石英的E’心信号强度,能显著提高ESR测量精度。     

通用同位素标准化程序及在Sr、Nd同位素分析上的应用

固体元素的同位素在热表面电离质谱计上分析时,会产生同位素分馏,使得同位素比值测量的重复性和测量精度都受到局限。而在同位素地质学中,有时所遇到的样品之间的同位素比值差别很小,以致被测量过程中的同位素分馏所掩盖,使同位素地质方法的应用受到限制。     

Apparent OSL ages of modern deposits from Fåbergstølsdalen,Norway: implications for sampling glacial sediments

The application of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating within glacial settings can be limited where sediments have not had their OSL signal fully reset by sunlight exposure. Heterogeneous bleaching can result in age overestimations, and although it is recognized that certain depositional settings are more likely to have experienced sufficient sunlight exposure to bleach the OSL signal, no comprehensive study has empirically investigated the processes of sediment bleaching, or the variability in bleaching between deposits of the same type and within the same glacial catchment. A suite of modern glacial and glaciofluvial sediments from Fåbergstølsdalen, southern Norway, have been analysed to explore the controls that sedimentary processes and depositional setting have on bleaching of the OSL signal of quartz. There is considerable variability in the residual OSL ages of similar modern deposits, which reflects high sensitivity of the OSL signal to sediment source, sedimentary process, transport distance and depositional setting. Overdispersion values are greatest for the sediments which have been most heterogeneously bleached and these sediments have the lowest residual ages. Sampling strategies that incorporate sufficient consideration of the depositional framework of sample settings can minimize the effects of unbleached residuals on OSL age determinations.     

花岗质岩石地球化学分类的计算机自动实现

以Forst等(2001)花岗质岩石化学分类方法为依据，得出了花岗岩质岩石地球化学分类的16种分类数据模型，在此基础上用VB编写了一个分类程序，利用计算机来进行准确高效分类，并对程序的设计思想及功能进行了阐述。     

瞬变电磁测深法的研究深度

研究发现,瞬变测深法研究深度除了与采样时间(采样间隔,起始和终止采样时间等)有关外,还与信号源强度、大地电导率、系统噪音水平以及仪器观测精度等因素有关,文中对研究深度与这些量之间的关系作了数学描述。     

高层建筑深层平板载荷试验的研究

介绍了高层建筑深层平板载荷试验方法的技术现状及一套测试深度可达百米，测试精度高且不受深度影响的新型深层平板载荷试验装置，提出了深层载荷试验中存在的关键性技术问题及解决措施，并给出了实测试验成果。     

An application of complex demodulation technique to geomagnetic data and conductivity anomaly studies

The method of complex demodulation has been used here to compute the amplitude and phase of a signal present in a geomagnetic series using, Banks’ method. It is found that the results are quite accurate when four or more continuous cycles of the signal of interest are present. The same limitations have also been observed when band-pass filters are used to isolate a signal. The information on phase is always correct. It is concluded that complex demodulation will give correct results for periodic variations like 11-year, 27-day, Sq or pulsations; but will give small values of amplitude for signals like sudden impulses or bays. The latter is not a limitation in conductivity studies where ratios likeZ/H, Z/D orH/D are mostly used in calculations. It has been shown that even with the records of one magnetic storm the cause of anomalies can be accurately identified which otherwise would need a large number of events.     

Pore waters extracted from compacted bentonite subjected to simultaneous heating and hydration

A compacted clay block of montmorillonite clay has been simultaneously subjected to heating and hydration by parallel and opposite fronts, in order to determine the physico-chemical effects of the thermohydraulic process on the clay and on its pore water.The pore waters of the clay have been extracted at ambient temperature after the thermal-hydration treatment by a compaction at high pressure (60 MPa) technique. They have been analyzed, and the chemistry has been evaluated by using the speciation program EQ3NR. The movement of salts towards hot areas has been observed as a result of the thermo-hydraulic gradients, but it is conditioned by anionic retention processes, which mainly affect the mobility of SO₄²⁻ anions. The distributrion of the exchangeable cations is modified by the thermal gradient.     

基于三维裂隙网络模拟的有限块体面积判断法

水工建筑物深开挖边坡中大量出现的随机楔体,他们是由广泛分布于裂隙岩体中的结构面切割而成。首先应用随机不连续面三维网络模拟技术建立不连续的概率模型,在此基础上,搜索出临空面迹线上所有的闭合凸多变形,根据文中提出的“面积判断”法,判断块体是否为有限块体。工程实例模拟的结果说明了该方法的合理性。     

New variable stars on digitized Moscow collection plates. The field of 66 Ophiuchi

In the course of a program to digitize the astronomical plates of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute’s plate stacks, we are developing algorithms for searching for new variable stars and studying them using digitized photographic plates. We have discovered and studied 480 new variable stars in a 10° × 10° field of view centered on 66 Ophiuchi. The digitized plate negatives used are from the 40-cm astrograph, and are 30 × 30 cm in size. These stars include three new Cepheids of the Galaxy’s spherical component, 157 eclipsing binaries, 11 high-amplitude δ Scuti stars (HADSs), 144 RR Lyrae stars, 110 irregular variables (109 LB and one white star), and 55 semi-regular red variables. New important information has been obtained for 43 known variables, which we have classified and derived or improved their light elements; an erroneous identification of the Mira V404 Oph has been corrected. We have also identified more than 50 suspect brightness variables; a program of CCD observations of these suspected variables has been initiated. Our discoveries of new variable stars were performed in a star field with a large number of known variables, detected earlier photographically or using CCD techniques. The discovery of hundreds of new variables in a well-studied region of sky demonstrates that archive photographs possess a large information potential that has remained unrealized.     

黄河口饱和粉土的电性特征及其工程地质应用

通过对形成于1964年～1976年位于黄河口潮坪区粉土层样品电阻率、井中电阻率和电阻率剖面的测试,分析了土的含水率、孔隙比、饱和度、孔隙水的电阻率、颗粒成分等因素对其导电性的影响。分析结果表明：影响该地区饱和粉土导电性的主要因素为土的孔隙率。随着孔隙率的增大,其含水率升高,电阻率降低,土的电阻率和相应孔隙率的关系可用拟合公式表达。基于此,利用电阻率法成功实现了不同深度粉土沉积层微结构的变化、波浪作用导致密实度不同的粉土层空间分布状况的原位测试。     

Practical field-portable atomic absorption analyser

A new compact atomic absorption spectrophotometer has been developed. Designated the Scintrex AAZ-2, the system used flameless atomization and Zeeman modulation for maximum sensitivity and selectivity respectively. The most important factor of AA instrumentation is the method used for vapourizing the sample. The atomizer furnace in the AAZ-2 is a tungsten ribbon, rather than the conventional carbon furnace, to avoid the need for high electrical power input and consequent water cooling. The ribbon is U-shaped to fit between the pole pieces of a powerful electromagnet which provides the magnetic field required for Zeeman modulation of the absorption signal. Zeeman modulation refers to the spectral displacement of atomic absorption lines in the presence of a magnetic field. By pulsing the field, the emission from the source lamp alternately does, or does not, coincide with the analyte absorption. A synchronous detection system then allows the extraction of the modulated signal from any unmodulated absorption due to nonspecific absorbers such as particulate scattering or some molecular species. Zeeman modulation provides a method of baseline correction that is both more efficient and simpler than the commonly used deuterium are correction and requires no moving components. The AAZ instrument has already been characterized for a number of metals, in particular, those of exploration interest such as Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co. Zinc has been determined but difficulties in avoiding high blank concentrations have been found. Detection limits are typically 1 ng/ml or better (e.g. Au — 0.5 ng/ml, Ag — 0.06 ng/ml). The metals usually requiring conversion to a gaseous hydride form before analyses have also been studied. Tin in the sub-ppm range has been determined after a simple extraction procedure. Work on arsenic, selenium, antimony and bismuth is planned. The entire machine weighs 26 kg and consumes 0.5 kW making it suitable for use in remote areas using portable power generating equipment. Argon at low pressure and flow rate is the only gas needed for operation. When used for analysis of samples in a base camp, close to the scene of a geochemical drilling program, the AAZ-2 can provide quick turnaround of the results and therefore on-the-spot guidance of these programs without loss of sensitivity or data quality. In addition, the possibility of contamination by high-level samples is somewhat less in a field camp than in a long established laboratory.     

全国航放数据库的建设

全国航放数据库系统成功地解决了不同类型航放测量数据源的录入、重复数据检索等关键技术问题并已录入30多个测区的航放(部分含航磁)数据；研究、应用概率论数理统计学原理，解决连片(重复)数据的标准化方法与实现；完成了检索的库原始数据、查询计算的标准化数据或比值计算数据等直接网格化的程序设计；探索了图形数据与标量数据库的接口技术，开发了屏幕绘图及与相关软件接口程序，做到了图并茂。使全国航放数据库具有：灵活、可靠的数据录入／导入功能，方便、可视性强的查询(统计)功能，实用、快捷的数据处理应用功能，适时、完备的输出功能，易用、可扩展的系统维护功能，严密、安全的数据保密功能。