中昆仑造山带钾玄岩质火山岩的地质、地球化学和时代

本文论述了中昆仑(北坡)4个地区第四纪火山岩的地质产状、岩石学、地球化学特征及时代。这一套岩石以安粗岩类为主,普遍含有普通辉石和斜长石斑晶,少数还有橄榄石、紫苏辉石或石英、透长石、黑云母斑晶。在化学上以富碱尤其富钾为突出特点,K₂O/Na₂O≥1,而且 Rb、Sr、Ba 等低场强元素和 LREE 也强烈富集,构成一个连续的钾玄岩系列(Shoshoaite Serics)。区域构造,地球化学和深源捕虏体的证据表明,本区钾玄质岩浆来自于上地幔的低度部分熔融,并受到地壳的同化和污染。火山活动大致从晚第三纪开始一直延续到第四纪,特别是中、晚更新世最为剧烈,是昆仑山及青藏高原快速隆升的新构造运动表现形式之一。     

滇西莴中晚始新世高镁富钾火山岩中单斜辉石斑晶环带结构的成因：岩浆补给-混合过程

滇西莴中晚始新世高镁富钾火山岩中单斜辉石斑晶普遍出现正环带结构、反环带结构或韵律环带结构，少量为具绿色核部的单斜辉石(“绿核辉石”)。反环带斑晶和“绿核辉石”的幔部与正环带斑晶的核部具有相似并且相对较窄的成分范围，相对高Mg#（0.83 ~ 0.90）,低TiO2（0.13 % ~ 0.29 %）,Al2O3（0.73 % ~ 1.68 %）和Na2O （0.22 % ~ 0.42 %），为钾质岩浆平衡结晶的产物。反环带斑晶的核部相对低Mg#（0.77 ~ 0.84），但与反环带斑晶的幔部、正环带斑晶的核部均具有相似的Ti/Al比值（0.06 ~ 0.16）；韵律环带结构斑晶的成分变化均在正、反环带斑晶的成分范围之内。莴中高镁富钾火山岩中的这些环带结构单斜辉石斑晶应来源于相似的岩浆体系，反 环带结构表明在岩浆房存在较原始岩浆对较演化岩浆再补给的岩浆混合过程，而韵律环带结构特征揭示曾多次发生这种岩浆混合过程。“绿核辉石”的核部明显低Mg# （0.50 ~ 0.74）,相对富Al2O3（1.66 % ~ 3.63 %）和Na2O（0.87 % ~ 2.17 %），具有明显较低的Ti/Al比值（< 0.05）和较高的AlVI/AlIV比值（0.38 ~ 0.76），为下地壳捕虏晶 来源，证实了在滇西晚始新世富钾岩浆演化过程中存在少量地壳混染作用。     

西秦岭礼县地区新生代钾霞橄黄长岩系的单斜辉石

对西秦岭礼县地区钾霞橄橄黄长质火山岩系中单斜辉石进行了矿物化学研究，斑晶相单斜辉石类型复杂，成分变化范围大，具有多源属性，基质相单斜辉石可以分为高Ti铝透辉石和含Ti透辉石两种基本类型，它们是同源岩浆演化结晶的产物。结晶顺序前者晚于后者，岩系中透辉石Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6结晶过程中广泛存在于CaTiAl2O6分子替代，晚期熔体富Ti,Al贫Si,Mg，熔体有向富Ti,Al,Fe,Na贫Mg,Si演化的趋势，在透辉石成分上表现为CaTiAl2O6和NaFe^3 Si2O6端员分子对Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6的替代，本区基质相透辉石与世界上典型地区的钾霞橄黄长岩系的透辉石具有不同程度的可比性。     

浙西新路盆地晚白垩世钾玄岩的厘定及其地质意义

对浙西新路火山盆地发育的辉绿岩进行了激光显微探针⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar定年和系统的岩石地球化学特征研究。研究表明, 新路盆地辉绿岩成岩时代为(93±3) Ma, 属晚白垩世产物; 岩石中辉石有单斜辉石和斜方辉石两个种属, 斜长石为拉长石; SiO₂含量介于44.00%~50.09%之间, 具有富碱(平均为5.15%)、高钾(K₂O/Na₂O平均为1.08)、低TiO₂含量(平均为1.15%)等特征; 岩石具有原生岩浆特点, 显示典型的钾玄岩特征。钾玄岩富集LREE、大离子亲石元素和强不相容元素, 无Eu亏损; 锶初始值(Isr)介于0.70707~0.70870之间, (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)i介于0.512338~0.512407之间; Δ7/4Pb为6.0~9.2、Δ8/4Pb为48.5~68.0、DSr为70.73~87.04, 均表现出富集地幔特征。认为新路盆地钾玄岩的厘定对该区域岩石圈与构造岩浆演化的深入研究具有重要意义; 钾玄岩形成与造山带后碰撞期的热点活动相关; 钾玄岩侵位年龄基本限定了新路地区岩石圈大规模减薄的时限; 推测热点活动导致岩石圈减薄的动力学演化过程及其壳幔作用源区可能对火山岩型铀成矿起着重要的制约作用。     

俯冲带中H_2O和K的深循环:对碰撞后富钾岩浆成因研究的启示

在俯冲过程中形成的超高压单斜辉石 (>5GPa)含一定量的H2 O和K2 O ,它因此能把地球浅部的水和钾携带到地幔深处。超高压单斜辉石在折返过程中以两种方式释放其中的H2 O和K2 O :(1)在低温环境下进入与单斜辉石共生的出溶矿物相如金云母、角闪石、多硅白云母、钾长石等 ;(2 )当温度足够高到发生部分熔融时 ,H2 O和K2 O将进入熔体相 ,形成富钾岩浆。超高压变质岩石能不能在其折返过程中产生部分熔融主要取决于折返的 p T轨迹。俯冲板片部分熔融形成熔体的性质在很大程度上取决于变质岩的部分熔融程度。虽然经受 p <5GPa变质作用的榴辉岩通过极低程度的部分熔融也有可能形成富钾熔体 ,但由于这类榴辉岩所能携带的K2 O和H2 O相对比较少 ,因此不可能产生大规模富钾熔体 ,但可能形成相对富Na的岩浆。超高压单斜辉石 (>5GPa)部分熔融产生的富钾岩浆可以解释碰撞后富钾岩浆的成因 ,这种富钾岩浆的形成深度一般较大 (位于～ 10 0km的地幔 )。而绿辉石部分熔融形成相对富钠熔体的深度相对较浅。从单斜辉石中释放出来的H2 O和K2 O能够合理地解释大陆碰撞后富钾岩浆的成因 ,通过俯冲板片折返过程的脱水和取钾反应 ,俯冲和折返过程与碰撞后岩浆活动密切联系在一起而成为一个整体。     

西秦岭新生代高钾质玄武岩流体组成及其地幔动力学意义

西秦岭新生代高钾质玄武岩是认识大陆碰撞俯冲体制下地幔流体组成及深部动力学的岩石探针。本文采用分步加热质谱法测定了西秦岭高钾质玄武岩中斑晶及基质的流体化学组成和碳同位素组成,结果表明流体组分在200~400℃、400~800℃和800~1200℃阶段性释出,以H₂O为主,其次为CO₂和SO₂,并含有相对较高的He含量。从橄榄石斑晶到斜长石斑晶和基质H₂O和CO₂逐步升高。橄榄石斑晶流体挥发份主要释气峰温度(900~1200℃)明显高于中国东部地幔捕虏体及其它地区超镁铁质岩体中的橄榄石,流体组份以SO₂和CO₂等氧化性组份为主,其CO₂的δ¹³C值(-26.21‰~-20.85‰,平均-23.32‰)和CH₄的δ¹³C值(-42.35‰~-38.17‰,平均-40.03‰)低于基质的δ¹³C_CO2值(-16.43‰~-11.67‰,平均-13.22‰)和δ¹³C_CH4值(-44.22‰~-34.03‰,平均-39.70‰)。基质中CO₂和CH₄碳同位素组成具有机质热裂解特征。原始岩浆的流体挥发份主要为SO₂、N₂和CO₂,可能起源于较深的混杂地幔源区、演化于高f_O2的环境。流体挥发份化学和同位素组成表明高钾质玄武岩浆挥发份中存在地幔和地壳来源组分,幔源岩浆上升演化过程中可能加入了大量的H₂O和CO₂等,可能存在碳酸岩岩浆的混合或岩浆穿透区域碳酸盐地层的混染;其中的再循环壳源组分可能为古特提斯洋闭合俯冲或其后华北克拉通与扬子克拉通碰撞相关的再循环壳源沉积物脱出的流体组分。     

大兴安岭北部诺敏河地幔金云母及钾质地幔熔体研究

在大兴安岭北部诺敏河第四纪钾质火山岩携带的地幔捕虏体中,发现少量金云母矿物和富钾地幔熔体。金云母颗粒大小1~5mm,呈网脉状充填在橄榄石和辉石、石榴子石等地幔矿物间隙。电子探针研究表明地幔橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和石榴石等矿物几乎不含钾质成分(K2O0.01%),而金云母矿物成分具有高钾(K2O~10%)、高钛(Ti O25.41%~7.74%)的特点,暗示区域地幔钾的富集与金云母矿物有密切关系。地幔金云母的成因往往与富钾地幔流体/熔体的交代作用有关,在地幔捕虏体矿物反应边的硅酸盐熔体(囊体)中,发现富硅、富钾的熔体,K2O 4%~8%。结合前人地幔熔体研究,认为区域地幔经历了多期、不同成分地幔熔体的富集作用,其中富钾熔体对地幔钾质成分的富集起到重要作用。诺敏钾质火山正是富钾地幔部分熔融的产物,钾质熔体成分的来源可能与俯冲再循环的壳源物质有关。     

汉诺坝地幔捕虏体中富硅熔体的成因及其意义

近年来地幔捕虏体中富硅熔体的研究受到广泛关注,富硅熔体不仅具有多种产出状态,其成因来源也具有多样性。本文选取汉诺坝地区地幔捕虏体矿物中的熔体包裹体和斜方辉石反应边中的熔体玻璃为研究对象,探索富硅熔体在岩石圈地幔演化中的作用。通过详细的岩相学观察并结合电子探针分析发现,二者成因不同。熔体包裹体玻璃成分富硅(SiO₂ 61%~65%),相对贫Na₂O(1%~3%)、K₂O(<1%),富含挥发份(约3%~6%),为地幔交代成因;斜方辉石反应边玻璃富硅(SiO₂ 64%~67%)、碱(Na₂O 5%~7%,K₂O 6%~9%),几乎不含挥发份,是地幔捕虏体被寄主玄武岩浆快速携带上升至地表的过程中两者反应的产物。地幔交代作用产生的富硅熔体包裹体深刻影响了岩石圈地幔的地球化学性质;而玄武岩浆在上升过程中与岩石圈地幔捕虏体中斜方辉石的反应,导致了岩石圈地幔由富硅向贫硅转变,为华北克拉通的破坏提供了证据。     

华北克拉通北缘晚古生代尚义钾质花岗岩的成因分析:来自岩石地球化学的证据

产于华北克拉通北缘中段的晚古生代尚义钾质花岗岩体规模很小,岩性为钾长石斑晶(～40%)的黑云母钾长-二长花岗岩,矿物组合为钾长石(50%～60%)、斜长石(10%～20%)、石英(20～30%)、黑云母(～5%)及少量绿帘石、单斜辉石和磁铁矿。SiO2含量为65.69%～70.90%,K2O+Na2O为7.22%～9.14%,K2O/Na2O比值为0.85～1.75,Al2O3为13.58～15.09%,A/CNK值为0.89～0.93,Mg#为43～46,稀土含量中等,轻重稀土中等分异,轻微负Eu异常,富集LILE和地幔元素Cr,Nb、Ta、Ti负异常,表现为富钾、偏铝质、钙碱性的I型花岗岩。通过野外观察及岩石地球化学分析可以确定钾质花岗岩是幔源基性岩浆分离结晶并同化混染早期奥长花岗岩围岩形成的。钾质花岗岩位于尚义-赤城断裂带中,其发育的构造背景应为晚古生代时古亚洲洋板块向华北克拉通俯冲形成的活动大陆边缘。     

青藏米巴勒地区中新世钠质方沸石(霞石)响岩中单斜辉石环带研究:对岩浆-构造演化的启示

在拉萨地块中部米巴勒地区产出的中新世钠质方沸石(霞石)响岩中的单斜辉石发育大量环带结构,环带结构包括正环带、反环带和韵律环带。其中正环带结构从核部到边部Mg^#、MgO、Cr₂O₃呈逐渐降低趋势,而FeO、Na₂O、Al₂O₃、TiO₂呈逐渐升高的趋势,它反映了岩浆正常结晶的历史。反环带结构中Mg^#、MgO、Cr₂O₃从核部到边部呈升高的趋势,FeO、Na₂O、Al₂O₃的含量总体上呈降低趋势,本文认为响岩中单斜辉石的这种环带结构是受到了和它共存的钾质-超钾质火山岩岩浆混合或混染所致,两种岩石应是各自独立的母岩浆的结晶产物。具韵律环带结构的单斜辉石从核部到边部出现成分规律性波动,Na₂O、Al₂O₃、TiO₂、Cr₂O₃含量的变化在正反环带的范围内,Mg^#值的变化范围较小,在正环带斑晶和基质的范围内,它是岩浆多次混合作用的结果。该地区钠质过碱性岩的出现可能指示青藏高原在这套火山岩喷发时(13~12Ma),构造体制发生了显著的改变,进入到一个典型的陆内伸展阶段。     

Middle Eocene volcanic shoshonites from western margin of Central-East Iranian Microcontinent (CEIM), a mark of previously subducted CEIM-confining oceanic crust

In western margin of the CEIM (Ashin area), Middle Eocene volcanic shoshonites present very good exposures. This shoshonitic association comprises of all shoshonite group members from basic to acidic. Major minerals of basic members (absarokite and shoshonite) are olivine, clinopyroxene (augite), plagioclase (labradorite), K-feldspar (sanidine and anorthoclase), analcime, calcite, apatite, ilmenite and magnetite. Secondary minerals include chlorite, calcite, epidote and zeolite (mesolite). The Ashin shoshonitic rocks consist of SiO₂ undersaturated (absarokite or phonotephrite) to SiO₂ oversaturated (toscanite or rhyolite) units. The studied rocks are characterized by wide range of SiO₂ (48 to 70 wt %), low content of TiO₂ (0.35 to 1.17 wt %), and high values of Alkalis [(Na₂O + K₂O) = 7.03 to 11.4 wt %]. Other main geochemical characteristics of Ashin shoshonites are potassic to ultra-potassic nature (K₂O/Na₂O = 1.04 to 5.06), high ratios of LREE/HREE (e.g. La/Yb up to 19.16), and enrichment in LILEs. Primitive mantle normalized spidergram of the studied rocks shows positive anomalies of Cs, U, K, Pb, Hf and negative spikes of Nb, Ta, Sm, Ti and Y. All analyzed samples display markedly negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies, typical features of orogenic magmas. These geochemical signatures point out to the subduction—related nature of Ashin shoshonites and their similarity to potassic volcanic rocks of continental arcs or convergent margins. The parental magma of these shoshonites is an alkalibasalt (absarokite) which produced by low-degree of partial melting of a metasomatized enriched mantle source. Petrographical evidences together with geochemical characteristics (e.g., high values of Pb and U) of the studied rocks conclude crustal contamination of magma during ascending throughout the continental crust. The former subduction of CEIM confining ocean from Triassic to Eocene is too enough for volatile enrichment of the mantle and shoshonitic magmatism in middle Eocene of Ashin area.     

The Colider and Roosevelt Volcanic rocks (sw amazonian craton): geochemistry and sm-nd isotope characteristics of a silicic large igneous province

The volcanic rocks of the Colíder and Roosevelt formations are extensively exposed in the south-central portion of the Amazonian Craton where effusive and pyroclastic rocks have been mapped. Both units, topped by chemical sediments and oceanic facies as rhyolite and andesite lavas, rhyodacite, and porphyritic dacite, with frequent intercalations of pyroclastic and epiclastic deposits. Whole-rock geochemistry for 55 samples of rhyolitic to andesitic composition suggests the involvement of fertile mantle-derived components with E-MORB to OIB compositions. The analyzed rocks display calc-alkaline to shoshonitic affinity consistent with generation related to an active continental margin. The whole-rock Sm-Nd isotope data from selected felsic volcanic rocks of the Colíder and Roosevelt formations yield negative initial ε_Nd values between –3 and –9, indicating the predominantly crustal nature of the parental magmas with early Archean to late Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.5–2.0 Ga) depleted mantle model ages.

     

Zircon U–Pb Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Early Cretaceous Volcanic Rocks from the Manitu Formation in the Hongol Area,Northeastern Inner Mongolia

We undertook zircon U-Pb dating and geochemical analyses of volcanic rocks from the Manitu Formation in the Hongol area,northeastern Inner Mongolia,to determine their age,petrogenesis and sources,which are important for understanding the Late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Great Xing'an Range.The volcanic rocks of the Manitu Formation from the Hongol area consist primarily of trachyandesite,based on their chemical compositions.The zircons from two of these trachyandesites are euhedral-subhedral in shape,display clear oscillatory growth zoning and have high Th/U ratios(0.31-1.15),indicating a magmatic origin.The results of LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicate that the volcanic rocks from the Manitu Formation in the Hongol area formed during the early Early Cretaceous with ages of 138.9-140.5 Ma.The volcanic rocks are high in alkali(Na_2O + K_2O = 6.22-8.26 wt%),potassium(K_2O = 2.49-4.58 wt%) and aluminium(Al_2O_3 = 14.27-15.88 wt%),whereas they are low in iron(total Fe_2O_3 = 3.76-6.53 wt%) and titanium(TiO_2 = 1.02-1.61 wt%).These volcanic rocks are obviously enriched in large ion lithophile elements,such as Rb,Ba,Th and U,and light rare earth elements,and are depleted in high field strength elements,such as Nb,Ta and Ti with pronounced negative anomalies.Their Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions show positive ε_(Nd)(t)(+0.16‰ to+1.64‰) and low T_(DM)(t)(694-767 Ma).The geochemical characteristics of these volcanic rocks suggest that they belong to a shoshonitic series and were likely generated from the partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle that was metasomatised by fluids released from a subducted slab during the closure of the MongolOkhotsk Ocean.Elemental and isotopic features reveal that fractional crystallization with the removal of ferromagnesian minerals,plagioclase,ilmenite,magnetite and apatite played an important role during the evolution of the magma.These shoshonitic rocks were produced by the partial melting of the enriched lithospheric mantle in an extensional regime,which resulted from the gravitational collapse following the final closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in the Middle-Late Jurassic.     

赣南晚侏罗世橄榄玄粗岩系列的发现

对赣南三百山盆地晚侏罗世武夷群火山岩的岩石地球化学特征进行了系统研究。根据岩石Na2O K2O含量9.84%～10.74%,K2O/Na2O值1.99～2.52,高铝(ω(Al2O3)>15%)、低钛(ω(TiO2)<0.50%)、贫铁(TFeO=3.15%～3.50%),确定三百山盆地火山岩属长英质橄榄玄粗岩系列。同时根据岩石富集大离子亲石元素、铕正异常等稀土元素、微量元素特征,认为三百山盆地火山岩是挤压构造环境下,深部地幔含石榴石斜长角闪岩部分熔融的产物。     

Petrochemical constraints on the models of Cretaceous-Eocene tectonic evolution of the Eastern Pontic chain (Turkey)

Sixteen selected samples from the Upper Cretaceous volcanic belt of the Eastern Pontids have been analysed for major elements, Rb, Sr and Zr. On the basis of the K₂O versus SiO₂ distribution, two groups of rocks have been distinguished, one with calc-alkaline affinity and a second group with shoshonitic character. The calc-alkaline rocks have porphyritic texture with clinopyroxene, plagioclase and orthopyroxene as phenocryst and in the groundmass. The orthopyroxene is lacking in the shoshonites where plagioclase, clinopyroxene and, in the more evolved terms, amphibole and biotite are the main phenocryst minerals. The shoshonitic rocks have higher $\text{K}{}_2\text{O}\text{Na}{}_2\text{O}$ ratio, K₂O, P₂O₅ and Rb, contents with respect to the calc-alkaline samples. The TiO₂ content is invariably low, never exceeding approximately 1%. The occurrence of volcanic rocks ranging in composition from calc-alkaline to shoshonitic in the Upper Cretaceous volcanic belt of the Eastern Pontids suggests that the Upper Cretaceous volcanic cycle reached its mature stage before the onset of the Eocene calc-alkaline volcanism which is believed to be neither genetically nor tectonically related with the Upper Cretaceous volcanism.     

赣中早白垩世橄榄玄粗岩（Shoshonite）系列火山岩的厘定及成因研究

对赣中地区打鼓顶组第四岩性段中基性火山岩的岩石-地球化学特征系统研究表明,这一岩性段的火山岩具有高碱、 富钾、低钛、贫铁以及富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素等特征,据此厘定其为橄榄玄粗岩-安粗岩组合,属典型的大陆板内橄 榄玄粗岩系列火山岩。这套火山岩的全岩Rb-Sr等时年龄为（138±8.8） Ma, I Sr偏高,中等的εN（d t）,富放射性成因铅。盛 源盆地及邻区橄榄玄粗岩系列火山岩的△7/4Pb值为14~19.6（ 平均值为16）,△8/4Pb值为70.5~97（ 平均值为89.2）,△Sr值为 121.5~161.8（ 平均值为136.3）,显示存在典型的Dupal同位素异常。根据Sr-Nd,Sr-Pb,Nd-Pb,Pb-Pb同位素相关性分析,判 明赣中地区橄榄玄粗岩是由亏损地幔端元（DM）和岩石圈富集地幔端元（LEM）在源区混合形成的。按Nd,Sr双变量二元 混合方程式计算,得出源区物质中亏损地幔端元（DM）和岩石圈富集地幔端元（LEM）所占份额分别为37%（平均值）和 63%（ 平均值）。赣中地区早白垩世橄榄玄粗岩系火山岩的形成反映了华南板块内部在燕山晚期发生的一起重要的伸展构造 事件。     

松辽盆地营城组两类酸性火山岩地球化学特征与成因

松辽盆地断陷期营城组发育一套厚层火山岩,钻井岩心及薄片观察发现,火山岩以流纹岩、英安岩、流纹质凝灰岩及熔结凝灰岩等酸性火山岩为主,中基性岩相对较少。在对样品精细挑选基础上,开展了岩石主量元素、微量元素及Sr-Nd同位素测试分析。结果显示,该套酸性火山岩依据TiO2含量可明显分为两类,其中高Ti酸性火山岩(TiO2>0.45%),规模较小,SiO2含量介于64.87%～68.79%之间,其主量元素、微量元素与亚碱性中基性岩呈连续变化趋势且具有相似的Sr-Nd同位素组成;低Ti酸性火山岩(TiO2<0.4%)SiO2含量为68.93%～76.69%,该类岩石为营城组酸性火山岩主体,与碱性基性岩呈双峰式组合,元素含量及同位素比值变化范围较大。研究表明,两类酸性火山岩的形成都与晚中生代东北地区受古太平洋板块俯冲引起的岩石圈拆沉减薄软流圈上涌有关。在板块俯冲影响下,被富集的亏损地幔源区发生部分熔融,在岩浆演化过程中经历了一定分离结晶作用形成了少量高Ti酸性火山岩岩浆。与此同时,在底侵作用下新生地壳与下地壳物质发生混合熔融,受上地壳不同程度混染后形成了大规模的低Ti酸性火山岩岩浆。     

The carbonated source region of Cenozoic mafic and ultra-mafic lavas from western Qinling: Implications for eastern mantle extrusion in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Cenozoic Indo-Asian collision caused significant crustal shortening in central Tibet. The strike-slip faults around the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are generally attributed to extrusion tectonics, resulting from lower crust flow. Therefore, the mantle extrusion site corresponding to the Cenozoic elevation of the TP needs to be identified. This paper reports the petrology and geochemistry of Cenozoic mafic and ultra-mafic volcanic rocks in the Xiahe and Lixian areas, at the northeastern margin of the TP. Detailed analysis indicates a regular change in partial melting conditions and source regions of the volcanic rocks from west to east, revealing a Cenozoic eastward mantle extrusion in the eastern margin of the TP. The Xiahe volcanic rocks display ocean island basalt affinity with negative K anomalies and positive Nb and Ta anomalies. They are alkaline with extremely high Na₂O/K₂O ratios and relatively enriched Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions, indicating that these basalts were derived from partial melting of carbonated pyroxenite. The Lixian picro-basalts are closely associated with igneous carbonatites. They have relatively high TiO₂ (3.47–4.66%) and MgO (11.24–18.88%) contents and low SiO₂ (41.14–44.82%) and Al₂O₃ (5.84–9.18%) contents. Based on the depleted Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions, we propose that the Lixian picro-basalts may have originated from the partial melting of carbonated lithosphere mantle peridotites at relatively high pressure (> 3 GPa). Minor hornblendite in their source region can account for the high TiO₂ and Na₂O + K₂O contents. Thus, we argue that these volcanic rocks were formed by episodic decompression melting of the carbonated mantle lithosphere during the eastward extrusion of the Tibetan lithosphere, in contrast to the conventional view that they were formed in a continental rift setting. Their partial melting and eruption processes may be closely related to the Cenozoic strike-slip fault activities in the northeastern margin of the TP.     

The geochemistry and origin of quaternary volcanism in the New Hebrides

Analyses of young volcanic rocks from the New Hebrides reveal the existence of two geochemical groups which may be identified on the basis of their contents of K₂O and related trace elements. Low K₂O rocks are believed to be comparable with conventional island arc volcanism, whereas the high K₂O rocks are believed to be related to volcanism associated with tensional rifting. By comparison with high pressure experimental data it is concluded that these rocks can be derived by partial melting of hydrous mantle above the Benioff zone. However this mantle must have different concentrations of incompatible elements from the source of ocean ridge tholeiites, and residual minerals must have RE partition coefficients which differ from those of phenocrysts in volcanic rocks.