Spatial differences in seasonal variation of the upper-tropospheric jet stream in the Northern Hemisphere and its thermal dynamic mechanism

NCEP/NCAR reanalysis daily data from 1951 to 2008 are used in this study to reveal the spatial-asymmetric features in the seasonal variation of the upper-tropospheric jet stream (UTJS) and its thermal dynamic forcing mechanism. The jet occurrence percentage distribution of the UTJS demonstrates a spiral-like pattern in winter, but it is quasi-annular in summer. The jet occurrence percentage in the Eastern Hemisphere is larger than that in the Western Hemisphere, and its maximum area is located further south. The polar front jet stream (PJS) and subtropical jet stream (SJS) can be distinguished over the Northern Africa and Asian regions, whereas only one jet stream can be observed over the Western Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, a single peak pattern is found in the seasonal variation of the SJS occurrence frequency with the highest jet occurrence appearing in winter and the lowest in summer, while a double peak pattern is observed in the seasonal variation of the PJS occurrence, i.e., the jet occurrence reaches its peaks in autumn and spring for the PJS. Based on the thermal wind theory, air temperature gradient and atmospheric baroclinicity are calculated and compared with the jet occurrence variation to explore the thermal dynamic forcing mechanism for the UTJS variation. In addition, synoptic-scale transports of eddy heat and momentum are also calculated. The results indicate that the SJS variation is primarily determined by the air temperature gradient and atmospheric baroclinicity, while the PJS variation is under great influence of the transport of eddy heat and momentum over Northern Africa and East Asia. The UTJS variation over the area from 140E to 70W cannot be well individually explained by the air temperature gradient and atmospheric baroclinicity. Further analysis indicates that UTJS variation over this area is largely under control of combined effect of the transport of eddy heat and momentum as well as the atmospheric baroclinicity.     

The decay of the ALPEX low-level jet: Fine structure observation by aircraft data

Summary This case study describes the decay of a low-level jet in the alpine foreland as a planetary boundary layer phenomenon. Few measurements are known, which document this transition period of the boundary layer from night to day. Analysis of 1 and 20 Hz data of temperature and the three wind components of the ELECTRA aircraft mission on April 16, 1982 between 5 and 11 GMT allow an assessment of the temporal and spatial fine structure during the decay phase of the jet in the morning. Using the flight technique of horizontal and vertical zigzagging, the coupling of thermal stability, turbulence intensity, topography and behavior of the jet is shown.Vertical profiles and cross-sectional analysis of mean and turbulent parameters document three separate jet decay phases: decoupling, transition and erosion. During the first phase, the jet maximum is situated between surface and synoptic inversions, decoupling from surface friction and prohibiting momentum transport towards the free atmosphere. During the transition phase, the jet maximum increases in altitude. In the erosion phase, the jet covers the top of a developing well mixed layer. Turbulent mixing and entrainment on top of the layer are responsible for the decay of the jet. This is confirmed by calculating the decrease of the wind speed maximum from the turbulent momentum flux and the growth rate of the mixing layer by means of a mixed layer model in comparison to the measured wind speed jump and to other observations.With 7 Figures     

吉林一次极端降水发生发展动热力过程的数值模拟分析

利用ERA-Interim再分析资料、常规气象观测资料、CMORPH（CPC MORPHing technique）融合降水资料以及WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）高分辨率数值模拟结果,对2017年7月13～14日吉林地区的极端降水天气过程的环流背景和触发机制进行了分析。结果表明:（1）东北冷涡环流控制下,副高北抬与中纬度锋区形成了有利的大尺度环流背景。降水发生在冷涡底部与副高之间的平直纬向环流中,东北冷涡南部的低槽、低空切变线、高低空急流是影响此次降水的重要天气系统;（2）在高层辐散低层辐合的有利动力条件下,极端的水汽输送与吉林地区西低东高地形的阻挡和强迫抬升是极端降水产生的重要原因;（3）中高层有干冷空气入侵,伴随高空动量下传至低空,加强了低空急流发展,低空急流发展至地面附近产生超低空急流后,加强了上升运动。南北经向动量输送交汇加强了低层风辐合切变,切变线上对流发展与永吉附近小地形的抬升作用,诱导永吉县产生极端降水。     

雷暴大风过程中对流层中低层动量通量和动能通量输送特征研究

2014年5月31日北京发生一次雷暴大风过程。以雷达资料同化结果为初始场,对此次过程进行高分辨率数值模拟。采用非静力平衡和非地转平衡的经向动量方程和质量权重动能方程,利用模拟资料,对雷暴大风过程中经向动量和质量权重动能进行收支分析,以此来研究雷暴过程中对流层中低层动量通量和动能通量输送特征,讨论地面大风的可能成因。分析结果表明,在对流层中低层,经向动量通量散度是影响经向动量局地变化的主要强迫项。雷暴系统后部的入流把中低层的经向动量倾斜向下输送,系统前部对流云区中低层的下沉气流也向下输送经向动量。这两支下传动量通量先后与近地面经向动量的水平通量汇合,向系统前沿输送经向动量。在北京西北部地形阻挡作用下,经向动量通量在系统前端近地面辐合,促进那里的经向动量局地增长,有利于增强那里的南风。质量动能收支的特征与经向动量收支类似,在近地面层质量动能的局地变化主要是由质量动能通量散度引起的。系统后部入流把中层质量动能向下传输到近地面层,然后与近地面质量动能的水平通量汇合,向系统前沿输送质量动能。相对来说,近地面层经向动量和质量动能的水平通量比下传通量更重要,这主要与低层较强的东南急流有关。     

西风角动量输送的气候特征及其与急流关系研究

利用1958～1997年NCEP/NCAR一日四次的风场再分析资料,系统地分析了季节平均西风角动量（即u角动量）经向、垂直输送通量及其三个分量（平均经圈环流、定常波、瞬变涡输送通量）的气候特征,特别是讨论了12～2月、6～8月它们与东、西风带、副热带西风急流、极夜急流之间的联系。结果表明:（1）包含纬度因子的角动量通量与动量通量在高纬地区存在显著差别,高纬对流层上部的强动量输送中心在角动量通量中不明显。而u角动量强经向输送主要在中低纬对流层顶附近和冬半球高纬平流层顶附近,副热带西风急流和极夜西风急流均位于u角动量强向极输送中心及其高纬一侧的辐合区中。（2）发现三个输送分量对急流维持的作用随纬度、季节不同。北半球冬季（夏季）的副热带西风急流主要由平均经圈环流（强度相当的定常波和瞬变涡）强经向输送及辐合维持;南半球西风急流全年均由平均经圈环流和瞬变涡旋输送及辐合维持;冬半球中平流层极夜急流主要由定常波、瞬变涡旋输送及其辐合共同维持。（3）热带东风区是牵连角动量（即Ω角动量）的高值区,它主要由平均经圈环流向对流层上部输送;冬半球副热带及中纬西风区存在u角动量垂直输送的切变区,它主要由平均经圈环流和瞬变涡旋完成;热带对流层顶附近有u角动量的定常波弱向下输送。     

Mesoscale simulations of dynamical factors discriminating between a tornado outbreak and non-event over the southeast US Part III: 6 hour precursors

Summary Using observational analysis and mesoscale numerical simulations we investigate the subtropical jet (STJ) and the associated mass and momentum adjustments, the low-level jet (LLJ), and low-level potential vorticity (PV), 6 hours before the 1988 Raleigh (RDU) tornado outbreak. We also compare the environment to a synoptically similar event with severe weather forecasted but nothing developed over central North Carolina. In the event case there is a self-maintaining, low-level circulation, which was characterized by a surface trough, low-level PV maximum, mid-level jet and a warm Mexican airmass, that originated over Mexico, propagated across the Gulf Coast and moved over central North Carolina at the time of tornado. A meso-cyclone and low-level PV propagates over the Piedmont at the time of the RDU tornado outbreak. The low-level PV maximum is maintained by low-level forcing: specifically, tilting about a diabatic heat source (convection). In the non-event case, this feature is absent along the Gulf Coast states. In the event case, the polar jet right entrance region moves near the STJ left exit region which creates strong ascent and upper-level divergence over the Piedmont. The lifted index indicates the airmass over the Piedmont is unstable. We developed a Divergence Profile Buoyancy Index (DPBI) based on: upper-level divergence, airmass buoyancy and low-level tilting effects associated with shear and thermal gradients. We found that DBPI values over 15 correspond to tornadic activity. Received December 23, 1999 Revised January 16, 2000     

江南地面热通量对江淮气旋暴雨影响的模拟研究

通过对一次江淮气旋暴雨个例的数值模拟，研究地面热通量与大尺度流型结合作用对气旋降水系统的影响。过程前期存在南北两大片地面热通量正值区，北片位于气旋所在处及其前方，南片位于上游低空急流处。模拟比较两片地面热通量的作用发现，前期南片地面热通量，特别是强潜热通量，通过与其上空低空急流的共同作用，对后期下游江淮气旋降水系统的加强起着更为重要的作用。对其机制的初步探讨表明：由地面通量进入低层大气的水汽，通过西南气流向长江中下游输送，改变下游大气的温湿结构，并通过积云对流和层状云雨潜热释放等非绝热过程，促进后期气旋降水系统的发展     

东亚大尺度低空急流的背景流场与东半球的越赤道气流

本文介绍了关于东亚大尺度低空急流背景流场的研究,指出其上游的季风西风带对它的重要作用,以及它与东非地区越赤道气流之间的关系。利用欧洲中期预报中心提供的资料,考查了1979,1982和1983年8个夏季月的东亚大尺度低空急流,进一步研究了它们的上游流场和背景气流,指出东亚地区的低空急流主要以亚洲季风为背景。大风动量一次一次地沿着季风气流向急流区传播,它还与越赤道气流关系密切;绝大多数大尺度低空急流是东半球几支越赤道气流东传后汇合的产物。5月,以80°E附近的越赤道气流为主;6月中旬后,索马里地区低空急流建立,东非越赤道气流成为主要的影响系统,并经常与105°E的越赤道气流共同作用影响我国或东亚地区的低空急流。     

一次大暴雨过程中低空急流演变与强降水的关系

利用营口新一代天气雷达提供的每6分钟一次的风廓线资料,详细分析了2006年6月29日辽宁省西部大暴雨过程中强降雨时段的低空风场结构。得出:此次强降水天气的发生与低空急流的迅速加强和向下扩展相对应,短时大暴雨发生前低空西南急流提前2小时左右开始有动量快速下传,当20m.s-1的急流中心下传到≤1km超低空,1.2～2.1km低空出现24m.s-1东南急流,有利于产生短时大暴雨;说明低空脉动及向地面扩展程度与短时强降水之间关系密切。低空急流到达测站上空不一定立即产生强降水,有时会滞后1～2个小时,强降水或强烈天气的发生都存在着一定的动量下传,引起低空扰动加强,同时低空急流的强度和伸展高度,以及动量下传的能量大小,都直接制约着强降水的强弱。低空急流指数增大的程度和降水量的强度呈正比关系,低空急流指数不仅可以说明低空急流的脉动以及向地面扩展程度与中小尺度的强降水存在密切的关系,同时对强降水的出现以及雨强的大小有一定的预示作用。     

一次台风移出后MCC发展成因分析

应用FY-4A卫星云顶亮温(TBB)、自动站雨量资料和ERA5(0.25°×0.25°)再分析资料,对2020年第4号台风“黑格比”移出后在杭州湾生成MCC发展成因进行了分析。结果表明：(1)台风南侧的切变线辐合抬升作用以及南亚高压东部反气旋环流辐散抽吸作用,有利于中低空大气上升运动的增强,为MCC的发展增强提供良好的动力抬升条件;(2)低层台风北上后,其移动方向左后侧的冷空气南下,并与长三角地区的西南低空暖湿气流强烈交汇,斜压锋生增强,形成较强的上升运动;（3）受大陆高压东移影响,对流层中高层干冷空气东移,叠加在对流层中低空暖湿急流之上,形成了有利于MCC发生发展的大气位势不稳定层结;(4)切变线南端的西南低空急流不仅加强了低层大气的辐合和上升运动,更重要的是为MCC的发生发展提供丰富的水汽输送和汇聚;(5)水汽凝结潜热释放在MCC发展中起重要作用。水汽释放潜热加热大气,使上升运动增强,低层辐合进一步增强。低层水汽汇聚并不断向高空输送,补偿了高空凝结的水汽,潜热的不断释放,有利于MCC发展和维持。总之,台风中心移出后,台风南侧的切变线及其南侧的西南暖湿气流稳定地维持在MCC上空,为M...