内蒙古浩尧尔忽洞金矿区花岗岩岩石成因及构造意义

内蒙古浩尧尔忽洞金矿为低品位超大型中低温热液型金矿,矿区内海西期花岗岩发育.在矿区内可见黑云花岗岩、花岗细晶岩、花岗伟晶岩和花岗斑岩.花岗岩中SiO2含量65.36％ ～74.29％,Na2O/K2O比值0.43 ～1.01,平均值为0.75,花岗脉岩类属于高钾钙碱性,黑云花岗岩属于钾玄岩系列.哈克图解上各元素含量随SiO2变化呈线性规律明显,具Ⅰ型花岗岩特征.∑REE值在64.86×10-6～164.80×10-6范围内变化,总体上稀土含量较低.（La/Yb）N值为6.59 ～ 16.98,显示轻重稀土有明显的分馏.稀土元素蛛网图表现为右倾.黑云母花岗岩δEu平均值0.30,具低Sr低Y的特点.花岗脉岩类δEu平均值为0.65,表现出高Sr低Y的特点.花岗岩类具有中等到强的铕亏损.根据其地球化学特征,认为该岩体为同碰撞—后碰撞期形成的高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩.     

加里东期上扬子区前陆盆地演化过程中的层序特征与地层划分

层序地层的主控因素包括全球海平面变化、构造沉降、气候、物源供给等方面 ,在不同性质的盆地内它们所起的作用大小不一 ,在前陆盆地中以构造沉降控制为主。上扬子区在加里东运动过程中形成前陆盆地 ,主要经历了三次挤压、挠曲沉降至松驰、抬升过程。一是中奥陶世至晚奥陶世临湘期 ,二是晚奥陶世五峰期至早志留世龙马溪期 ,三是早志留世石牛栏期至中志留世。在盆地演化过程中 ,由于前陆隆起露出水面 ,使物源供给方向和性质改变 ,造成隆后盆地沉积环境由开放变为半闭塞 ,由碳酸盐岩转变为碎屑岩沉积。以此重大的转换为界 ,将上扬子区的中奥陶统至中志留统划分为 2个二级层序 ,奥陶系—志留系界线放在第二个二级层序的最大海泛面之顶 ,也就是观音桥组的顶 ,此结果与岩石地层清理成果相一致。以海平面相对变化和沉积物的转变进一步划分成 4个三级层序 ,又根据三级层序的体系域的演化相应地划分出岩性组。因此将临湘组与宝塔组归并成宝塔组 ,体现了海水逐渐变浅、向上加积的过程 ,且它们间为一渐变过渡 ,在碳酸盐浅滩和盆地边缘之处 ,两者划分不开 ,为了便于填图与对比 ,将其划归在一起。由于观音桥组分布不稳定 ,五峰组与龙马溪组下部岩性相似 ,为了油气的评价和填图的可操作性 ,将五峰组、观音桥组、龙马?     

伊通盆地岔路河断陷粘土矿物特征及其对储层物性的影响

粘土矿物的类型和含量对储层的物性有着较大的影响。伊通盆地岔路河断陷储层属于中低孔、低渗储层。据粘土矿物X射线衍射分析,结合电镜扫描等资料分析研究,得出了储层的孔隙度、渗透率随粘土矿物的含量、成分、产状的变化关系。研究表明,粘土矿物的绝对含量与孔隙度和渗透率呈现负相关性,且其对渗透率的影响明显要比对孔隙度的影响大。随着伊利石含量的增加,砂岩的渗透率有减小的趋势;而随着高岭石含量的增加,砂岩的渗透率有增大的趋势,孔隙度随粘土矿物相对含量的变化不显著。     

广西金牙金矿床百逢组沉积特征及其与金矿的关系

广西金牙金矿产于中三叠统百逢组中 ,矿区的百逢组为一套陆源碎屑浊积岩 ,既有阵发性高密度浊流引起的浊积扇体系 ,又有稳定低密度浊流引起的鲍马序列。百逢组下段为浊积扇体系 ,中段及上段为鲍马序列 ,一般不全 ,其中d、e段最发育 ,其次为c、b段。金矿化出现在砂泥混积的百逢组中段。矿体位于鲍马序列段 ,尤其是de和cde组合段 ,岩石为富含有机质的泥质与粉砂的混积岩 ,属远端浊积岩。其中 ,钙质泥岩和粉砂质泥岩是最有利的矿化围岩。主要载金矿物毒砂和黄铁矿呈自形晶出现。矿体的有机碳含量高于相邻围岩的有机碳含量 ,与运移烃类的叠加有关。金品位随有机碳含量的增加而增加 ,有机质也是有用的金的载体。富含有机质的浊积岩是浊积岩型金矿床形成的有利条件。     

含裂隙膨胀土无侧限抗压强度特征试验研究

膨胀土易发育大量裂隙,对其工程性质影响显著。引入一种膨胀土试样预制裂隙方法,对特定裂隙形态下膨胀土试样开展无侧限抗压试验,研究了膨胀土强度特征受裂隙形态的影响,并揭示了裂隙的作用机制。研究结果表明：（1）裂隙形态显著影响试样破坏模式,垂直于受力方向裂隙越宽,破坏模式由剪切-拉伸破坏向张拉破坏转变;平行于受力方向裂隙条数...     

黑龙江省骆驼砬子金矿成矿流体分析

骆驼砬子金矿位于完达山印支期褶皱带南部,是黑龙江省主要的金矿成矿区(带)之一.矿区内金矿以矿脉群形式产出.金矿脉受压扭性的七里信NE向断裂控制,矿体分布于七里信断裂次级NNE向断裂系中.矿石自然类型为石英脉型,矿石中硫化物以黄铁矿、黄铜矿为主.石英流体包裹体有气液两相、含CO2三相2种类型.流体盐度低,介于4.0%~6.8%(NaCl当量),平均6.6%.成矿温度在180~390℃之间,主要在200~270℃.成矿压力在40~240 MPa之间,集中在60~120 MPa之间.依据深度与压力之间的关系式计算成矿深度在4.9~12.8 km之间,主要在6.5~9.0 km.骆驼砬子金矿地质地球化学特征与全球造山型金矿类似,为中成造山型金矿,陆内碰撞造山是其成矿动力学背景.与同类金矿类似,该矿体向深部可能有较大的延伸,其深部仍有很大的找矿潜力.     

珠江口盆地西部珠三坳陷珠江组沉积演化

为了加强珠三坳陷珠江组的油气勘探理论,笔者从层序格架、岩芯特征、有孔虫分布、岩石类型及岩性组合等方面,分析珠三坳陷及周缘珠江组三个层序的沉积特征及沉积演化规律:从S50--S60～S40--S41层序,岩芯特征呈现规律性变化,砂岩粒度减小、分选性增强,水动力条件从强-较强-弱转变;有孔虫丰度变化从零星中低值--连续中高值--连续中值,水深从浅-深-较深,神狐隆起从局部出露到完全沉没。古珠江三角洲及海南隆起—粤桂隆起物源三角洲是S50-S60及S41-S50层序的重点沉积体系。从S50-S60～S40-S41层序,古珠江三角洲规模从"大--中--小"依次演变,海南隆起—粤桂隆起物源三角洲呈"大-大-小/无"变化,浅海迅速扩张,仅半深海分布较稳定。     

Study on treatment of wastewater from acid in-situ leaching of uranium ore with sulfate reducing bacteria

Synthetic surfactants are among the most widely used chemicals in the world （around 10 millions of tons are produced per year）, mainly as key components in detergent formulation, apart from other applications such as wetting agents or emulsifiers. Coastal ecosystems receive large quantities of these compounds and, after a relatively fast partial degradation in water, the remaining quantities end up in the sediments due to their high affinity for organic carbon in the particulate phase. We therefore focused our studies on sediments because they can be assumed to play an important environmental role acting as a sink for these contaminants. Moreover, because of their widespread use and source specificity, surfactants can usefully be employed as molecular indicators in sediments for more general contamination caused by human activities. This work deals with the vertical distribution in sediment cores of the main anionic surfactants, both linear alkylbenzene sulfonates （LAS） and alkyl ethoxysulfates （AES）, and non-ionic surfactants, including nonylphenol polyethoxylates （NPEOs） and alcohol polyethoxylates （AEOs）. In the case of LAS their degradation metabolites sulfophenyl carboxylic acids （SPCs） are also studied. The processes considered are degradation, sorption and diffusion occurring along the sedimentary column for the different homologues contained in the commercial surfactant mixtures. The most hydrophobic surfactants such as NPEOs and AEOs remain strongly attached to the particulate phase whereas polar metabolites such SPCs tend to be present in the pore water. Highest values of surfactants are found near the surface and, in most cases, there is a decrease in their concentration down the sediment core. Furthermore, the reduction in the average length of the ethoxylated chain in polyethoxylated surfactants, as well as the increase in the concentrations of SPCs at depths showing redox potential from -300 to -400 mV, suggests that surfactants may be degraded anaerobically in the sediment. In the case of LAS, these field results are compared with the data from laboratory experiments carried out in order to determine sorption capacity and anaerobic degradation.     

山东半岛九天洞洞穴环境变化特征与影响因素

选取旅游洞穴九天洞为研究对象,对洞穴环境变化特征及影响因素进行分析,探讨旅游活动和外界环境变化对洞穴环境变化的影响,以期能够为旅游洞穴的保护与合理开发提供科学依据。结果表明:（1）九天洞受外界气温变化的影响呈夏季高冬季低的特征,且洞穴温度略高于当地平均温度,这与洞穴通风、旅游活动、监测时间等因素有关;（2）洞内相对湿度与洞内空气温度呈较好的负相关关系,洞内相对湿度的变化主要受控于温度,呈夏季低冬季高的变化特征;（3）九天洞CO2浓度的季节变化特征为夏秋季高冬季低,与气候变化导致的植被和微生物活动以及滴水速率的变化有关;（4）距洞口越远的监测点空气温度、相对湿度的变化幅度越小,CO2浓度越高,说明距洞口越远受洞外气候变化以及洞穴通风的影响越小;（5）九天洞各监测点pH值和电导率主要与外界气候变化有关,对气候变化响应敏感,在降水偏少的干旱年,监测点pH值偏高,电导率偏低。      

福建安海湾表层沉积物粒度特征及其现代沉积过程分析

通过对福建安海湾表层沉积物的粒度分析和对比,应用系统聚类分析、粒径趋势模型和切应力计算公式,探讨了研究区粒度的分布特征、沉积环境分区、表层沉积物输运趋势及其影响因素.研究结果表明,研究区包括6种表层沉积物类型,以黏土质粉砂和粉砂为主,沉积物大体呈现自海湾两侧潮滩向潮汐通道变粗的分布趋势.表层沉积物粒度的分布特征与水动力条件和物质来源密切相关,湾口附近及湾内深槽内,细颗粒的沉积物被再悬浮带走,粗颗粒的含量增大;在湾内潮滩上,悬浮物质因水动力作用逐渐减弱发生分选沉降,形成向岸变细的横向分异.海湾外泥沙随潮流不断地向海湾东侧岸滩运移,海湾周边陆源来沙由湾顶部往湾口方向下泄,两者是导致表层沉积物出现明显的顺时针方向汇聚趋势的原因之一;表层沉积物的输运趋势、悬浮泥沙的输运、潮滩植被与湾口沙嘴的遮蔽效应共同影响了研究区内浅滩地形的形成和变化.研究区可分为四类沉积环境区,以潮滩和潮汐通道环境为主,不同沉积区内的粒度参数、粒级频率和敏感粒级均有差异,动力条件差异和不同物源的影响程度是现代沉积环境格局的主要影响因素.     

Provenance of the early to mid-Paleozoic sediments in the northern Alxa area: Implications for tectonic evolution of the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The continental fragments in Northwest China are key to revealing the tectonic and crustal evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). However, their tectonic correlation, affinity and implications have not been well defined. The early to mid-Paleozoic sediments in the northern Alxa area can help to understand this question. These sediments were deposited in a deep to shallow marine environment during a regression. The southeast paleocurrent attributes their provenance to the northwest. Detrital zircons from the collected sandstones record peak ages of approximately 1726 Ma, 1462 Ma, 915 Ma and 438 Ma. The zircon ε_Hf(t) values are negative to positive at 1726 Ma, 915 Ma and 438 Ma, but only positive at 1462 Ma. The detrital zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes suggest the provenance to be the blocks in Central Tianshan and Southern Beishan or their analogs, rather than the Tarim Craton. The source blocks show no tectonic affinity to the Tarim Craton but might be accreted to it in the Neoproterozoic Rodinia. The provenance analyses show tectonic correlation among the northern Alxa, Tianshan and Beishan orogenic belts. The Late Devonian molasse deposits, geochemical shifting to continental margins and suddenly increased early Paleozoic zircons indicate an arc-continent collision. The discovery of more indicators for continental fragments advocates a multiterrane model and dominant crustal reworking/contamination for the tectonocrustal evolution of the CAOB at least during the early to mid-Paleozoic.     

722岷县漳县地震地质灾害分布、特征及与影响因子间关系分析

2013年7月22日在甘肃省定西市岷县、漳县交界处发生了MS6.6级地震。此次地震造成了大量房屋、基础设施破坏以及人员伤亡,并诱发了一系列的滑坡、崩塌、不稳定斜坡等地质灾害隐患。通过现场调查和分析,对此次地震地质灾害隐患类型、分布与主要特点进行概括。利用边坡地质灾害数量和面积发育率两个统计指标,对受灾最为严重的岷县灾区的地震地质灾害分布与地形、地质、地震因子变量间关系进行分析,结果表明:(1)地震地质灾害隐患在高程为2200～2800m范围内集中分布,在0～15缓坡内分布最多,坡向为S、SW和W的斜坡在地震作用下易诱发地质灾害,坡位为中坡的边坡内分布地质灾害数量最多; (2)软弱岩层在地震作用下易发生地质灾害,区内泥盆系和二叠系板岩、灰岩岩组内分布近50%的地质灾害,面积发育率最大的则为新近系中厚层软弱泥岩、砂岩岩组。地质灾害主要沿发震断裂通过或距离较近的地方成片集中分布,地质灾害主要分布在距离发震断裂20km以内的范围内; (3)震中距和PGA与地质灾害数量对应关系不明显,但是面积发育率整体趋势是随着震中距增加而减小,随着PGA增大而增加; 地质灾害易发程度随烈度增大而增强; (4)越靠近公路和河流,地质灾害越易发生,集中分布区间分别为距公路0～800m和距河流0～600m。     

Comparison between numerical and analytical solution of solute transport models

The fate and movement of dissolved substances in soils and groundwater has generated considerable concern for the quality of the subsurface environment. Many analytical solutions for the partial differential equations that describe solute and pollutant movement exist. Numerical solutions are more general, and often more difficult to verify. In order to determine the model error, the examination of the ability of numerical methods compared to analytical methods is strongly recommended. The objective of the study is to make a comparison between numerical and analytical solution models for solute transport equation. In this study, the numerical solution calculated with the WAVE-model is compared with the analytical solution calculated with CXTFTT-model. The study scenarios considered variables such as compartment depth, applied flux at the top and soil dispersivity under steady-state conditions. The simulations depend on 27 solute infiltration scenarios. The solute concentrations were calculated with the WAVE-model and the CXTFIT-model for each scenario. The WAVE-model error was evaluated with three methods: absolute average maximum error, relative average maximum error and relative average area error. The study implied that the WAVE-model error increased with the increase of the compartment depth, decreasing soil dispersivity, and decrease in flux. The study leads to the recommendation to use compartment depth as thin as possible to minimise the WAVE-model error. Furthermore, it is more useful to use several numerical solution models, such as SWMS-2D model, to evaluate and examine the WAVE-model.     

广西大厂X矿体数字化研究及其意义

以计算机为辅助工具,将GIS技术与矿床数学模型软件包相结合,完成对广西大厂X矿体的数字化研究.研究的第一步是建立矿体原始资料数据库,该数据库包括矿体所有探矿工程的品位数据、岩性数据以及空间坐标;第二步是建立矿体的矿体数学模型,科学地估算出矿体各点的品位值;第三步是根据建立好的矿体品位模型,结合GIS技术,建立矿体矿化强度模型.该矿体的数字化研究在实现矿山动态管理和进行找矿预测等很多方面具有重要的意义.     

Facies and faunal changes in the Ludlovian rocks of Aymestrey,Herefordshire

The Aymestrey area displays changes in facies, faunas and thicknesses which can be related to its position on the shelf edge during later Silurian times. The Wenlock Limestone becomes an alternation of limestones and mudstones. The Lower and Middle Elton Beds, however, are substantially similar to their development at Ludlow. The Upper Elton Beds and the Bringewood Beds thin westwards within the area, probably due to non-deposition or erosion on a ridge at the hinge between shelf and basin. The most striking change is the rapid westward passage of the Aymestry Limestone facies of the Upper Bringewood Beds into siltstones, which are considered to be shallow-water deposits and not basinal. The Leintwardine Beds exhibit a westward thickening, and slumping is developed in the Lower Leintwardine Beds; the faunas relate more to the basin facies than to the shelf. The Whitcliffe Beds thicken markedly westwards but retain their shallow-water characteristics.     

内蒙黄岗梁矽卡岩型铁锡矿床稀土元素地球化学

黄岗梁矿床是我国北方唯一的一处锡铁共生大型矽卡岩型矿床，苏大沟是黄岗梁矿床NE向延伸的铜铅锌矿点。黄岗梁矿床围岩、蚀变围岩、赋矿矽卡岩以及不同矿体石榴子石稀土元素的总特征体现了岩浆和岩浆水、围岩和大气降水对成矿的综合影响。靠近岩体则较多地体现了岩浆和岩浆热液作用；远离岩体则围岩地层和大气降水作用增强；从贫矿体－富矿体，从早阶段到晚阶段，大气降水对成矿的贡献增大，晚期又叠加了岩浆和岩浆热液成矿作用。黄岗梁铁锡矿床的REE配分曲线类型多样、变化较大，充分显示了成矿流体的多来源和多期次叠加成矿的稀土元素特征。苏木沟铜铅锌矿点具有岩浆热液稀土元素特征。稀土元素的研究初步建立了华北北缘黄岗梁式矽卡岩型矿床稀土元素配分模式。     

地裂缝错动对地铁区间隧道影响的三维离散元分析

拟建西安地铁2号线穿越10条地裂缝,地裂缝活动将影响地铁2号线的安全运营。应用三维离散元程序3DEC建立三维计算模型,分析了裂缝带错动对地铁区间隧道盾构管线的影响,得出了不同错距工况下隧道衬砌的变形和应力。通过计算得知,当土体上下盘底部竖向错距由10cm增大到93cm时,引起的衬砌竖向变形量由0. 712cm增大到13. 99cm,且最大变形均发生在沿纵向约35～36m处,距裂缝带距离约为9. 5～8. 5m;引起的管道纵向最大拉应力则由0. 65MPa增大到18. 43MPa,最大压应力由0. 611MPa增大到16. 9MPa,且最大应力区与最大变形区一致。这一结论的获得可为地铁设计、施工及其安全运营提供科学的理论指导及设计依据。     

Tasks and problems involved in the handling of disaster waste upon April 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake,Japan

The potential impacts of tsunamis along the Catalan Coast (NW Mediterranean) are analysed using numerical modelling. The region is characterized by moderate to low seismic activity and by moderate- to low-magnitude earthquakes. However, the occurrence of historical strong earthquakes and the location of several active offshore faults in front of the coast suggest that the possibility of an earthquake-triggered tsunami is not negligible although of low probability. Up to five faults have been identified to generate tsunamis, being the highest associated possible seismic magnitudes of up to 7.6. Coastal flooding and port agitation are characterized using the Worst-case Credible Tsunami Scenario Analysis approach. The results show a multiple fault source contribution to tsunami hazard. The shelf dimensions and the existence of submerged canyons control the tsunami propagation. In wide shelves, waves travelling offshore may become trapped by refraction causing the wave energy to reach the coastline at some distance from the origin. The free surface water elevation increases at the head of the canyons due to the sharp depth gradients. The effects of potential tsunamis would be very harmful in low-lying coastal stretches, such as deltas, with a high population concentration, assets and infrastructures. The Ebro delta appears to be the most exposed coast, and about the 20% of the delta surface is prone to flooding due to its extremely low-lying nature. The activity at Barcelona port will be severely affected by inflow backflow current at the entrance of up to 2 m/s.     

喜马拉雅山东南地区地质灾害发育规律初步研究

利用遥感手段,结合MapGis,研究了喜马拉雅山东南地区地质灾害的发育情况,发现本区发育的主要地质灾害有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、冰湖以及堰塞湖。其中崩塌、滑坡、泥石流斜坡地质灾害是本区最重要的地质灾害类型,占到总灾害数量的95.3%。在此基础上对喜马拉雅山东南地区地质灾害发育规律初步研究,发现本区地质灾害的发育在空间上的分布并非均匀,而是具有丛集性的特点。滑坡灾害主要发育在隆子和朗县。泥石流灾害比较严重的有米林、隆子和洛扎3县,而崩塌则主要集中在隆子县。研究发现,本区滑坡发育与地层、地形坡度以及土地类型关系密切,其中修康群、日当组和念青唐古拉群是本区的易滑地层。涅如组由于面积大,其中发育的滑坡较多,但是滑坡的发育率只略高于本区的平均水平。统计表明,16～30的坡度范围是滑坡最容易发生的。大于45以上的坡段很少发生滑坡。灌木林和天然草地这两种土地类型滑坡发育率最高。对于泥石流,研究表明,涅如组中泥石流发育面积最大,发育率也最高。泥石流发育的最适宜坡度也是16～30这样一个坡度范围。冰川和永久积雪区则最易发生泥石流。崩塌发育与地层类型、坡度的关系较为密切,崩塌主要发育在涅如组中,并且集中在坡度大于60以上的陡坡段中。这些初步成果的取得,是以后进行该区地质灾害空间预测的基础。     

柴达木盆地北缘地区新生代构造特征及变形规律

柴达木盆地北缘地区的新生代构造主要为一系列断层转折褶皱、断层传播褶皱。在邻近祁连山山前的北东背斜带中主要发育规模相对较小、隆升幅度较低的断层传播褶皱和与之相伴产出的突破断层,开始形成于古新世上新世早期;中部背斜带中发育的构造主要为断层转折褶皱和少量断层传播褶皱,开始形成于中新世上新世中期;远离山前的南西背斜带主要发育断层转折褶皱和少量滑脱褶皱,开始于上新世晚期更新世。研究区的台阶状逆断层及其相关褶皱是由祁连山山前向盆地按照一定的序次、以背驮式渐次扩展的,这个扩展过程自古新世一直持续到现在。