基于小波变换和GRNN神经网络的黑河出山径流模型

对黑河山区流域月降水量和气温做Harr小波变换,并作为GRNN神经网络的输入,对黑河出山径流进行模拟和预测验证,效果较好。应用全球变化成果,在不同的气候情景下,对黑河出山径流进行预测。结果表明,黑河出山径流在未来一段时间内,径流量会有一定程度的增加,最终会减少。但模型对气温反应不敏感。去除气温重构的细节系数后,气温也成为一个敏感因素,但径流量却随气温的增加而增加。可推断,引进Haar小波变换的GRNN神经网络模型可应用于径流量对气温不敏感的流域。     

ENSO循环对中国西部祁连山区气温、降水和出山径流的影响

 根据有关水文气象台、站的观测资料,分析了El Nino事件与祁连山区气温、降水的对应关系,研究了祁连山区出山径流对EI Nino现象的响应。结果表明, EI Nino现象对祁连山区的气温、降水和径流的影响随着发生时间和地段的不同而不同。EI Nino 事件发生之年, 整个祁连山区均出现气温偏高、降水减少及径流偏枯的现象,尤以东段和中段最为明显。El Nino事件次年, 祁连山区东段和中段气温偏高、降水减少及径流偏枯的程度不如El Nino事件当年那样显著,而西段的气温、降水及径流与El Nino事件则无明显关系。     

河西内陆干旱区出山径流特征与变化趋势

一般情况下，水资源的变化主要受气候变化和人类活动的影响，但在位于我国西北内陆干旱地区的中高山地带，径流的形成主要受前者的影响。甘肃省的河西内陆干旱区是该省重要的工农业生产和经济开发区，这里各项社会和经济活动与出山径流的变化都有着十分密切的关系。因此，笔者根据有关水文气象台站的降水、气温和径流观测资料，分析了以黑河、昌马河、西营河等主要河流为代表的河酉内陆区出山径流的变化特征与规律。结果表明，河西内陆区出山口径流的季节变化主要受地理位置和河流补给来源的影响，而年际变幅则受山区降水量年际变化及变幅的影响十分明显。目前，梨园河以西河流水量处于上升阶段，梨园河以东的河流则处于下降的阶段；以黑河干流莺落峡水文站年径流为代表的走廊中部地区的出山口径流正处于1990年开始的枯水段的上升段。但总体而言，河西内陆干旱区出山口径流的变化相对比较稳定。预计今后若干年内，河西内陆干旱区东段河流出山口径流的变化以偏枯为主，中段、西段河流出山口径流的变化以平水或平水偏丰为主。     

1958~2015年疏勒河上游出山径流变化及其气候因素分析

利用1958~2015年疏勒河出山口昌马堡水文站径流资料以及同期流域气象资料,揭示了疏勒河出山径流及其对流域气候变化的响应。结果表明：总体上,疏勒河出山径流量呈现增加趋势,特别是20世纪90年代后期以来,出山径流增加趋势更为明显,但近几年,疏勒河出山径流量缓慢回落,21世纪初暂时成为代际变化的拐点。研究亦显示,疏勒河出山径流对河源处高海拔山区气候变化的响应更为敏感,出山径流年际变化实际受到山区气候因素的共同影响,不同时段各因素影响强度具有一定差异;降水是出山径流变化的主控因素,但气温升高导致冰雪融化加快是近年来出山径流增长较快的重要原因。定量分析表明,20世纪90年代后期以来气温等对径流影响比重超过60%,而降水约为30%左右。     

Temporal and spatial changes of temperature and precipitation in Hexi Corridor during 1955–2011

This study is focused on the northwestern part of Gansu Province, namely the Hexi Corridor. The aim is to address the question of whether any trend in the annual and monthly series of temperature and precipitation during the period 1955-2011 appears at the scale of this region. The temperature and precipitation variation and abrupt change were examined by means of linear regression, five-year moving average, non-parameter Mann-Kendall test, accumulated variance analysis and Pettitt test method. Conclusions provide evidence of warming and wetting across the Hexi Corridor. The mean annual temperature in Hexi Corridor increased significantly in recent 57 years, and the increasing rate was 0.27℃/10a. The abrupt change phenomenon of the annual temperature was detected mainly in 1986. The seasonal average temperature in this region exhibited an evident upward trend and the uptrend rate for the standard value of winter temperature indicated the largerst of four seasons. The annual precipitation in the Hexi Corridor area displayed an obviously increasing trend and the uptrend rate was 3.95 mm/10a. However, the annual precipitation in each basin of the Hexi Corridor area did not passed the significance test. The rainy season precipitation fluctuating as same as the annual one presented insignificant uptrend. No consistent abrupt change was detected in precipitation in this study area, but the rainy season precipitation abrupt change was mainly observed in 1968.     

The relationship between ENSO cycle and temperature,precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area

El Nino and La Nina are the events concerned internationally. The corresponding relationship between E1 Nino events, temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area are analyzed according to the date fi‘om the weather and the hydrometric stations in the area, the results show that effects of E1 Nino events to temperature, precipitation and runoff are different in the different time and zones. When E1 Nino occurs, temperature rises, but precipitation and runoff decrease in the whole Qilian mountain area, especially in the east and middle parts of the area. Temperature rises, precipitation and runoff still decrease in the eastern Qilian mountain area in the next year El Nino occurring, but decrease extent is fewer. There are not obvious relationship between temperature,precipitation and runoff with El Nino events in the western Qilian mountain area.     

近50 年来祁连山及河西走廊地区极端降水的时空变化研究

利用1960~2009年的日降水量资料,选用13项极端降水指数,采用线性趋势、10年趋势滑动、Mann-kendall等方法,对祁连山及河西走廊地区极端降水的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明：极端降水日数呈增多趋势,极端降水强度呈减小趋势,极端降水总量呈增加趋势,连续干旱日数、连续湿润日数呈减少趋势,一日最大降水量、五日最大降水量呈增大趋势;极端降水变化存在一定区域差异,走廊平原中西部的降水明显增加,降水变率在减小,走廊平原中部极端降水的日数在增多,降水极值在增大,走廊平原祁连山东部的降水在增加,降水极值在增大,但连续极端降水的总量在减少,祁连山中部的降水在明显增加,降水的极端性在明显增大,对气候变暖的响应最敏感;不同极端降水指数分别在20世纪60年代中期、70年代中期、80年代初期、80年代中后期、90年代中期发生了突变,这些突变点与东亚季风、南亚季风、西风环流等大尺度环流系统强弱变化的时间点是一致的。     

The relationship between ENSO cycle and temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area

El Nino and La Nina are the events concerned internationally. The corresponding relationship between El Nino events, temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area are analyzed according to the date from the weather and the hydrometric stations in the area, the results show that effects of El Nino events to temperature, precipitation and runoff are different in the different time and zones. When El Nino occurs, temperature rises, but precipitation and runoff decrease in the whole Qilian mountain area, especially in the east and middle parts of the area. Temperature rises, precipitation and runoff still decrease in the eastern Qilian mountain area in the next year El Nino occurring, but decrease extent is fewer. There are not obvious relationship between temperature, precipitation and runoff with El Nino events in the western Qilian mountain area.     

近50年来ENSO与祁连山区气温、降水和径流的对应关系

El Nino and La Nina are the events concerned internationally. The correspondingrelationship between El Nino events, temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain areaare analyzed according to the date from the weather and the hydrometric stations in the area, theresults show that effects of El Nino events to temperature, precipitation and runoff are different in thedifferent time and zones. When El Nino occurs, temperature rises, but precipitation and runoff decreasein the whole Qilian mountain area, especially in the east and middle parts of the area. Temperaturerises, precipitation and runoff still decrease in the eastern Qilian mountain area in the next year ElNino occurring, but decrease extent is fewer. There are not obvious relationship between temperature,precipitation and runoff with El Nino events in the western Qilian mountain area.     

祁连山区近50a来的气温序列及变化趋势

利用河西祁连山区东段乌鞘岭、中段祁连和西段托勒气象站20世纪50年代以来的气温观测资料分别建立了祁连山区东段、中段和西段三个区域的年及冬季(11~2月)、春季(3~5月)和夏秋季(6~10月)的气温时间序列,并对其变化特征和趋势进行了分析研究。结果表明:祁连山区的平均气温的变化既与全球升温存在着某种程度的一致性,又有着鲜明的区域和季节差异,具体表现为:冬季(11~2月)平均气温序列的上升趋势较年平均气温和其它季节平均气温更为显著,并且20世纪90年代为近50a来最暖的10a;总体上祁连山区的平均气温呈不连续地缓慢地波动状上升趋势,但升幅不是很大。因此,预计祁连山区平均气温的这种变化对出山径流将不会产生大的影响。     

气候要素及El Niño/La Niña事件对中国陆地NPP变化的影响

植被净初级生产力（NPP）是表征陆地生态系统碳循环的重要指标,也是人类社会赖以生存与发展的物质基础。基于遥感—过程耦合模型（GLOPEM-CEVSA模型）模拟的中国区域NPP数据和气象站点观测资料以及厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜（El Ni?o/La Ni?a）事件信息,利用GIS空间分析技术和数理统计方法研究了中国植被NPP的时空格局、动态变化以及气候要素和El Ni?o/La Ni?a气候事件对其影响。结果表明,1982-2011年,中国植被NPP总体上以5.66 gCm^-2(10a)^-1的趋势增长,空间上,植被NPP在中国西部和东北北部、东部地区增加,而在东北中部、华北平原、内蒙中东部、长三角和珠三角地区减少。中国江淮地区植被NPP的降低与日照时数的减少具有较好的对应关系,在华北地区和新疆北部,NPP的增减取决于降水量的增减。东北地区日照时数的增加和气温的升高则是NPP增加的主要原因。就全国整体而言,在El Ni?o年植被NPP增加的区域略多于减少的区域,在La Ni?a年NPP增加的区域则与减少的区域基本相等,日照时数是造成El Ni?o年与La Ni?a年植被NPP差异的主要气候因子。未来需要更加关注辐射、极端气候事件以及人为空气污染对中国不同地区植被的影响。     

1960—2017年中国北方气候干湿变化及其与ENSO的关系

基于中国北方424个气象站实测数据,应用FAO Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散（Potential evapotranspiration,ET₀）,使用降水和潜在蒸散数据计算得到标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI）,以此研究了1960—2017年中国北方干湿时空变化特征,分析了ENSO对北方气候干湿变化的影响。结果表明：中国北方干湿变化的线性趋势总体不显著,四季中春季和冬季变湿趋势明显。空间上,西北西部存在明显的变湿趋势,干旱化趋势主要发生在黄土高原、内蒙古东部和东北东部地区。全区各级干旱事件呈减少趋势,各级湿润事件呈增加趋势,其中以中等干旱的减少最为显著。西北西部中等干旱和极端干旱明显减少,东北北部和新疆部分地区极端湿润明显增加。全区四季3类干旱事件均表现为减少的趋势,3类湿润事件均表现为增加的趋势,西北西部四季3类干旱事件均呈减少趋势。ENSO对北方干湿的影响存在一定程度的滞后性。El Ni?o翌年气候湿润,La Nina翌年气候干旱。在年际和春季2个尺度上,SSTA与翌年SPEI存在显著的正相关关系。     

西北干旱区极端气候水文事件特征分析

中国西北干旱区是对全球变化响应最敏感地区之一。气候变化导致气候水文系统的不稳定性加剧,极端气候水文事件的频度和强度增大、重现期缩短,灾害程度加重。借助资料分析和文献阅读,对过去50 a中国西北干旱区极端气候/水文事件的发生规律、影响机制及未来趋势进行了梳理总结,主要结论如下：（1）西北干旱区的极端气候/水文事件呈逐年增加趋势,特别是20世纪70年代以来增加显著;气温和降水极值都表现为一致的增强趋势。降水量的增多是降雨频率和强度共同增加的结果。（2）中国西北干旱区低温、降水极值在1986年左右发生了明显的突变,高温极值在1996年左右发生突变。突变后,气温和降水极值均发生了显著增强变化。（3）北半球极涡面积指数和青藏高原指数对西北干旱区气候极值变化具有重要影响,冬季极值还受冬季北极涛动和北大西洋涛动等影响。（4）新疆地区有变暖湿趋势,而河西走廊东部则为变干趋势。强大的西伯利亚高压和增强的贝加尔湖气流造成新疆地区降水增加,而河西走廊干旱增加是由东亚夏季风减弱引起的。     

Regionalization and Variability of Precipitation in Hawaii

Regions based on seasonal precipitation variability for Hawaii are determined using a principal components analysis applied to 124 stations for the period 1971-2000. Nine regions are delineated and are consistent with known precipitation patterns; leeward and windward stations are in separate regions on all islands. Within each region, the relationship between precipitation and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is examined using a correlation analysis with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), and the Niño 3.4 and Niño 1+2 indices. Precipitation is most frequently correlated with ENSO in the different regions using SOI and Niño 3.4. Using several nonparametric statistical tests, it is determined that while average precipitation received in Hawaii during El Niño events is significantly different from average precipitation (1971-2000) and from precipitation received during La Niña events, the relationship between precipitation and individual ENSO events within regions is rarely significant. Finally, during El Niño or La Niña events, average precipitation receipt across the regions co-varies during winter and summer under concurrent conditions and a one-season lag. Synoptic patterns are examined and indicate a deviation from average conditions during ENSO events that affects subsidence and precipitation patterns.     

河西地区水、土资源的合理开发利用

通过调查计算,评述了河西地区水、土资源状况及开发利用过程中引起的环境变化和存在的主要问题,提出合理开发利用水、土资源的建议和意见:1.以流域为单元进行水、土资源合理利用布局,2.以水定地、搞好水土平衡,3.提高单位面积产量,适当扩大灌溉面积,4.合理利用和改良草场,5.种草种树,保护植被,6.提高水资源利用率。     

Ecological adaptation of Reaumuria soongorica root system architecture to arid environments

The architectural parameters of Reaumuria soongorica root system in different habitats of Gansu Province, China were analyzed to examine its ecological adaptability to arid environments. Results show that： （1） Topological indices of R. Soongorica root sys- tem are small in all habitats, and root branching pattem tends to be dichotomous. Also, the indices gradually increase in the Min- qin windblown sand region and the Zhangye Gobi region in Hexi Corridor, which indicates that drought tends to produce her- ringbone-like root branching pattems. （2） Fractal dimension values ofR. Soongorica root system are small and not obvious in the Minqin windblown sand region and the Zhangye Gobi region in Hexi Corridor, with values of 1.1778 and 1.1169, respectively. Fractal dimension values are relatively large in Jiuzhoutai semi-arid hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau, which indicates that the R. Soongorica root system has better fractal characteristics in this region than in the other regions. （3） Total branching ra- tios of the R. Soongorica root system in arid regions of Hexi Corridor are smaller than that in the Jiuzhoutai semi-arid hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau. This shows that root branching ability in the semi-arid region is stronger, and it decreases to some degree with increased drought. （4） The root connection lengths of R. soongorica root system are long in all habitats, but there are significant length differences between the different habitats. The root connection length at the Minqin windblown sand region is the longest. It is concluded that R. soongoriea adapts to arid environments by decreasing root branching, decreasing root overlap and increasing root connection length, which makes its root branching pattern tend to be herringbone-like to reduce com- petition in root internal environment for nutrients and to enhance root absorption rate of nutrients, and ensure effective nutrition space. Thus the roots can absorb enough water and nutrients in resource-poor settings to ensure normal physiological requirements.     

红砂根系构型对干旱的生态适应

 对西北干旱、半干旱区不同生境条件下红砂（Reaumuria soongorica）根系构型参数进行了分析,以探讨红砂根系构型对干旱的生态适应性。结果表明:①不同生境条件下红砂根系的拓扑指数均较小,根系分支模式接近叉状分支模式,但在干旱的河西走廊风沙区和戈壁区红砂根系拓扑指数均逐渐增加,表明干旱有使红砂根系分支向鱼尾分支模式发展。②干旱的河西走廊风沙区和戈壁区红砂根系分形维数均较小,分别为1.1778、1.1169,分形特征不是很明显;而半干旱的黄土丘陵沟壑区分形维数较大,根系具有很好的分形特征。③干旱的河西走廊红砂根系总分支率均比半干旱的黄土丘陵沟壑区要小,表明在半干旱的黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂根系分支能力相对较强,随着干旱的增加其分支能力有所减弱。④不同生境条件下红砂根系的连接长度都较大,但不同生境却表现出明显差异,其中干旱风沙区根系平均连接长度最长。红砂为适应干旱的环境通过减少根系次级分支和根系的重叠、增加根系连接长度,使其根系的分支模式向鱼尾分支模式发展以降低根系内部对营养物质的竞争,提高根系对营养物质的吸收效率,保证植物有效的营养空间,从而在资源贫瘠的环境中吸收足够的水分和营养来保证其正常生理需求。     

河西走廊东部低温事件变化特征

根据1960-2015年河西走廊东部5个气象站逐日最低、平均气温资料,通过固定阈值和百分位阈值法定义了低温事件,采用气候统计学方法,分析了该区域低温事件的强度、极值和日数的变化特征,统计结果显示,受海拔高度、地形地势和植被覆盖的影响,河西走廊东部低温事件的空间分布均存在明显地域差异,均为高寒山区天祝强度和极值最强,日数最多,绿洲平原区凉州强度和极值最弱,日数最少。河西走廊东部年代和年低温事件强度和极值呈减弱趋势,日数呈减少趋势,2010-2015年减弱和减少的趋势尤为明显。年低温事件强度、极值和日数的时间序列均存在着周期性变化,但都没有发生气候突变,只出现了转折年份。两种标准的低温事件均出现在1~3月和11~12月,强度、极值和日数高峰值均在1月或12月。年低温事件存在一定的异常性,正常低温事件强度、极值和日数的年份概率在64.3%～80.4%,对安全生产造成危害的低温事件强度、极值偏强和特强年份的概率在7.1%～16.1%,日数偏多和特多年份的概率共为16.1%。本研究可为低温的预报预警提供技术支持,同时可为地方政府提供准确的决策依据,对区域气候变化研究和经济发展有重要意义。     

河西走廊春季降水的空间异常分布及年代际变化

利用河西走廊19个气象站建站至2012年3—5月降水量资料,分析了河西走廊春季降水的基本气候特征;通过EOF、REOF、小波分析等方法,对河西走廊春季降水的时空特性进行了研究,用Mann-Kendall检验法检验河西走廊春季降水序列是否存在突变现象。结果表明,河西走廊春季降水空间分布极不均匀,其空间分布特征是东南部为多雨区,西北部为少雨区。河西走廊春季降水在第一空间尺度上为全区一致,在第二空间尺度上可分为2个自然气候区,在第三空间尺度上可分为5个自然气候区。从年代际变化来看,21世纪初10年是近半个世纪来降水最多的10年,20世纪70年代是降水最少的10年;河西走廊春季降水的年际变化十分显著,降水最多的年份是最少年份的6倍多。1961—2012年间河西走廊春季降水发生了明显的突变:1985年出现了一次趋于增多的突变。3年的短周期和19年的长周期是其主要周期。     

Climatic response of Picea crassifolia tree-ring parameters and precipitation reconstruction in the western Qilian Mountains, China

Cores of thick leaf spruce from the western Qilian Mountains were subjected to densitometric analysis to obtain data for seven tree-ring parameters (tree-ring width, earlywood width, latewood width, maximum density, minimum density, mean earlywood density and mean latewood density). The chronologies were analyzed individually and then compared with each other. Most of these variables show moderately high values of common variance and mean interseries correlation except latewood and maximum densities. The relationships between the different tree-ring parameters and climate data are also presented. The growth/climate response analyses reveal that the radial growth of thick leaf spruce is the mainly controlled by total annual precipitation (July-June). Herein the residual ring width chronology was used to reconstruct annual (July-June) precipitation of Jiuquan for the period 1768-2009 A.D., and it accounted for 45.0% of the precipitation variance. Multi-taper spectral analysis reveals the existence of significant 11.1-year, 4.9-year, and 2.0- to 3.4-year periods of variability. Spatial analysis shows that the precipitation of Jiuquan has strong common signals for the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Hexi Corridor. Drought events in our reconstruction are compared to the historical archives and other moisture-sensitive tree ring width series in the Hexi Corridor. The results reveal common climatic extremes over much of the Hexi Corridor. Many of these events have had profound impacts on the peoples of the Hexi Corridor over the past several centuries.