The city of Moscow and the Moscow agglomeration

Lower rainfall and a longer dry season appear to have characterised SE Asia during the Quaternary Glacials. This had an important effect on vegetation and on landform development, particularly on weathering, river regimen, coastal features and planation. The low Glacial sea levels are generally thought not to have caused river incision and deposition of rather coarse-textured materials is considered more characteristic. Incision was mainly tied to the Interglacial and Holocene humic tropical conditions when vegetation interfered with non-concentrated surface wash. Clay blankets were deposited off-shore and also above the waterline. This concept has consequences for the Quaternary chronology in SE Asia.     

Long-term fluvial archives in the Fen Wei Graben,central China,and their bearing on the tectonic history of the India–Asia collision system during the Quaternary

Staircases of large-scale river terraces are striking features of the landscape in the Fen Wei Graben, adjacent to the Qinling orogenic belts, central China. Field investigations indicate that all five river terraces are composed of a basal channel gravel and an overlying, thick loess–palaeosol succession. As Chinese loess stratigraphy has been well studied, it favours age determination of these terraces and their correlation with the marine oxygen isotope stages. Our research indicates that the ages of the five terraces are approximately 2.6, 1.2, 0.9, 0.65, and 0.15 Ma, respectively. The formation of these river terraces within the Fen Wei Graben has been attributed to NW–SE crustal extension, associated with left lateral displacement between the North and South China Blocks, in response to the northward movement of India towards Asia since Cenozoic time. Thus, the stepped terraces in the Fen Wei Graben reflects elements of the India–Asia collision systems, in which terraces define episodes of accelerated northward movement of India towards Asia during the Quaternary.     

The Sunda Shelf—A Submerged Amazon Basin?

A crucial and debatable issue in paleoclimatology is the change of terrestrial vegetation and the role of its carbon storage in glacial cycles. In the modern world, the Amazon Basin hosts the largest tropical rainforest and plays a major role of carbon sink, but during the glacial times another large tropical rainforest must have formed in the then emerged Sunda Shelf, SE Asia, and significantly changed the global carbon cycling. Accordingly, ocean drilling expeditions to the Sunda Shelf are being proposed in order to investigate the sea level changes, evolution of river network, vegetation and carbon storage, as well as biogeography of the tropical region over the last millions of years.     

Quaternary geology and sapphire deposits from the BO PHLOI gem field,Kanchanaburi Province,Western Thailand

One of the most famous blue sapphire deposits in Thailand and SE Asia is from the Bo Phloi District, Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand. This paper presents the results of our gemstone investigation as well as establishing the Bo Phloi depositional sequence as one of the Quaternary Type Sections in the region. Relationships among the sedimentology, depositional sequences and geomorphology were investigated in order to understand the gemstone depositional features. Sedimentary structures and textures of the sequences show that the deposition of gemstones is related genetically to fluvial processes. Gemstones are recognized in floodplain and low terrace deposits where gemstone paystreaks concentrate mostly inside layers of gravel beds and foreset-bedded gravels lithofacies. C-14 dating of wood and peat within gemstone-bearing layers indicated that the deposit formed during the middle to late Pleistocene. The gemstone-bearing gravel bed defines a north–south trend along the incised palaeo-channel of an ancient braided river system in the middle part of the basin.     

澳大利亚的第三纪及第三纪—第四纪过渡期(英文)

第三纪的板块运动驱动着澳大利亚的气候和植被进行演化。广布的湿润森林区是澳大利亚老第三纪的特征。一直到始新世 ,生物多样性都在不断地提高。毫无疑问 ,这是澳大利亚由高南纬区向北部中纬区运移的结果。从始新世到上新世 ,澳大利亚的气候总体上要比现在湿润 ,但降水量季节性变化的增强推动了中新世以后硬叶植物和旱生植物的发展。上新世晚期似乎与第四纪一样 ,都出现过周期性干旱。这种干旱与冰期条件有关 ,至少由南澳大利亚晚第四纪的记录可以认识到这一点 ,澳大利亚的这段历史与东亚的气候变迁是同步发生的。在东亚 ,印—澳板块的运动致使青藏高原抬升 ,从而引发了区内乃至全球气候的巨变。穿越赤道区的季风和信风的环流格局 ,致使新第三纪和第四纪中国与澳大利亚的气候系统的相关性更强。     

钱塘江下切河谷SE4孔晚第四纪沉积环境与古气候演化*

综合钱塘江下切河谷SE4孔岩心观察和描述及粒度、孢粉、测年等分析数据,探讨了钱塘江下切河谷晚第四纪沉积环境和古气候演化,揭示了其气候变化机制下沉积响应的具体过程。研究表明SE4孔晚第四纪沉积物自下而上包括河床亚相、河漫滩亚相、古河口湾相、浅海亚相和现代河口湾相5套沉积。研究区晚第四纪以来古植被和古气候演化分为6个阶段:第一阶段植被类型为阔叶树为主的针阔混交林—草原,气候温和偏湿,沉积了河床和河漫滩亚相;第二阶段为落叶栎稍多的针阔混交林,气候温和湿润,沉积了古河口湾相和浅海亚相;第三阶段为针阔混交林,气候温暖湿润,浅海亚相沉积发育;第四至第六阶段植被类型经历了针阔混交林—草原、针阔混交林、针阔混交林—草原的交替,气候经历了温和偏干、温和偏湿、温和偏干的变化,现代河口湾相沉积发育。     

钱塘江下切河谷SE4孔晚第四纪沉积环境与古气候演化*

综合钱塘江下切河谷SE4孔岩心观察和描述及粒度、孢粉、测年等分析数据,探讨了钱塘江下切河谷晚第四纪沉积环境和古气候演化,揭示了其气候变化机制下沉积响应的具体过程。研究表明SE4孔晚第四纪沉积物自下而上包括河床亚相、河漫滩亚相、古河口湾相、浅海亚相和现代河口湾相5套沉积。研究区晚第四纪以来古植被和古气候演化分为6个阶段:第一阶段植被类型为阔叶树为主的针阔混交林—草原,气候温和偏湿,沉积了河床和河漫滩亚相;第二阶段为落叶栎稍多的针阔混交林,气候温和湿润,沉积了古河口湾相和浅海亚相;第三阶段为针阔混交林,气候温暖湿润,浅海亚相沉积发育;第四至第六阶段植被类型经历了针阔混交林—草原、针阔混交林、针阔混交林—草原的交替,气候经历了温和偏干、温和偏湿、温和偏干的变化,现代河口湾相沉积发育。     

澳大利亚的第三纪及第三纪-第四纪过渡期

第三纪的板块运动驱动着澳大利亚的气候和植被进行演化。广布的湿润森林区是澳大利亚早第三纪的特征。一直到始新世,生物多样性都在不断地提高。毫无疑问,这是澳大利亚由高南纬区向北部中纬区运移的结果。从始新世到上新世,澳大利亚的气候总体上要比现在湿润,但降水量季节性变化的增强推动了中新世以后硬叶植物和旱生植物的发展。上新世晚期似乎与第四纪一样,都出现过周期性干旱。这种干旱与冰期条件有关,至少由南澳大利亚晚第四纪的记录可以认识到这一点,澳大利亚的这段历史与东亚的气候变迁是同步发生的。在东亚,印一澳板块的运动致使青藏高原抬升,从而引发了区内乃至全球气候的巨变。穿越赤道区的季风和信风的环流格局致使晚第三纪和第四纪中国与澳大利亚的气候系统的相关性更强。     

澳大利亚的第三纪及第三纪一第四纪过渡期

第三纪的板块运动驱动着澳大利亚的气候和植被进行演化。广布的湿润森林区是澳 大利亚早第三纪的特征。一直到始新世,生物多样性都在不断地提高。毫无疑问,这是澳大利亚由高南纬区向北部中纬区运移的结果。从始新世到上新世,澳大利亚的气候总体上要比现在湿润,但降水量季节性变化的增强推动了中新世以后硬叶植物和旱生植物的发展。上新世晚期似乎与第四纪一样,都出现过周期性干旱。这种干旱与冰期条件有关,至少由南澳大利亚晚第四纪的记录可以认识到这一点,澳大利亚的这段历史与东亚的气候变迁是同步发生的。在东亚,印-澳板块的运动致使青藏高原抬升,从而引发了区内乃至全球气候的巨变。穿越赤道区的季风和信风的环流格局致使晚第三纪和第四纪中国与澳大利亚的气候系统的相关性更强。     

A 100 ka record of fluvial activity in the Fitzroy River Basin,tropical northeastern Australia

This study reports the nature and timing of Quaternary fluvial activity in the Fitzroy River basin, which drains a diverse 143,000 km² area in northeastern Queensland, before discharging into the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. The catchment consists of an extensive array of channel and floodplain types that we show have undergone large-scale fluvial adjustment in-channel planform, geometry and sinuosity. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz sediments from fifteen (3–18 m) floodplain cores throughout the basin indicates several discrete phases of active bedload activity: at ～105–85 ka in Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5, at ～50–40 ka (MIS 3), and at ～30–10 ka (MIS 3/2). The overall timing of late Quaternary fluvial activity correlates well with previous accounts from across Australia with rivers being primarily active during interstadials. Fluvial activity, however, does not appear to have been synchronous throughout the basin’s major sub-catchments. Fluvial activity throughout MIS 2 (i.e. across the Last Glacial Maximum) in the meandering channels of the Fitzroy correlates well with regional data in tropical northeastern Queensland, and casts new light on the river response to reduced rainfall and vegetation cover suggested by regional palaeoclimate indicators. Moreover, the absence of a strong Holocene signal is at odds with previous accounts from elsewhere throughout Australia. The latitudinal position of the Fitzroy across the Tropic of Capricorn places this catchment at a key location for elucidating the main hydrological drivers of Quaternary fluvial activity in northeastern Australia, and especially for determining tropical moisture sources feeding into the headwaters of Cooper Creek, a major river system of the continental interior.     

中国西部MIS12冰期研究

祁连山摆浪河上游和天山乌鲁木齐河源是现代冰川和第四纪冰川活动的地方。我们运用ESR技术对第四纪冰碛进行测年研究,摆浪河上游最老的中梁赣冰碛为462.9ka BP;乌鲁木齐河源最老的上槽谷高望峰冰碛为477.1ka BP和459.7ka BP,从而确认了中国西部山地冰川对全球化深海氧同位素12阶段(MIS₁₂)冰期的响应。      

上海陆域古河道分布及对工程建设影响研究

上海地区第四纪时期古河道发育,其中晚更新世以来的古河道对工程建设影响最大.根据大量钻孔及测试资料,研究了晚更新世末期古河道、全新世晚期吴淞江古河道和近代古河道的成因、分布规律及沉积物特征.在此基础上,结合上海市工程建设特点,系统分析了古河道对工程建设,尤其是地下空间开发的影响,成果可为工程勘察、设计、施工提供基础地质依...     

长江三峡河流袭夺与河流起源

李四光有“黄陵背斜为华西、华东的分水岭，岭西之水流入归州盆地和四川盆地，岭东之水则向东流，袭夺……”的正确论断，但他“（袭夺）年代是第三纪末至早更新世初”的见解则过早。黄陵背斜西侧之水属古金沙江东支流，仅香溪至重庆段内竟有７３．３％的支流呈倒插；巫山至故陵镇８２．５ｋｍ间的Ｔ６、Ｔ５、Ｔ４阶地面沿江呈西倾，而Ｔ３、Ｔ２、Ｔ１阶地面沿江呈东倾，二者刚好反向。在重庆、奉节分别发现了鹅岭风口和白帝城风口，二者与倒插支流、反向阶地共同证实了此段属掉向（被袭夺）流段。由于２．０Ｍａ以来印度板块与亚欧板块碰撞所导致的西域上升，黄陵背斜遭冰后期和其它外营力剥蚀、降低，古金沙江南下水路被横断山封堵，西支流只好向东支流涌来，又借黄陵背斜东坡古长江向源侵蚀之机，终于０．１５～０．２０Ｍａ间切开黄陵背斜分水岭，形成新型长江     

Spatial and temporal relationships between compression, strike-slip and extension in the Central Venezuelan Andes: Clues for Plio-Quaternary tectonic escape

The geometry of tectonic structures, attributed to the Neogene–Quaternary time interval, is described in the active setting of the Venezuelan Andes. Our methodology is based on the analysis of radar satellite and Digital Elevation Model imagery, complemented by structural fieldwork and the compilation of seismotectonic data to make a structural analysis on a regional scale. Radar images provide first class data for morphostructural analysis in areas of dense vegetation and frequent cloud covering, like the Venezuelan Andes. We focused our analysis in the Burbusay–Río Momboy and Boconó faults corner located in the central part of the belt.We have described three stages of deformation during the Neogene–Quaternary. The first one, Mio-Pliocene in age, is a NW–SE compression responsible for the uplift of the Venezuelan Andes. The second tectonic stage corresponds to a strike-slip regime of deformation marked by shearing along the Boconó, Burbusay and Valera faults, which separates two triangular wedges in the larger Trujillo block. This strike-slip faulting-dominated compressional-extensional tectonic regime allowed the Trujillo crustal block to move towards the NE. Wrenching has therefore started at some point between the Pliocene and the Quaternary. These two tectonic events are consistent with ongoing strain partitioning in the Venezuelan Andes. The third stage corresponds to extensional deformation limited to the Trujillo block and is still active today. Extension is associated with the motion of crustal blocks moving relative to each other, probably above the upper-lower crust boundary. Such extensional deformation can be understood considering that the crust extends and stretches at the same time as it moves towards the NE. The combination of both horizontal lateral motion and extension is characteristic of a tectonic escape process. The northeastward escape of the Trujillo block, which belongs to the larger North Andes block, occurs as a result of the combination of the NW–SE intracontinental convergence between the South-American plate and the Maracaibo block, and the presence to the north of the Caribbean oceanic plate considered as a free boundary. We have showed that the kinematics of the Caribbean plate offers not only a favorable environment, but may also be considered as the driving force of the tectonic escape of the North Andes block.     

基于混合像元分解提取多种类覆盖区遥感蚀变信息 ——以甘肃省岷县寨上金矿区为例

在多种类覆盖区,由于植被、河道、阴影、第四系等干扰因素影响,难于客观有效提取与成矿有关的遥感蚀变信息。应用混合像元分解的方法技术可以区分出混合像元中各类干扰信息的反射率值及其所占丰度值,从混合像元光谱中减去各干扰因素的反射率值及其所占份额,可以获取土壤或岩石的反射率值及其所占丰度值,将土壤或岩石反射率值除以其所占的份额...     

长春市新构造运动特征

本文主要叙述了研究区内的活动性断裂,第四纪以来形成的褶皱构造,第四纪隆起和拗陷,地震活动,火山活动,河流的迁移,冰期及沉积物,新构造期的地壳运动。长春市新构造运动特征同其他地区一样,具有新构造运动的普遍性、多样性、继承性、不均衡性及间歇性等。     

Quaternary neotectonics of the Somogy Hills, Hungary (part I): Evidence from field observations

Quaternary and directly underlying Late Miocene (Pannonian) outcrops were analysed by structural, tectono-morphologic and sedimentologic methods to describe the main fault directions, to separate mass movements from faulting and folding and to separate earthquake-induced sediment deformations from other (e.g. periglacial) effects in the Somogy Hills. This is a gentle hilly area elevated at 200–300 m above sea level, located immediately south of Lake Balaton, Hungary.

Quaternary outcrops showed several consistent directions of faulting, and co-depositional seismic activity. Three different Mohr-sets of faults/joints could be differentiated in Quaternary sediments. The three sets are considered Late Quaternary since all cut young loess sections and have morphological expressions.

On the basis of the microtectonic measurements and morphotectonic investigations, the following sequence of Quaternary events can be proposed:

1. A (W)NW–(E)SE compression and perpendicular extension would create E–W to WNW–ESE oriented right lateral, NNW–SSE to N–S oriented left lateral shear zones, and NW–SE striking normal faults. Some of these can be evidenced in morphology and among the individual fault measurements. Some reactivated faults might suggest that this field is a relatively older one, but fresh topographic elements suggest that this stress field might be operational sub-recently.

2. A second stress field with NNW–SSE extensional and ENE–WSW oriented compressional directions could be separated. This stress field could create NNE–SSW and NW–SE oriented shear fractures and ENE–WSW oriented conjugate normal faults. Flat thrusts giving ENE directed shear may also be active under this field.

3. A third stress field might be proposed with N–S compression and perpendicular extension directions. This would create NE–SW and NW–SE oriented shear fractures, which are observed in the measured fault data. It is remarkable that the NE–SW faults are all steep, subvertical, and give a very well defined fault set. Based on the fresh topographic expression, this stress field is also sub-recent.

The different sub-recent stress fields and related fault patterns might succeed each other or might alternate through time. The first and third deformations have fresh topographic expressions and cannot play synchronously. The observed features suggest a compressionally active neotectonics of the study area.     

河流管理中含植物水流问题研究进展

河流管理涵盖灌溉、防洪、河流生态、环境等众多内容,其目的在于保护和恢复河流生态系统的整体生态功能。植物是具有生态功能河流的重要特征,为动物提供了栖息地,是维持河流健康发展的重要因素。由于植物的存在改变了水流运动特性和泥沙及污染物输移规律,含植物水流问题引起了河流管理领域的广泛关注,并且成为河流动力学新的重要的研究课题。回顾了当前国内外河流管理中含植物水流问题研究的主要成果,归纳为水流阻力、紊流结构、泥沙运动和被动标量扩散输移四个方面的研究内容,详细介绍了重要的研究方法、结论和量测手段,讨论了含植物水流问题当前研究存在的不足,并指出今后的研究趋势。     

Loess sedimentation in Tibet: provenance,processes, and link with Quaternary glaciations

Well-preserved loess deposits are found on the foothills of mountains along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in southern Tibet. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is used to determine loess ages by applying the single-aliquot regeneration technique. Geochemical, mineralogical, and granulometric measurements were carried out to allow a comparison between loess from Tibet and the Chinese Loess Plateau. Our results demonstrate that (i) the loess deposits have a basal age of 13–11 ka, suggesting they accumulated after the last deglaciation, (ii) loess in southern Tibet has a “glacial” origin, resulting from eolian sorting of glaciofluvial outwash deposits from braided river channels or alluvial fans by local near-surface winds, and (iii) the present loess in the interior of Tibet has accumulated since the last deglaciation when increased monsoonal circulation provided an increased vegetation cover that was sufficient for trapping eolian silt. The lack of full-glacial loess is either due to minimal vegetation cover or possibly due to the erosion of loess as glaciofluvial outwash during the beginning of each interglacial. Such processes would have been repeated during each glacial–interglacial cycle of the Quaternary.     

镇江—扬州长江河谷第四系沉积演变特征

镇江、扬州间之长江河谷是拟建长江公路大桥桥址比选的优异地段。勘察资料证实 :河谷第四系由上更新统中段、全新统中上段组成、海侵、海退及新构造运动的升降制约了第四系沉积与演变 ,致使第四系呈现侵蚀不整合、半旋回序列。河道经历了山前河流、河口沙坝、三角洲平原的发育阶段 ,河道在自北而南迁移总趋势下 ,曾有多次往复摆动 ,现今仍在向南侧蚀。沿江岸带城镇座落、人口稠密、经济繁荣、素有“金三角”之称 ,不言而喻 ,加强其沉积演变势态的研究具有特殊的社会与经济意义。