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1.
兰州新区位于黄土高原西段, 为典型干旱区, 道路修建形成了许多坡度大于30°的工程开挖边坡。在边坡上重建植被对改善局地景观和防治水土流失具有重要的作用, 而坡面土壤水分状况对植被重建影响重大。选择3种整地类型(条形坑、 圆形坑和原状坡样地), 研究兰州新区黄土工程开挖边坡植被重建的初期土壤水分状况, 结果表明: 3种整地类型中条形坑的土壤水分条件最好, 与圆形坑、 原状坡样地土壤水分存在显著差异( P<0.05)。不同灌溉频率下原状坡样地0 ~ 20 cm土层土壤含水量较低, 20 ~ 50 cm土层土壤含水量较高。土壤含水量的变异系数随土层深度的增加而减小, 随灌溉频率的降低而增加。在边坡植被重建初期, 需把土壤水分维持在8.4% ~ 10.8%, 即田间持水量的38% ~ 49%, 才能保证植物正常生育生长。当栽植的植被根系长度大于10 cm时, 可考虑将喷灌频率从每天喷灌改为隔天喷灌, 否则植物有死亡的风险。研究结果可为类似的黄土边坡植被恢复和生态建设提供参考。 相似文献
2.
客土水分循环及水平衡是植被护坡研究的重要问题。以基质客土为对象进行蒸发试验,对距坡面不同深度处的含水率进行测定,观测自然日照下含水率随时间变化情况;采用微型蒸发器测试不同厚度、坡度、温度以及基质配比下的客土水分蒸发量值,以分析影响客土水分蒸发量的因子。结果表明:客土含水率随时间呈现阶段性的变化,其内部不同深度含水率值不同。含保水剂和泥炭的客土达到饱和时间较未添加的试样明显要短,表明其增大了客土的吸水性和吸水速率,但保水剂和泥炭的添加也降低了客土的重度。保水剂含量0%的试样11d累计蒸发量比添加0.2%保水剂客土高21.2mm,说明0.2%的保水剂和12%泥炭含量能明显减小客土蒸发速率,抑制客土水分散失。温度是影响客土蒸发量的直接因素,坡度和厚度通过影响含水量从而影响蒸发量,同时控制着蒸发过程的能量供给,坡度和厚度过大不利于客土自身稳定性,客土边坡坡度不宜大于1︰0.75,厚度控制在10~20cm,能极大增加植被有效持水量。 相似文献
3.
为研究不同坡度植被边坡降雨入渗和径流侵蚀的规律,开展大型边坡模型降雨试验,对边坡含水率、水土流失等参数进行实时监测,量化分析坡度对边坡雨水入渗、坡面径流和土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:在持时为4 h、降雨强度为60 mm/h持续降雨条件下,1:2、1:1.75、1:1.5裸土边坡累计雨水入渗量分别为同坡度植被边坡的70.6%、80.4%、92.3%,植被覆盖会加快雨水入渗速率,增大边坡累计雨水入渗量。植被边坡坡度越小,雨水入渗速率越快,累计雨水入渗量越大,而裸土边坡则相反。植被覆盖可有效降低坡面径流速率、减少累积径流量,边坡坡度越小,减流效果越显著,1:2、1:1.75、1:1.5植被边坡对比同坡度裸土边坡分别减少径流量53.11%、32.56%、17.73%。植被边坡水土流失含泥沙量均不足0.1%,植被可有效抑制坡面土壤侵蚀,而裸土边坡坡度越大坡面土壤侵蚀越严重,1:2、1:1.75、1:1.5裸土边坡单位面积侵蚀土壤质量分别为3.623、5.710、11.295 kg/m 2,水土流失含泥沙量分别为3.06%、4.29%、7.34%。根据试验结果拟合得到裸土边坡产泥... 相似文献
4.
不同植被盖度变化下活动层水热过程是多年冻土区水能循环中一个重要的不确定因素.为了研究植被盖度变化对活动层水热过程的影响,在青藏高原多年冻土区,选择坡向、坡型和坡度趋于一致植被覆盖度分别为92%、65%、30%的坡面建立天然径流观测场,觎测多年冻土活动层中的地温和水分状况.结果表明:活动层开始冻结和消融时间随着植被盖度的减少不断提前,且冻结持续时间缩短;随着植被盖度减小,活动层地温水分变化速率增大,植被起到抑制土壤地温水分变化速率的作用;植被盖度对夏季融化过程和秋季冻结过程活动层地温和水分的影响明显大于冬季降温和春季升温过程,对融化过程的影响较冻结过程更明显. 相似文献
5.
本文利用饱和非饱和渗流有限元方法,参考积雪厚度、温度变化与融雪入渗关系统计资料,对积雪深度、气温变化以及坡度等不同条件进行了边坡融雪入渗渗流计算及稳定性分析。本文条件下计算结果表明:同一坡度下融雪入渗系数和坡面一定范围内的含水量及压力水头随积雪深度增加而增加,积雪深度达1.0m时,融雪入渗垂直影响范围为30.0m,边坡暂态饱和水位升高13m;相同积雪深度条件下,坡度越大,融雪入渗系数越小,坡内压力水头及含水量变化越小,30°边坡融雪入渗垂直影响范围最大为30.0m;同一积雪深度和坡度下,融雪入渗系数及坡面附近压力水头均与气温变化幅度呈正相关关系。根据极限平衡计算,边坡的稳定系数随着融雪过程的持续而降低,积雪深度、边坡坡度或温度变化越大,安全系数降低幅度越大;其中,坡度因子对边坡安全系数的影响最为显著,60°边坡受融雪影响安全系数降幅达9.7%。 相似文献
6.
近年来,随着我国工业、交通以及城镇化的快速发展,工程建设如雨后春笋。随之而来的是各种工程问题,其中最为突出的是边坡破坏问题,尤其是高速铁路、新扩建机场、新城区等长距离和大面积工程建设中,开挖或回填导致了大量人工边坡的出现,打破了原有边坡的平衡状态。因此,研究边坡防护方法和技术变得至关重要。边坡防护方法中,植被护坡技术因其成本低、效果好而被广泛应用,但当前植被护坡机理和实施技术的研究还比较分散。本文从植被护坡加固机理的水文效应、力学效应两个方面对当前植被护坡的相关研究成果进行了分类总结。得出:(1)水文效应体现在植被护坡的降雨截流作用;(2)力学效应体现在根-土相互作用增加了边坡岩土体的抗剪强度;(3)加固机理即为短根对边坡岩土体的加筋作用、长根的锚固作用以及防止坡面冲刷风化的作用。总体而言,学者们对植被护坡的加固机理和关键技术已经做了大量的试验和数值模拟研究。但植被护坡领域仍然存在着定量分析不充分的问题,同时学者们常将植被护坡的水文效应与力学效应分离,使得研究的情况与真实情况存在着较大的差异。此外,实际工程中对植被的选择和植被后期养护方法的研究也不充分。 相似文献
7.
黄土坡面侵蚀特性研究对于铁路边坡及路基防护具有重要的意义。通过银西高铁董志塬段某路基护坡坡面冲刷试验,获得了不同冲刷历时、冲刷流量、坡度等条件下的坡面冲刷结果,并对坡面流水动力学特性、坡面产沙规律、坡面产沙机理进行了分析,得出以下结论:(1)坡顶和坡底比坡面中部更易受侵蚀;30°~60°斜坡在较小的冲刷强度下也能产生较明显的侵蚀沟,宜采取45°左右的多级矮坡来减弱侵蚀强度。(2)坡面流水动力学特性分析表明,试验工况水流主要处于过渡流区;平均流速与冲刷流量、坡度呈幂函数关系;达西阻力系数与冲刷流量、坡度呈负相关,且与雷诺数相关性较低。(3)平均含沙量随冲刷流量与坡度的增大而增大,随历时近似线性增加,约20 min以后,含沙量基本稳定,此过程为坡面沟道发展阶段。(4)坡面侵蚀产沙量与侵蚀切应力、有效水流功率都呈正相关,与前者近似呈线性增大关系,而与后者近似呈幂函数关系。 相似文献
8.
近年,浅层滑坡、泥石流灾害发生在植被良好区的频率较大。一方面,植被对灾害的抑制或促进作用还有待进一步深入认知;另一方面,目前灾害风险源评估方法中较少考虑植被对斜坡稳定性的影响。为探究不同植被类型对浅层斜坡的稳定性影响,本文以大渡河流域作为研究区,通过对区域坡度、坡向及植被等数据提取和坡面划分,采用有限差分数值计算方法,对区域内划分的40 000余个斜坡进行了稳定性计算,获取了该区域不同植被覆被条件下浅层斜坡的稳定性系数,探究在不同植被覆被条件下浅层不稳定斜坡的分布规律。结果表明随着坡度增加不同植被类型稳定斜坡数下降程度不一,总体上乔木林覆被斜坡稳定性较差,灌丛次之,草甸较好。进一步对区域内潜在浅层不稳定斜坡的植被类型和坡度进行统计分析,发现不同植被类型覆被条件下不稳定斜坡的坡度分布具有正态分布特征,基于建立的3种不同植被类型不稳定斜坡发育概率与坡度间的函数关系,确定出不同植被类型不稳定斜坡发育概率最高的坡度区间:乔木林为26.0°~37.0°,灌丛为28.0°~39.0°,草甸为31.0°~39.0°。本研究可以为流域尺度滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的防治与规划提供依据,为良好植被区灾害风险... 相似文献
9.
为探明上方来水类型对工程堆积体高陡边坡下部冲刷侵蚀的定量影响,以神府高速公路沿线典型工程堆积体陡坡坡面(36°)为例,设计4种上方来水类型,通过野外放水冲刷试验分析了不同上方来水类型下堆积体坡面的径流侵蚀输沙过程.结果表明:①上方来水类型对堆积体坡面下部的产流影响较小,却干扰了坡面侵蚀产沙过程,造成土壤流失量增加;②径流深、单宽径流侵蚀力和水流功率均可以较好地预测堆积体边坡下部输沙模数的变化;③单宽径流侵蚀功率可以作为表征坡面尺度次径流事件中径流侵蚀力变化的指标.研究结果可为工程堆积体土壤侵蚀强度评价、侵蚀模型建立及新增水土流失防治提供参考. 相似文献
10.
依据土壤-植被-大气系统的结构特性,从林冠层、苔藓-枯枝落叶层、土壤层剖面结构分析了黑河流域山区水源涵养林在水文过程中的作用.观测试验表明,林冠截留大气降水的32.7%,使到达林地的水分相对减少而养分增加,而林冠遮荫使林内土壤蒸发仅为林外草地的34.2%.苔藓-枯枝落叶层疏松多孔,最大持水量可达12.5mm水层深,加上表层较高的体积含水量和较小的水分变差系数,使其在涵蓄一部分大气降水的同时具有良好的保水性能.林地土壤具有良好的渗透性和涵蓄大气降水的能力,从而减少了地表径流量.森林的蒸散发使林区空气湿度高于周边地区17%,形成山区独特的森林小气候,从而进一步影响着山区的水文过程. 相似文献
11.
A decision support system (DSS) has been developed to assist expert and non-expert users in the evaluation and selection of
eco-engineering strategies for slope protection. This DSS combines a qualitative hazard assessment of erosion and mass movements
with a detailed catalogue of eco-engineering strategies for slope protection of which the suitability is evaluated in relation
to the data entered. The slope decision support system (SDSS) is a knowledge based DSS in which knowledge is stored in frames
containing rules that can evaluate the available information for a project, stored as project specific information (PSI) in
a data file. The advantages of such a system are that it accepts incomplete information and that the qualitative nature of
the information does not instil the user with a sense of unjustified exactitude. By its multidisciplinary and progressive
nature, the DSS will be of value during the initial stages of an eco-engineering project when data collection and the potential
of different eco-engineering strategies are considered. The accent of the output of the DSS is on the application of eco-engineering
strategies for slope protection as an environmentally-friendly solution aiding sustainable development. For its acceptance
within the engineering community, the DSS needs to prove its predictive capacity. Therefore, its performance has been benchmarked
against successful and unsuccessful cases of slope stabilisation using eco-engineering. The target audience and the areas
of application of this DSS are reviewed and the strategies for further development in this area suggested. 相似文献
12.
Natural runoff observation fields with different vegetation coverage were established in the Zuomaoxikongqu River basin in
the headwater area of the Yangtze River, and in the Natong River basin and the Kuarewaerma River basin in the headwater area
of the Yellow River, China. The experiments were conducted using natural precipitation and artificially simulated precipitation
between July and August to study the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation under the conditions of the same
slope and different alpine meadow land with coverage in the headwater areas. The results show that, in the three small river
basins in the headwater areas of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers, the surface runoff yield on the 30° slope surface of the
alpine meadow land with a vegetation cover of 30% is markedly larger than that of the fields with a vegetation cover of 95,
92, and 68%. Furthermore, the sediment yield is also obviously larger than the latter three; on an average, the sediment yield
caused by a single precipitation event is 2–4 times as large as the latter three. Several typical precipitation forms affecting
the runoff yield on the slope surface also influence the process. No matter how the surface
conditions are; the rainfall is still the main precipitation form causing soil erosion. In some forms of precipitation, such
as the greatest snow melting as water runoff, the
sediment yield is minimal. Under the condition of the same precipitation amount, snowfall can obviously increase the runoff
yield, roughly 2.1–3.5 times as compared to the combined runoff yield of the Sleet or that of rainfall alone; but meanwhile,
the sediment yield and soil erosion rate decrease, roughly decreasing by 45.4–80.3%. High vegetation cover can effectively
decrease the runoff-induced erosion. This experimental result is consistent in the three river basins in the headwater areas
of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. 相似文献
13.
采用原状膨胀岩进行室内边坡模型试验,研究膨胀岩边坡在连续降雨和湿-干循环模式下的变形和水分入渗特性,揭示两种模式下膨胀岩边坡的变形破坏模式。试验发现,连续降雨模式下初期数次降雨对膨胀岩边坡变形影响最大,有明显的水平方向位移,后期变形很小且趋向稳定。湿-干循环模式下边坡膨胀变形及深部岩体含水率降雨完成后一段时间才达到峰值,随循环次数及降雨量增大,边坡变形速率及变形量都明显增大,岩体裂隙不断发育,水分入渗深度增大,但限于表面一定深度,对深部岩体影响较小。试验结果对工程应用有一定的指导意义:连续降雨模式初期膨胀较大,须加强和完善初期的排水措施,做好边坡的支挡防护措施;湿-干循环模式下,随循环次数增加,做好坡面的防护措施,以起到保湿防渗作用;两种降雨模式均说明纯膨胀性泥岩边坡不发生典型的圆弧滑动等破坏模式,而工程边坡的滑动多发生在软弱夹层上,因此,要做好该类边坡的软弱夹层特性勘察,对于不含软弱夹层的纯泥岩边坡要重点监测其浅层变形特性。 相似文献
14.
Gully slope is one of the most active areas of soil erosion in small watershed of the Chinese Loess hilly–gully region. Although its soil erosion has been effectively controlled with the implementation of the “Grain-for-Green Program” in this region, the soil water storage and distribution have been also impacted. In particular, unreasonable revegetation model has aggravated the water shortage, which may in turn threaten the health of ecosystems. However, yet little is known about the effect mechanism of vegetation on soil water in the gully slope. In this study, we examined the relationship between two revegetation modes, including afforestation (i.e. black locust forest) and natural revegetation (i.e. the grassland), and soil water in a depth of 0–120 cm of the gully slope, during the rainy season. The results showed that the effect of the vegetation to the soil water was smaller than that of the precipitation. Furthermore, the response of soil water to the environmental factors was higher in afforestation vegetation due to its lower soil water content, resulting in higher space dependence for soil water, compared to the natural revegetation. The lower soil water content of the black locust forest was mainly caused by its higher recession rate, not its supply. The soil water was deficient for a long time, caused by afforestation, with a shallower formation depth of the dried soil layer and stronger desiccation degree. However, this deficient could not be effectively relieved until in wet year. In comparison with the ridge slope, the effect of vegetation to soil water in gully slope was stronger, with greater water consumption in afforestation vegetation and the higher water storage in natural revegetation. From the aspect of water resources conservation on the water scale, the natural revegetation was the optimal revegetation mode in the gully slope of the loess hilly region. 相似文献
15.
以风火山流域某阴坡坡顶、 坡底和阳坡坡底活动层土壤水热及气象资料为基础, 对青藏高原多年冻土区不同地形条件下的土壤水热时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明: 在融化阶段, 除表层5 cm外, 阴坡坡底各深度土壤开始融化日期均比坡顶早, 比阳坡坡底晚; 阴坡坡脚各深度土壤含水量均大于坡顶和阳坡坡底。在冻结阶段, 开始冻结日期在阴坡坡底均比坡顶早, 但比阳坡坡底晚; 阴坡坡底各深度土壤含水量均高于坡顶相应土层的含水量, 在20 cm、 100 cm、 160 cm深处高于阳坡相应土层的含水量, 但在5 cm、 50 cm深处, 稳定冻结后两者的含水量差异较小。在整个冻融过程中, 阴坡坡底土壤温度对气温变化的响应弱于坡顶及阳坡坡底, 但其土壤水分对降水的响应强于坡顶及阳坡坡底。植被生长发育受水分和热量条件的制约, 不同地形条件下水热时空变化差异将影响植被空间分布特征。在未来气候变暖情况下, 上坡位植被可能因为水分胁迫而退化, 出现荒漠化现象, 而下坡位由于受侧向流的影响, 土壤水分对降水的响应强烈, 植被不会发生显著退化; 在不同坡向之间, 同一坡位阳坡植被退化程度可能大于阴坡。 相似文献
16.
基于土水特征曲线对工程性质的重要性,利用SDSWCC压力板仪和GDS饱和-非饱和应力路径三轴试验系统,详细研究了不同干密度、干湿循环次数和净平均应力对辽西风积土土水特征曲线的影响,并采用常用的3种模型,使用数学方法对所测数据进行拟合。试验结果表明,低基质吸力阶段,干密度、干湿循环和应力作用对风积土土水特征曲线影响显著:干密度更大时,土体内部孔隙率降低,饱和含水率降低,进气值升高,持水性能更好;干湿循环作用下,随着循环次数的增加,饱和含水率增高,失水速率变大,进气值降低,持水性能减弱,但3次干湿循环后趋于稳定;应力作用下土体发生收缩变形,密度变大,其产生的影响规律与干密度相似。高基质吸力阶段,三者的影响均很小。曲线拟合分析表明,Van Genuchten模型的拟合精度最高,能够更好地描述和预测辽西风积土的土水特征曲线。研究结果揭示了辽西风积土力学、工程性质与其它地域土体的一致规律,以及风积土自身独有的特性,为广泛开展的风积土路基、桥基等工程提供了判定风积土性质的参考和依据。 相似文献
17.
There are concerns about the safety issues of dump slope in the open-cast mining pit because of the risk of catastrophic destruction caused by slope failures that are related to several factors, such as atmospheric conditions (especially precipitation), vegetation and some others. The aim of this study is to investigate the hydrological regime in a dump slope and the influence of the saturation degree on the stability of dump slopes with consideration of precipitation and vegetation using the program of PCSiWaPro?. Based on the hydrological simulation conducted through PCSiWaPro?, the calculation of the Factor of Safety (Fs) in the dump slope using Geo-slope Software was improved with further consideration of soil-water weight in the unsaturated dump slope and the influence of water content on the variation of soil property parameters (e.g. cohesion). 相似文献
18.
祁连山森林草原带为典型的山地森林和草原镶嵌景观,带内植被呈显著的斑块状分布格局,与地形因子密切相关.探究森林草原带内地形因子与土壤和植被的关系,对该区生态恢复具有重要意义.采用样地-样方调查法,研究了祁连山森林草原带土壤属性和植被生物量随坡向(南、西南、西和北)和坡位(山顶、上坡、中坡、下坡和山谷)的变化特征及其与水热... 相似文献
19.
国内外众多学者针对考虑大气环境影响作用下的区域性特殊土边坡进行了现场试验研究,特别是对膨胀土边坡现场试验研究更为深入,而对红黏土边坡的研究相对较少。在中国,红黏土分布广泛,其工程性质复杂,工程上会经常遇到与红黏土边坡有关的工程问题,如果忽略了红黏土边坡的特殊性,容易造成工程灾害。基于广西桂林市雁山地区建立的红黏土边坡的原位监测系统,跟踪红黏土边坡土体含水率及土体温度随气候变化的演化规律。试验结果表明,大气温度和净辐射量是影响红黏土边坡土体温度变化的主要因素,土温的变化又可以间接反映土体含水率的变化规律;红黏土边坡坡顶温度变化范围最大,坡脚温度变化最小;边坡土体含水量的变化是影响红黏土边坡稳定性的主要因素,温度的变化起着促进作用,温度、湿度两者的耦合作用最终导致边坡趋于不稳定。 相似文献
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