新疆三塘湖盆地中二叠统基性火山岩铂族元素地球化学特征及地质意义

报道了新疆三塘湖地区中二叠统基性火山岩的铂族元素(PGE)地球化学特征。采用镍锍火试金法结合ICP-MS测定了样品的PGE含量。三塘湖火山岩的PGE总含量低,其PGE原始地幔标准化曲线均向左倾斜,Pt呈正异常。整体上岩石的PGE含量随基性程度降低而减少。样品的Pd/Ir比值(5.8~15.5)、Cu/Pd比值(236×103~1 790×103)和Ni/Cu-Pd/Ir关系以及岩石地球化学特征显示,形成三塘湖中二叠统岩浆岩的初始岩浆为MgO含量较高、PGE无亏损的玄武质岩浆,并在源区发生硫化物熔离作用,促进硫饱和的机制为地壳物质的加入。三塘湖火山岩的各铂族元素含量之间均呈正相关,指示其经历过深部硫化物熔离的残余岩浆在进一步的演化过程中,发生了硫化物的分异作用,同时Pd/Ir与Ni/Cu呈负相关关系,表明残余岩浆还存在橄榄石的分离结晶作用。由于初始岩浆中的PGE在源区就随硫化物熔离出来,故三塘湖地区PGE成矿前景不大。     

新疆哈密白石泉含铜镍镁铁-超镁铁质岩体铂族元素特征

新疆哈密白石泉镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的铂族元素研究表明,岩体的铂族元素总含量较低,原始地幔标准化模式具镁铁质岩石的特征,并具Pt 正异常,且铂族元素的分异主要受结晶分异作用的影响.岩体的Cu/Pd、Se/S、Ti/Pd值表明其发生过硫化物的熔离作用.Pd/Ir、Ni/Cu特征表明了岩体系高镁玄武岩岩浆的产物.铂族元素特征揭示了白石泉岩体硫化物的熔离作用是由原始岩浆结晶分异导致的,岩体的形成是原始岩浆发生橄榄石等的结晶,导致硫化物的熔离作用后,其残余岩浆演化的结果.     

新疆北山地区两个含铜镍镁铁—超镁铁质岩体铂族元素地球化学研究

对北山地区坡一和罗东含铜镍的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体铂族元素研究表明,两个岩体的铂族元素(PGE)总量较低,PPGE较IPGE富集,原始地幔标准化模式呈正斜率,均较原始地幔亏损,具Ir和Rh的弱负异常。较低的Pd/Ir比值表明岩石主要受岩浆作用控制,后期热液作用影响不明显。两个岩体的原生岩浆均为MgO 含量较高的PGE不亏损的拉斑玄武质岩浆,较高的Cu/Pd、Ti/Pd比值表明岩浆在演化过程中发生了硫化物的熔离。罗东岩体早期矿物相（橄榄石、铬铁矿）的分离结晶作用对岩浆中的硫达到饱和具有重要的贡献,而坡一岩体该作用对硫化物熔离的贡献不明显。坡一和罗东岩体的R值表明两岩体均具有达到中型Ni矿床的潜力。     

四川攀枝花新元古代苦橄质岩脉的铂族元素地球化学特征

四川攀枝花地区出露有新元古代苦橄质岩脉。本文研究表明这些苦橄质岩脉的铂族元素(PGE)含量较高(19.7~29.0 ng/g),原始地幔标准化后的PGE分布模式呈Pt-Pd富集型,Pd/Ir值(5.64~11.33)与高镁玄武岩和科马提岩相似。同时,这些岩石显示在形成过程中没有经历硫化物和PGE合金矿物的熔离,其原始岩浆起源于地幔较高程度的部分熔融,可能与地幔柱的影响有关。通过扣除铬尖晶石和橄榄石结晶分异对PGE造成的影响,得到原始岩浆的PGE组成特征为Ir、Ru、Rh相对于Pt、Pd明显亏损,在源区已无硫化物存在的条件下,这很可能是由于地幔部分熔融过程中有IPGE合金矿物残留在地幔源区。攀枝花地区苦橄质岩脉可能与该地区冷水箐Cu-Ni硫化物矿床具有相似的原始岩浆组成。     

东天山圪塔山口铜镍矿床铂族元素特征及对成矿过程的约束

圪塔山口铜镍矿床位于东天山黄山-镜儿泉-图拉尔根铜镍矿带东段,目前,规模已达小型,以星点状和稀疏浸染状矿石为主。矿石中Ni含量为0.16%~1.39%,Cu含量为0.02%~1.21%,Ni/Cu值为1.15~7.01。铂族元素总量含量较低,为13.11×10-9~828.09×10-9,矿石Pd/Ir值为13.9~20.8,表明成矿后热液活动对铂族元素影响较小。铂族元素原始地幔标准化配分曲线呈明显的左倾型,PPGE含量略高于IPGE。在Ni/Cu-Pd/Ir图解上,圪塔山口矿床母岩浆成分落入高镁玄武岩区域,与国内其他典型铜镍矿床成矿母岩浆性质一致。深部岩浆房内少量硫化物的熔离是导致矿石中PGE亏损的主要原因。铂族元素之间呈较好的正相关性,表明硫化物熔离后未发生明显的分离结晶作用。     

大别造山带祝家铺辉长岩的铂族元素特征

采用镍锍火试金法结合ICP-MS分析了祝家铺14个辉长岩样品中的Ir，Ru，Rh，Pt和Pd的含量。结果显示其PGE的含量较低，原始地幔标准化后的PGE分布模式呈正斜率型，PPGE相对原始地幔略微亏损，而IPGE强烈亏损，Pd／Ir值(22—138)远高于相应的地幔比值，表明铂族元素发生了分异。对祝家铺辉长岩的铂族元素研究表明，在其源区发生过硫化物的分异作用，地壳的混入可能促进了硫化物的饱和。祝家铺辉长岩中铂族元素的分异是因为在地幔部分熔融和岩浆演化过程中，PPGE主要受硫化物控制，而Ir则存在于非硫化物相如尖晶石、可能还有合金之中。     

新疆东天山土墩铜镍硫化物矿床岩石地球化学和铂族元素特征及其对成矿的指示意义

为了探讨土墩铜镍硫化物矿床的成矿岩浆来源、岩浆演化过程以及硫化物熔离成矿作用,文章对土墩矿区内不同类型的岩石进行了岩石地球化学特征的研究,认为该矿床的成矿岩浆属于拉斑玄武岩浆系列。岩浆在岩浆房和/或侵位过程中存在着分离结晶作用,并且,在其上升演化过程中可能经历了同化混染作用。首次对该矿区内岩石和矿石的铂族元素地球化学特征开展了研究,发现其岩石及矿石具有一致的物质来源;岩石及矿石的PGE总量都较低,配分模式都为左倾富集PPGE的Pt-Pd型。根据Ni/Cu-Pd/Ir图解和地球化学特征,认为土墩岩体的原始岩浆应是低程度地幔部分熔融岩浆,是MgO含量较高的PGE不亏损的玄武质岩浆。根据Cu/Pd值较高,可以推断土墩矿床的成矿母岩浆在演化过程中经历了深部硫化物部分熔离的过程,这可能是导致该矿床PGE明显亏损的原因之一。同时,根据Cr与PGE和Ni的相关关系,认为其母岩浆可能经历了铬铁矿的分离结晶作用,这也许是导致该矿床硫化物发生熔离作用的重要因素。结合Ti/Y-Zr/Y相关图解及东天山区域地质演化史,笔者认为,土墩矿区的成矿镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体是形成于碰撞后的拉张环境。     

北大别白垩纪镁铁－超镁铁岩的铂族元素地球化学研究

采用镍锍火试金法结合ICP-MS分析了12个北大别白垩纪镁铁-超镁铁岩样品的Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt和Pd的含量,结果显示铂族元素（PGE）的含量较低,原始地幔标准化后的PGE分布模式呈正斜率型,PPGE相对原始地幔略微亏损,而IPGE强烈亏损,Pd/Ir值远高于相应的地幔比值。这些镁铁-超镁铁岩中PGE的强烈分异是地幔低程度的部分熔融过程中,PPGE主要受硫化物控制,而Ir则存在于非硫化物相如尖晶石,可能还有合金之中造成的。同时,铂族元素的分布特征表明这些镁铁-超镁铁岩是岩浆结晶分异的产物。     

黔西南碱性超基性脉岩的铂族元素地球化学

黔西南出露大范围的碱性超基性脉岩,其成因研究对了解该地区大规模的金矿形成具有重要意义。采用卡洛斯管同位素稀释法结合ICP-MS分析了黔西南4个岩区碱性超基性脉岩中的Ni、Ir、Ru、Rh、Pt、Pd和Cu的含量。结果显示:研究区脉岩铂族元素(PGE)的含量普遍较低,原始地幔标准化PGE分布模式呈正斜率型;并具有较高的Cu/Pd比值(11903~60210)。综合对比研究表明,研究区脉岩为地幔低程度部分熔融作用的产物,原始岩浆具有硫不饱和的特征,岩浆在上升过程中没有发生明显的硫化物分异,但发生了一定程度的岩浆分离结晶。此外,陇要脉岩可能经历了岩浆上升时铬铁矿的分离结晶作用。     

塔里木大火成岩省瓦吉里塔格霞石岩铂族元素地球化学特征

作为塔里木大火成岩省形成最晚的火成岩,新疆巴楚瓦吉里塔格霞石岩的岩浆源区性质的确定对于揭示塔里木大火成岩省的深部地质过程具有重要的约束作用。对瓦吉里塔格霞石岩的铂族元素地球化学特征进行了研究,铂族元素(PGE)分析结果显示,原始地幔标准化的PGE呈正斜率型分布,且Pd/Ir值高于原始地幔比值,说明霞石岩的铂族元素发生了分异。霞石岩全岩的PGE与Mg O呈正相关,Pd/Ir、Cu/Pd与Mg O则呈负相关,说明PGE的分异主要受到橄榄石的结晶分异作用控制,也是其Cu/Pd值极高及岩浆S饱和的因素之一,同时Cu/Pd值说明霞石岩岩浆为硫饱和岩浆,但是没有因素导致岩浆S过饱和进而发生硫化物的熔离。与其他大火成岩省岩石相比,瓦吉里塔格霞石岩极度亏损PGE,SCSS(硫承载量)计算结果表明母岩浆在形成之初就发生S过饱和,主要是地幔低程度部分熔融造成的,据此认为地幔源区的部分熔融程度在塔里木大火成岩省Cu-Ni硫化物铂族元素矿床形成过程中起着至关重要的作用。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.