新型灌浆材料在已建砌体结构抗震加固中的应用

具有悠久历史的石结构是砌体结构的重要组成部分，本文作者经广泛调研和试验分析：(1)提出以石粉为集料对石砌体进行抗震加固，寓环保与防灾于一体；(2)给出新型浆体配比和复合砂浆的强度等级，阐述加固技术和方法，建立灌浆石砌体抗震抗剪强度公式；(3)阐明抗震验算方法，提出基于模糊随机可靠理论的可靠性分析方法。     

Shaking table testing of an existing masonry building: assessment and improvement of the seismic performance

This paper aims to assess and improve the seismic performance of an existing masonry building with flexible floors, representative of a Portuguese building typology—‘gaioleiro’ buildings. The study involved seismic tests and dynamic identification tests of two models (nonstrengthened and strengthened) in the shaking table. Each model was subjected to several seismic tests with increasing amplitude. Before the first test and after each seismic test, the dynamic identification of the model was carried out, aiming at obtaining their seismic vulnerability curves based on a damage indicator obtained from the decrease of the frequencies of the modes. In the strengthened model, steel elements were used to improve the connection between walls and floors, together with ties in the upper stories. The results show that adopted strengthening technique is effective for reducing the seismic vulnerability of ‘gaioleiro’ buildings, namely for improving the out‐of‐plane behavior of the facades. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Introspection on improper seismic retrofit of Basilica Santa Maria di Collemaggio after 2009 Italian earthquake

The 2009 L’Aquila, Italy earthquake highlighted the seismic vulnerability of historic masonry building structures due to improper "strengthening" retrofit work that has been done in the last 50 years. Italian seismic standards recommend the use of traditional reinforcement techniques such as replacing the original wooden roof structure with new reinforced concrete (RC) or steel elements, inserting RC tie-beams in the masonry and new RC floors, and using RC jacketing on the shear walls. The L’Aquila earthquake revealed the numerous limitations of these interventions, because they led to increased seismic forces (due to greater additional weight) and to deformation incompatibilities of the incorporated elements with the existing masonry walls. This paper provides a discussion of technical issues pertaining to the seismic retrofit of the Santa Maria di Collemaggio Basilica and in particular, the limitations of the last (2000) retrofit intervention. Considerable damage was caused to the church because of questionable actions and incorrect and improper technical choices.     

大开间小型混凝土砌块10层模型房屋抗震性能试验研究(Ⅰ)

我国抗震设计规范（GB50011－2001）规定在6、7、8度区，混凝土小砌块结构分别可以建七、六、五层。由于混凝土小砌块结构的最大优势在于10－20层（与混凝土框架或框架剪力墙结构比）。本文按1／4比例制作了10层混凝土小砌块结构模型，按7度设防要求实施构造措施，通过振动台试验研究模型结构的抗震性能。结果表明，模型结构完全能够满足在7度区“小震不坏，大震不倒”的要求。圈梁、构造柱以及水平拉结筋构成的约束体系抗震作用是明显的。试验利用砌块的非注芯孔灌注铁砂来模拟墙体出平面动力效应。在本模型的构造措施下，平出面反应不对结构破坏起控制作用。     

Advanced frame element for seismic analysis of masonry structures: model formulation and validation

This paper presents a masonry panel model for the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of masonry buildings suitable for the seismic assessment of new and existing structures. The model is based on an equivalent frame idealization of the structure and stems from previous research on force‐based frame elements. The element formulation considers axial, bending, and shear deformations within the framework of the Timoshenko beam theory. A phenomenological cyclic section law that accounts for the shear panel response is coupled, through equilibrium between shear and bending forces along the element, with a fiber‐section model that accounts for the axial and bending responses. The proposed panel model traces with a low computational burden and numerical stability the main aspects of the structural behavior of masonry panels and is suitable for analyses of multi‐floor buildings with a relatively regular distribution of openings and with walls and floors organized to grant a box‐like behavior under seismic loads. The model capabilities are validated though analyses of simple unreinforced masonry panels and comparisons with published experimental results. The model accuracy is strongly dependent on the fiber and shear constitutive laws used. However, the formulation is general, and laws different from those employed in this study are easily introduced without affecting the model formulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗震设防地区评定地震烈度的平均震害指数法

在我国烈度表中提到的房屋指的是未经过抗震设计或加固的单层或数层的砖混和砖木房屋．但是随着我国经济的发展,这类房屋的数量在逐渐减少,能够根据抗震设防房屋的破坏情况进行烈度评定对目前的地震现场工作具有重要意义．本文通过震害矩阵和平均震害指数的关系,尝试利用框架结构和砖混结构的震害矩阵得到设防烈度——震害指数的拟合关系,建立不同抗震设防水准的框架结构和砖混结构的烈度评定标准,并利用近年来9次中国大陆地震的烈度评定结果对该评定标准进行验证．本文评定的结果与这些地震现场评定结果基本一致．本研究结果可作为在我国抗震设防地区利用多种结构形式的建筑物破坏情况进行烈度评定的依据     

某中学教学楼的抗震鉴定与加固设计

按老规范设计的砌体结构未考虑抗震，使用年代过长会出现承载力不足的问题，需对原结构按新规范进行全面检测和抗震鉴定，若鉴定结果表明该结构不符合抗震要求，则需进行加固，结合一实际工程对检测程序和加固方法做一全面论述，供工程实际中参考。     

Description and analysis of building damage due to Pyrgos, Greece earthquake

On March 1993 an earthquake of magnitude M_s = 5·5 shook Pyrgos, a town in Western Peloponnissos, one of the most seismic prone areas in Greece. The damage induced to modern reinforced concrete buildings was rather light in contrast to the damage induced to historic and traditional buildings of adobe, stone or brick masonry which was severe. In order to study the causes of structural damage, detailed data are collected from a rather large statistical sample of 1023 masonry buildings and 22 reinforced concrete framed buildings with visible damage. For each building the number of storeys, the material of construction, as well as the type and the degree of damage are recorded. In addition, consideration is given to the site of the building within the town and the corresponding soil conditions. For reinforced concrete buildings, damage occured mostly in areas with relatively high estimated spectral accelerations and fundamental soil periods of vibration close to those of the buildings. Nevertheless, further analysis is required to explain the selective damage of a very small number of buildings. For masonry houses, the effect of soil conditions is more systematic. Moreover, the effects of the number of storeys as well as the age and material of construction appear to be dominant.     

Shaking table testing and numerical simulation of the seismic response of a typical Mexican colonial temple

A shaking table testing program was undertaken with the main objective of providing basic information for the calibration of analytical models, and procedures for determining seismic response of typical stone masonry temples of the 16–18th centuries stone masonry construction in Mexico. A typical colonial temple was chosen as a prototype. A model at a 1:8 geometric scale was built with the same materials and techniques as the prototype, and was subjected to horizontal and vertical motions of increasing intensities. The maximum applied intensity corresponded to a base shear force of about 58 of the total building weight. Vertical component of the base motion significantly affected the response and increased the damage of the model. Damage patterns were similar to those observed in actual temples. Damping coefficients of the response ranged from 7 for undamaged state, reached about 14 for severe damage. The main features of the measured response were compared with those computed using a nonlinear, finite element model; for the latter, a constitutive law developed for plain concrete was adopted for reproducing cracking and crushing of the irregular stone masonry. Observed damage patterns as well as measured response could be reproduced with reasonable accuracy by the analytical simulation, except for some local vibrations, as those at the top of the bell towers. It can be concluded that the simple constitutive law adopted for the simulation was able to reproduce the experimental response with reasonable level of accuracy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基础隔震高层建筑地震响应的理论分析

本文对某高层隔震框架－剪力墙结构的三维地震响应进行了有限元分析计算，对比了隔震结构及其相应非隔震结构的动力特性，给出了在多遇地震和罕遇地震作用下结构的最大层间剪力，层间位移等，得到一些有意义的结论。     

海南农村民居抗震性能调查与研究

海南农村民居以砌体结构为主,具有门窗开口大、层高较高和整体性强等特点.为了研究分析这类民居的抗震性能与抗震对策,在收集大量当地农村民居样本的基础上,综合出典型结构模型,并对该典型模型及基于该模型的隔震模型和加强结构模型分别进行了模拟地震振动台试验.试验结果表明:隔震技术能明显降低结构地震反应,在高烈度地区应适当推广和运用.原结构模型基本满足7.5度设防标准.在8度大震作用下,结构遭遇严重破坏但未倒塌,说明其具有一定的抗倒塌能力.结构加固后,整体抗震性能得到了加强.结合试验结果,给出了相应对策与建议.     

Numerical homogenization-based seismic assessment of an English-bond masonry prototype: Structural level application

A multiscale strategy is evaluated at a structural level for the analysis of unreinforced masonry structures. The mechanical characterization of the masonry is deduced from homogenization-based micro-scale finite element (FE) models. The derived data are here employed at a structural level via a discrete FE model. The discrete FE model is composed of quadrilateral rigid plates interconnected through vertical and horizontal interfaces. On the interfaces, between adjoining discrete elements, a model that accounts for the in- and out-of-plane behavior of masonry, with damage and plasticity, is adopted. Such interfaces represent the material pre- and post-peak regimes, its orthotropy, and, depending on the micro-model assumed, account by three-dimensional shear effects that are especially important for multi-leaf walls and complex regular textures. The discrete model has been implemented in an advanced structural analysis software where powerful built-in features as the arc-length method, line-search algorithm, and implicit or explicit solver schemes are available. The multi-scale model is applied for the dynamic study of a small English-bond masonry house prototype subjected to a series of consecutive earthquake records. Detailed comparisons between the experimental and numerical data are presented, including the results obtained through a continuous total strain rotating crack model. Quasi-static and dynamic analyses are conducted. Results demonstrate that when enough experimental information is available on the masonry components under tension, shear, and compression regimes, the approach predicts well the seismic structural response in terms of time-history displacements, seismic capacity, and damage patterns. The required computational cost (CPU time) is very attractive.     

砌体结构工程抗震软件的结构隔震功能及算例分析

在砌体结构抗震软件开发过程中，为完善软件功能，添加了结构减震设计验算程序。作为首次应用性软件开发，暂只包含橡胶热隔震的设计与验算功能。本文主要介绍了软件应用时，橡胶垫隔震支座的设计过程，并通过对一个模拟的8层砌体建筑进行隔震设计与对比分析，给出了隔震设计后隔震效果的有关结论。     

砖墙体抗震承载力仿真分析与试验对比

为研究竖向压应力和高宽比对砖墙体抗震性能的影响,以砖墙体抗震承载力典型试验试件为基础,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立适当的空间模型。根据砖墙体的破坏模式和材料性能把墙体划分成块体单元、灰缝单元以及接触单元,为各部分材料选用不同的本构关系模型与破坏准则。并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,验证文中模型的可适用性。选用经验证后的模型,变换竖向压应力和高宽比,得出相应的结论:墙体的开裂荷载和抗侧承载力随着高宽比的增大明显呈降低的趋势;不同高宽比的墙体,竖向压应力的影响规律不尽相同。     

纤维砂浆带加固砌体墙片的抗震性能研究

针对低烈度区砌体结构房屋抗震的需要,本文提出利用纤维砂浆带加固砌体墙的一种廉价抗震方案。运用有限元分析软件Ansys10.0进行数值模拟分析,探讨这种加固方案的可行性,并在此基础上进行试验研究。通过纤维砂浆带加固砌体墙片在低周反复荷载作用下的试验,对墙片的破坏特征、裂缝的发展过程、滞回特性、结构延性等技术指标进行对比分析,结果表明,采用纤维砂浆带加固砌体墙有助于提高墙体的开裂荷载,增加结构的延性,改善墙体的抗震性能。     

地震物理模型材料研制与应用研究

地震物理模型试验的基础是地震物理模型的建造,其中设计适当的配方,调配出所需要的模型速度是模型建造的关键.本文根据互穿网络和共聚网络聚合物改性方法的原理,研究了环氧树脂、橡胶类等高分子材料的互穿网络和共聚网络过程,并按照地震物理模拟对模型材料的要求,实现了不同材料的共混,改善了固化后共聚物的交联度.讨论和分析了影响地震物理模型建造的各种因素,并从模型材料选择、配方调整等方面提出了相应的解决办法,降低了固化反应放热峰的温度、调整了固化放热的速度、降低了固化时的收缩率和线膨胀系数,使固化物具有较高的热稳定性和较好的力学性能.建立了比较完备的、从低到高的材料速度系列.通过实例验证了本文方法的有效性,模型材料的适用性.     

Development of seismic fragility surfaces for reinforced concrete buildings by means of nonlinear time‐history analysis

Fragility curves are generally developed using a single parameter to relate the level of shaking to the expected structural damage. The main goal of this work is to use several parameters to characterize the earthquake ground motion. The fragility curves will, therefore, become surfaces when the ground motion is represented by two parameters. To this end, the roles of various strong‐motion parameters on the induced damage in the structure are compared through nonlinear time‐history numerical calculations. A robust structural model that can be used to perform numerous nonlinear dynamic calculations, with an acceptable cost, is adopted. The developed model is based on the use of structural elements with concentrated nonlinear damage mechanics and plasticity‐type behavior. The relations between numerous ground‐motion parameters, characterizing different aspects of the shaking, and the computed damage are analyzed and discussed. Natural and synthetic accelerograms were chosen/computed based on a consideration of the magnitude‐distance ranges of design earthquakes. A complete methodology for building fragility surfaces based on the damage calculation through nonlinear numerical analysis of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems is proposed. The fragility surfaces are built to represent the probability that a given damage level is reached (or exceeded) for any given level of ground motion characterized by the two chosen parameters. The results show that an increase from one to two ground‐motion parameters leads to a significant reduction in the scatter in the fragility analysis and allows the uncertainties related to the effect of the second ground‐motion parameter to be accounted for within risk assessments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non‐linear seismic analysis and vulnerability evaluation of a masonry building by means of the SAP2000 V.10 code

The aim of the paper is to explore the possibilities offered by SAP2000^® v.10, a software package with user‐friendly interface widely used by practising engineers, for seismic analyses of masonry buildings. The reliability of the code was first investigated by carrying out static push‐over (SPO) analyses of two walls, already analysed by other researchers using advanced programs. The equivalent frame modelling was employed in all analyses carried out. The code was then used to investigate the seismic performance of an existing two‐storey building typical of the north‐east of Italy, with the walls being made of roughly squared stones. An SPO analysis was performed first on the most significant wall, followed by a number of time‐history analyses aimed to evaluate the dynamic push‐over curves. Finally, the seismic fragility curves were derived, considering the seismic input as a random variable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南漾濞地震大理某高层建筑结构地震响应观测数据初步分析

2021年5月21日21时21分至22时32分,云南漾濞先后发生了M5.6级、M6.4级、M5.0级和M5.2级地震,位于大理的某高层建筑结构地震反应观测台阵获取了这4次地震的结构动力响应,观测数据同步性好,数据质量高。该高层建筑为框架剪力墙结构,地上26层,地下1层,三分量加速度测点共8个分别位于建筑的第1层、4层、7层、10层、13层、17层、20层和25层,数据实时传输至中国地震局工程力学研究所燕郊数据中心。本文对结构台阵的观测记录进行了初步分析,绘制建筑结构观测楼层的三向绝对加速度及其傅里叶幅值谱,检验数据同步性和质量,通过滤波和积分得到相对速度和相对位移,利用功率谱方法分析得到频率响应函数,并利用复模态指数函数方法得到两水平方向前三阶模态频率和振型。通过4次地震结构模态频率和振型的初步对比结果表明:主体结构基本完好,这与现场调查结果吻合。该结构台阵获取的前震、主震和余震反应记录,为后续开展深入的模态参数分析、地震损伤识别以及研究框架剪力墙结构的振动特性和抗震性能提供了宝贵数据。     

日本钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固技术现状与发展趋势

既有钢筋混凝土结构的丰富而可靠的抗震加固技术是提升我国建筑物抗震性能,实现社会可持续发展的重要保障.在长期工程实践的积累中,日本建筑界逐渐发展出一套行之有效的抗震性能评估、加固设计体系和多种多样的抗震加固技术,值得我国借鉴.文章在简要回顾日本抗震加固设计方法之后,介绍了日本钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固的传统方法,总结了近年来在传统加固方法基础上所做的改良,并在此基础上,从外附子结构、消能减震化和自复位技术等3个方面归纳了日本新一代钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固技术的发展趋势.