荒漠河岸林胡杨养分状况研究

对荒漠河岸林胡杨叶片有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)和全钾(K)等化学组分在生长季不同月份和不同微生境间的变化以及它们彼此间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,胡杨叶片C,N,P和K的变化范围分别为39.08%～46.16%,0.28%～2.81%,0.05%～0.18%和0.35%～2.03%,平均值依次为43.51%,1.49%,0.102%和1.17%。叶片C/N,C/P和N/P的变化范围分别为16.26～146.61,258.08～908.67和2.89～26.67,平均值依次是37.24,466.27和15.14。叶片平均N含量显著低于全国落叶树平均N含量,P含量与全国落叶树的平均P含量较为接近。胡杨叶片C/N明显高于全球陆生植物的C/N比值;N/P比值说明胡杨生长受到氮和磷元素的共同限制。在生长季,胡杨叶片C、N、P和K含量总体表现为下降趋势,最高值出现在5月,最低值出现在9月;微生境间,C,N,K含量和N/P比值从河岸低地,河岸平地,河岸沙堆,戈壁到沙丘间逐渐升高;C/N趋势恰好相反,P含量没有太明显的变化。叶片C含量与N、K含量均呈极显著正相关,与P含量呈弱正相关,N-K和P-K均呈显著正相关。     

Sap-flow measurement and scale transferring from sample trees to entire forest stand of Populus euphratica in desert riparian forest in extreme arid region

Understanding how the transpiration of this vegetation type responds to environmental stress is important for determining the wa-ter-balance dynamics of the riparian ecosystem threatened by groundwater depletion. Transpiration and sap flow were measured using the heat-pulse technique. The results were then projected up to the stand level to investigate the stand’s water-use in relation to climate forcing in the desert riparian forest in an extreme arid region. This study took place from April through October 2003 and from May through October 2004. The experimental site was selected in the Populus euphratica Forest Reserve (101o10’ E, 41o59’ N) in Ejina county, in the lower Heihe River basin, China. The sapwood area was used as a scalar to extrapolate the stand-water consumption from the whole trees’ water consumption measured by the heat-pulse velocity recorder (HPVR). Scale transferring from a series of individual trees to a stand was done according to the existing natural variations between trees under given environmental conditions. The application of the biometric parameters available from individual tree and stand levels was proved suitable for this purpose. A significant correlation between the sapwood area and tree diameter at breast height (DBH) was found. The prediction model is well fitted by the power model. On the basis of the prediction model, the sapwood area can be cal-culated by DBH. The sap-flow density can then be used to extrapolate the stand-water use by means of a series of mathematical models.     

Influence of environmental, root, and stand parameters on soil surface CO2 efflux in a Populus euphratica of desert forest in extreme arid region

Spatial variation in soil surface CO2 efflux was measured in a stand of Populus euphratica in the Ejina Oasis of desert riparian forest in the extreme arid region in northwestern China from April 2007 through October 2007.Measurements were taken with a gas-exchange analyzer linked to a soil-respiration chamber.The mean soil CO2 efflux in the stand was 2.71 μmol/(m2·s) during the growing season and 1.38 μmol/(m2·s) in the nongrowing season.The seasonal maximum (end of May through early June) andminimum (October) CO2 efflux were 3.38 and 0.69 μmol/(m2·s),respectively.The diurnal fluctuation of CO2 efflux was relatively small (< 20 percent),with theminimum appearing around 05:00 and the maximum around 15:00.Linear regression analysis showed soil-surface CO2 efflux to be most highly correlated with soil temperature (R2=0.435) and soil moisture (R2=0.213).When all variables were considered simultaneously,only soil temperature (R2=0.378),soil moisture (R2=0.147),and root volume density (R2=0.021) explained a significant amount of variance in soil surface CO2 efflux.Stand volumes were not correlated with soil CO2 efflux on our sites.     

Microcoring and dendrometer-detected intra-annual wood formation of Populus euphratica in the Ejina Oasis,northwestern China

Seasonal stem radial growth and wood formation of trees have become research hotspots because of their significance for dendroclimatological and dendroecological studies. However, until recently, these studies concentrated on coniferous tree species in high-altitude and high-latitude regions, while detailed information on arid-zone riparian forests is scarce. The main focus of this study is to monitor the intra-annual dynamics of radial growth and tree ring formation in a deciduous species, Populus euphratica. In 2013, we combined the dendrometer and microcoring methods to study this species in the riparian forest of the Ejina Oasis, in arid northwestern China. Vessel enlargement began in early May, and the maximum rate of cell production occurred in early June. The cell division then ceased from early to mid-July. The dendrometer method failed to reliably detect the date of growth initiation and cessation, but succeeded to detect the time of maximum growth rate just like the microcoring method did. We found that weekly stem radial increment data described xylem growth more accurately than daily datasets. Based on correlation analysis among climatic and hydrologic variables, and weekly stem radial increment, weekly ring width increase dataset, the depth to groundwater was the main factor that limited tree ring growth. From a practical perspective, such studies of intra-annual wood formation can provide empirical guidance for seasonal water allocations within a river basin.     

荒漠河岸林胡杨和柽柳群落小气候特征研究

在内蒙古额济纳旗运用微气象学方法以多路传感器同步观测的方式对极端干旱区荒漠河岸林小气候进行了观测。对我国极端干旱区荒漠河岸林胡杨和柽柳群落内的小气候特征与空旷地的差异进行了初步的探讨,并分析了产生这些差异的原因。结果表明:荒漠河岸林具有独特的小气候作用。具有改变太阳辐射、调节近地层地表及地下温度、缩小温差、降低风速、增加土壤湿度和提高空气湿度等重要生态作用。(1)胡杨和柽柳群落均起到了改变太阳辐射的作用,林冠层顶部的太阳总辐射量月平均值分别为341.72MJ·m^-2、345.14MJ·m^-2,林冠遮蔽使胡杨和柽柳林内总辐射比林外分别减少49.8%、49.3%;(2)生长季胡杨和柽柳林内的气温均低于林外,胡杨林平均比对照低1.62℃,柽柳林平均比对照低0.83℃,而且森林覆盖率越高降温作用越明显;群落上层气温高于群落下层,气温随高度增加而增加;(3)林内平均大气相对湿度均高于林外,胡杨林生长季比对照平均高8.5%,柽柳林平均比对照大4.2%。胡杨林地空气相对湿度各月值高于柽柳林地,平均湿度比柽柳高4.33%;(4)柽柳林月平均土壤温度(19.43℃)高于胡杨林地(18.20℃);(5)林内风速低于林外,胡杨林地平均风速为0.33m·s^-1,比林外降低了2.7m·s^-1;柽柳林平均风速为0.72m·s^-1,比林外降低了2.31m·s^-1。胡杨林比柽柳林对风的阻挡作用强。     

荒漠河岸林涡度相关通量测定中平均时间的确定及其对通量计算的影响

极端干旱区在全球生态系统中具有重要的地位而越来越被人们所重视。涡度相关技术是研究极端干旱区生态系统水热和CO2交换的有力工具之一。而涡度相关数据在实际应用中需要根据研究区的实际情况选择适宜于该地区的采样和计算参数（如采样频率和平均时间等）。根据2011年9月22日～10月8日（17个白天）原始数据（采样频率为10 Hz）,采用不同平均时间（1～120 min）对塔河下游柽柳河岸林生态系统的潜热通量[（LE）]、感热通量[（H）]和CO2通量[（Fc）]进行了重新计算,比较分析各通量不同平均时间的计算值与30 min通量值,以揭示平均时间对该地区通量计算结果的影响。结果发现：（1）平均时间在120 min以内,17个白天湍流通量及能量平衡比率[（EBR）]均值随平均时间的延长而增大,当平均时间>120 min后,湍流通量（及[EBR]）均值随平均时间的延长大幅减小,其中15～60 min的[EBR]增幅较小,仅在2%左右。（2）平均时间>60 min后,[LE]、[H]和[FC]各通量计算值发生了不同程度的变异。通过进一步对上午[EBR]较为接近的5个样本日进行对比分析,发现当平均时间取15～60 min之间时,样本日的上午[EBR]值变化趋势一致,样本日间[EBR]差异较小;而当平均时间取>60 min或<15 min时,样本日间[EBR]差异明显增大。结合Ogive函数计算分析,我们的结论是,对于通量的长期观测研究而言,该地区适宜平均时间为60 min;而对通量的日变化研究而言,该地区适宜平均时间为15 min。通过分析15、30和60 min平均时间对小时通量的影响,发现当通量为增加趋势时,平均时间延长能够进一步增大通量绝对值,而当通量为减小趋势时,平均时间延长能够进一步减小通量绝对值。     

荒漠河岸林地下水位时空动态及其对地表径流的响应

荒漠河岸林是干旱地区重要的生态系统之一,受间歇性河流补给的浅层地下水是河岸林植物生存的主要水分来源。基于额济纳荒漠河岸林地下水位观测断面具有高时空分辨率的地下水位数据,分析了荒漠河岸林浅层地下水的时空变化及分水事件中河水对地下水的补给特征。结果表明:额济纳绿洲河岸林地下水位在季节尺度上具有植物生长季下降,非生长季上升的变化特征;在植物生长季内,地下水位具有白天下降,夜间上升的日周期变化特征,且日波动幅度主要受不同植被类型及植物不同生长期地下水蒸散速率的影响。黑河下游河水的河道渗漏是沿岸浅层地下水的主要补给来源,在分水过程中,距河道不同距离的地下水位对河水补给的响应时间随距离增加而增大,分水结束时的地下水位上升幅度随距离增加而减小,分水总径流量、分水持续时间和日均径流量是影响地下水补给宽度的主要因素。河道径流渗漏水量的绝大部分都通过蒸散发过程损失,从2013—2015年6次分水事件结束后,地下水估算补给量占其与蒸散量总和的平均比例为23.6%。     

极端干旱区荒漠河岸林胡杨生长季树干液流变化

应用热脉冲技术和自动气象站对极端干旱区荒漠河岸林建群种胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)的树干的液流流速及其环境因子进行了为期2 a的连续观测,对胡杨树干液流日、季变化及其与环境因子相关性进行了深入的研究。结果表明:胡杨树干液流速率日变化具有明显的昼夜节律性。白天树干液流流速变化曲线呈多峰型。夜间,胡杨同样存在明显的树干液流现象,这主要是由根压引起的。胡杨树干液流速率7月最高,6月、8月次之,9月液流速率高于5月,10月最小,主要生长期6—8月胡杨日均蒸腾量占整个生长季的70％以上。不同林龄的胡杨树干液流速率不同,表现为15龄＞25龄＞50龄。树干液流量变化与环境因子中气象因子的变化密切相关。逐步回归结果表明,液流速率与净辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度呈显著线性相关, 同时给出了依据常规气象因子估算液流速率的统计模型。     

荒漠河岸林区3种典型植物群落下土壤碳氮含量特征

以黑河下游荒漠河岸林区3种典型植物(苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)、胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima))群落下的土壤为研究对象,分析了0～280 cm土层土壤碳氮含量特征,运用Pearson相关分析、通径分析方法揭示了土壤碳氮含量与其他理化性质的关系。结果表明：(1)苦豆子、胡杨、柽柳群落下的土壤平均碳含量分别为16.35、20.23、17.23 mg·g^-1,平均氮含量分别为0.47、0.69、0.61 mg·g^-1,植被类型导致的土壤碳氮含量的差异主要表现在0～10 cm表层。(2)荒漠河岸林区0～160 cm土壤碳储量柽柳(444.64 t·hm-2)>胡杨(398.60 t·hm^-2)>苦豆子(368.95 t·hm^-2),土壤氮储量柽柳(12.46 t·hm^-2)>胡杨(11.88 t·hm^-2)>苦豆子(10.60 t·hm^-2     

The diet of the Long-eared Owls, Asio otus, in the desert of northwest China

The contents of regurgitated Long-eared Owls (Asio otus) pellets collected in Minqin Desert Experimental Research Station of northwestern China were analysed. A total of 303 individuals representing five species of rodents and one of bird were identified in the pellets. By frequency, the most common species taken by Long-eared Owls was Meriones meridianus, followed by Cricetulus barabensis and Phodopus roborovskii. By biomass, Meriones meridianus was the most important species taken, followed by C. barabensis and Rhombomys opimus. Our results suggest that the Long-eared Owls were nocturnal hunters and fed on a wide range of animals with respect to their habitats.     

Evaluation ofCitrullus colocynthis, a desert plant native in Israel, as a potential source of edible oil

Citrulus colocynthis(wild gourd) is a desert plant of the Cucurbitaceae, naturally adapted to arid environments. It was known in biblical times as a source of seed oil and its fruits were used as an efficient laxative. Accessions were collected in Israel and evaluated as a potential oil seed crop adapted to arid zones. It was found that its oil composition is similar to safflower oil, with a total of 80-85% unsaturated fatty acids. A potential yield of oil of 250-400 l ha⁻¹was calculated. The best yield was obtained during the first 4 weeks of the 10-week maturation period. Yield potential should be estimated under desert conditions in order to evaluate the plant's economic future as a crop suitable for an arid environment.     

Characteristics of the stem sap flux of Populus euphratica in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Populus euphratica trees are the sole natural perennial riparian woodlands native to the river oases in the lower reaches of Heihe River Basin in northwestern China.This study investigated characteristics of the stem sap flux of Populus euphratica and its rela-tionship to environmental factors using the thermal dissipation probe(TDP) method.The results showed that(1) daily variation of sap flow of P.euphratica on clear days exhibited an obvious unimodal curve;sap flow rates in June,July,August,and September were 13.39,12.07,12.69,and 5.10 L/d,respectively;(2) the average transpiration of the Populus euphratica from June through September amounted to 1,309.84 L;(3) stem sap flow can be affected by a number of environmental factors that,in terms of the influential degree,can be arranged in the descending order of air temperature,soil moisture,relative humidity,total solar radiation,soil temperature,and wind velocity.     

Physiological and growth responses of Populus davidiana ecotypes to different soil water contents

Changes in dry matter accumulation and allocation, gas exchange, abscisic acid content (ABA) and water use efficiency (WUE) of three contrasting Populus davidiana ecotypes were recorded after exposure to five different soil water contents. The ecotypes used were from dry, middle and wet climate regions, respectively. In the controlled environment study, five different soil water contents which were watered to 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% field capacity were used, respectively. Significant differences in height growth (HT), total biomass (TB), total leaf area (LA), total leaf number (TLN), specific leaf area (SLA), root/shoot ratio (RS), net photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (C), transpiration efficiency (WUE_T) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i) between the ecotypes were detected under all soil water contents. Ecotypic differences in ABA and carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) were also detected under low soil water contents, but these differences were not significant under high soil water content. Compared with the wet climate ecotype, the dry climate ecotype had lower HT, TB, LA, TLN, SLA, A, E and C, and higher RS, WUE_T and WUE_i under all soil water contents. On the other hand, the dry climate ecotype also exhibited higher ABA and δ¹³C as affected by low soil water contents than the wet climate ecotype. These morphological and physiological responses to water availability showed that the different ecotypes may employ different survival strategies under drought at the initial phase of seedling growth and establishment. The wet climate ecotype possesses a prodigal water use strategy and quick growth, while the dry climate ecotype exhibits a conservative water use strategies and slow growth.     

Supply and accumulation of metals in two Egyptian desert plant species growing onwadi-fill deposits

Sandy soils of thewadisin the Eastern Desert of Egypt have a poor retentive capacity for metals. The contents of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in 37 soils from this area were highly variable. The metal contents of two dominant plant species of the Eastern Desert (Senna alexandrinaandCleome droserifolia) showed no correlation with soil metals. Metals accumulated in the leaves, withCleomehaving overall higher contents of Fe, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Na and Si thanSenna, even thoughCleometended to grow in soil with low contents of these metals.     

Comparison of anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics between the two photosynthetic organs of the desert plant Hedysarum scoparium

The desert plant Hedysarum scoparium uses leaflets and rachises as its photosynthetic organs. The abundance of leaflets was lower under unfavorable environmental conditions and higher with improved water conditions. To examine the characteristics associated with the adaptation of H. scoparium to its environment, we selected plants with both compound leaves and rachis without leaflets to study the anatomical structures and gas exchange characteristics of the two organs. The results show that the water storage tissues in rachises were more developed compared with the leaflets. The diurnal courses of the net photosynthetic rate for the rachis and the leaflet were both in a bimodal pattern. Meanwhile, both two peak values of the rachis were significantly higher than those of the leaflet. The daily average transpiration rate was significantly higher in the rachis than in the leaflet in order to lower the temperature of the rachises. It was concluded that under desert drought conditions, the leaflets of H. scoparium were partially or completely degraded to reduce the transpiration area as an adaptive response to water deficit, and only the rachises were retained as photosynthetic organ. The rachises were found to be better suited to a desert habitat than the leaflets.     

西北干旱区极端气候水文事件特征分析

中国西北干旱区是对全球变化响应最敏感地区之一。气候变化导致气候水文系统的不稳定性加剧,极端气候水文事件的频度和强度增大、重现期缩短,灾害程度加重。借助资料分析和文献阅读,对过去50 a中国西北干旱区极端气候/水文事件的发生规律、影响机制及未来趋势进行了梳理总结,主要结论如下：（1）西北干旱区的极端气候/水文事件呈逐年增加趋势,特别是20世纪70年代以来增加显著;气温和降水极值都表现为一致的增强趋势。降水量的增多是降雨频率和强度共同增加的结果。（2）中国西北干旱区低温、降水极值在1986年左右发生了明显的突变,高温极值在1996年左右发生突变。突变后,气温和降水极值均发生了显著增强变化。（3）北半球极涡面积指数和青藏高原指数对西北干旱区气候极值变化具有重要影响,冬季极值还受冬季北极涛动和北大西洋涛动等影响。（4）新疆地区有变暖湿趋势,而河西走廊东部则为变干趋势。强大的西伯利亚高压和增强的贝加尔湖气流造成新疆地区降水增加,而河西走廊干旱增加是由东亚夏季风减弱引起的。     

The summer diet of the Little Owl (Athene noctua) in the desert of north-west China

The summer diet of Little Owls (Athene noctua) in Minqin Desert Experimental Research Station of northwestern China was analysed. A total of 293 individuals representing seven species of rodents, one bird, three reptiles, two families of invertebrates and unidentified invertebrates were identified in 113 pellets and 29 prey remains collected during June and July of 2005. By frequency, invertebrates constituted 77.5% of the diet, mammals 17.8%, reptiles 3.8% and birds 1.0%. In term of biomass consumption, mammals comprised 93.7% of the diet, invertebrates 3.9%, birds 1.9% and reptiles 1.1%. The results suggested that the Little Owls were active at day and night and fed mainly on rodents and beetles related to the desert habitats.     

Water shortage and associated changes in organic nitrogen betweenPappophorum caespitosum(Gramineae) provenances

Three provenances ofPappophorum caespitosum, a forage native grass from the temperate arid region of Argentina, were studied to gain a physiological knowledge of the seasonal organic N status in response to adequate water supply and water stress conditions; and to assess the extent to which variations in the N status between these provenances arise under different water regimes. Plant part samples were analysed for free and bound organic N fractions. Water shortage resulted in a significant depression of plant growth in all provenances. Total N concentration declined along the annual cycle in both water treatments, but it was higher under water stress. The size of the free N pool was very large, suggesting that it may act like an osmoticum. Nitrogen use efficiency increases along the growing period, while the rate of N intake and the specific leaf N content decrease. Variability was found between provenances in most of the physiological and biochemical traits examined under both water regimes.     

Evolutionary convergence of the highly adapted desert rodent Tympanoctomys barrerae (Octodontidae)

Octodontid rodents have a long evolutionary history in arid landscapes of South America. The red vizcacha rat, Tympanoctomys barrerae , is a monotypic, micro-endemic species that inhabits salt pan-sand dune habitats in west-central Argentina. Its natural history is almost unknown. We present an analysis of the ecology, morphology, behavior, and physiology of the red vizcacha rat and assess the overall degree of convergence of this species with rodents that inhabit similar habitats in different deserts. Our results show that Tympanoctomys barrerae is highly adapted to salt flat basin habitats. Its diet of halophytic vegetation with a high salt content, and physiological and anatomical traits related to salt consumption, are similar to those found in some members of the families Heteromyidae (Dipodomys microps) of North America, and Muridae (Psammomys obesus and Rhombomys opimus) of Africa and Asia. Similarities include feeding behavior, diet composition, kidney morphology, and urine concentration, among other traits. Tympanoctomys barrerae is more similar to these desert rodents than it is to confamilials that do not feed on halophytes.