盐沼水-沉积物-植物界面流速研究进展

综述了近20多年来盐沼水-沉积物-植物界面流速的研究进展。在此基础上,拟对盐沼水-沉积物-植物界面的流速分布、变化和研究状况进行一定的归纳,并提出可能的研究方向和途径。内容包括通过野外观测和室内模拟定量分析研究盐沼和不同植被状况下(不同植株高度、密度、不同种类植株等)流速变化规律及其流速变化原因。本领域研究有待收集大量数据后进一步深入和系统地探讨。     

互花米草对泉州湾盐沼表层沉积物输运的影响

海岸盐沼是海岸湿地系统的重要组成部分,具有很强的环境调节功能．互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）的引种对海岸盐沼的沉积动力产生很大影响．粒度分析结果表明,互花米草盐沼边缘与沉积物平均粒径为6．7φ的等值线分布一致．现场观测表明,互花米草对流速具有明显的阻滞作用,使得光滩流速明显大于互花米草内的流速;在互花米草滩内,随着离盐沼边缘距离、植被高度、植株直径的不同,涨落潮流速也表现出不同的变化趋势．粒径趋势分析结果显示,互花米草盐沼边缘的表层沉积物由光滩向盐沼内输运,潮水沟的存在对沉积物的输运格局具有显著影响．对比分析表明落潮后期的水动力条件控制着研究区内表层沉积物的净输运方向．     

台风作用下的港湾型潮滩沉积过程 以2008年“凤凰”台风对福建省罗源湾的影响为例

通过对"凤凰"台风的现场观测和沉积物样品的分析,结果表明,在台风影响下潮水淹没时间增长,增水达1.1 m;台风期间互花米草盐沼内流速变化较复杂,而且盐沼内部流速大于盐沼边缘的;台风期间盐沼边缘潮周期平均悬沙含量是台风前2 d的7倍;台风期间十分之一波高最大为1.54 m。滩面重复测量结果显示,台风登陆期间整个光滩滩面都发生了侵蚀,盐沼内部有部分地区发生侵蚀,侵蚀深度为4.5~5.5 cm,盐沼边缘的侵蚀深度仅为0.7 cm,侵蚀原因主要是植被在风浪作用下从根部折断,从而带走了滩面的沉积物;随着台风强度的减弱,整个滩面均接受悬沙沉降;台风带来的强降雨是影响滩面沉积物活动的重要因素。     

基于OpenFOAM波浪-植物相互作用的数值模拟研究

海岸带盐沼植物能够减小波浪流速、削弱波能,具有生态缓冲功能,研究河口海岸盐沼植物对波浪的消减机理对于近岸区域的固岸护堤具有重要意义.本研究利用开源CFD软件包OpenFOAM建立三维数值模型.首先模拟了溃坝波越过三角障碍物及孤立波在斜坡海岸的爬坡过程,结果显示OpenFOAM模型可精确地捕捉溃坝波传播和孤立波自由水面的...     

大连湾沉积物-水界面BAP 交换通量的影响因素

利用实验室培养法研究了不同因素对大连湾沉积物-水界面间生物可利用磷(BAP)交换通量的影响,并利用实验室培养法和间隙水浓度梯度法估算了大连湾已疏浚区和疏浚点邻近海域沉积物-水界面BAP的交换通量.结果表明,随着上覆水pH和温度的增加,BAP由沉积物向水体释放量逐渐增加;灭菌和贫氧条件下,也会导致沉积物BAP的释放量增加;上覆水中磷酸盐浓度的升高会导致BAP由沉积物向水体释放通量降低,且随着上覆水磷酸盐浓度的不断升高,BAP逐渐转化为由水体向沉积物中扩散.实验室培养法和间隙水浓度梯度法测定结果均显示,受到疏浚工程的影响,大连湾疏浚点邻近海域沉积物-水界面BAP的年均通量大于已疏浚区.不同季节,大连湾沉积物-水界面BAP的交换通量有所不同,表现为夏季最高,冬季最低.但由于受疏浚活动的影响,冬季疏浚点邻近海域沉积物-水界面BAP的交换通量也维持在较高水平.     

137Cs测年在海岸盐沼中的应用

海岸盐沼广泛分布在海岸和河口环境,滩面有盐生植被覆盖,并且被潮水沟分割成片。研究海岸盐沼沉积过程和沉积速率,对于深入认识人类活动与海岸系统之间的相互作用具有非常重要的意义1。37Cs测年技术是近20年用来测定现代沉积速率的一个有效方法,人工核试验产生的137Cs被释放到大气中,再经气-水、水-沉积物界面的交换和吸附而沉淀在地层里,通过几次出现的峰值年代来计算不同时段的沉积速率;该方法在计算湖泊沉积速率方面取得了成功,在陆架、海湾、潮滩等区域也取得了较好的成果。但由于该方法对研究区域地层记录的稳定性有较高的要求,沉积物黏土含量、分选程度均对137Cs含量有显著影响;海岸盐沼由于植被生长茂盛,根系伸入地层深处,对沉积地层有较大扰动,因此,很难分辨出特征峰值,需要借助其他手段来综合判断特征沉降峰值。     

海底冷泉区沉积物-水界面甲烷通量原位观测研究进展

海底沉积物-水界面作为冷泉跨圈层活动最关键的界面，近年来已成为冷泉区碳循环研究调查的重点目标。为准确获取海洋沉积物-水界面的流体通量，客观重建界面环境过程，评估环境效应，必须发展一整套精确、高效、科学的水下原位甲烷通量测量技术。综述了当前海洋冷泉区沉积物-水界面甲烷通量研究的意义与价值，详细介绍了多种较为成熟的海洋沉积物-水界面甲烷原位通量测试技术工作原理、使用方法和优缺点等，如测试游离气泡态甲烷通量的渗漏帐篷、声学反射、时序影像等技术方法，原位溶解态甲烷膜脱气技术的甲烷传感器、激光拉曼光谱测量方法等，同时对全球该领域已经调查的地区、研究现状和进展进行了详细的介绍。最后从技术层面对这一研究领域未来的发展方向和趋势进行展望，以期为未来国内海洋冷泉区沉积物-水界面甲烷通量原位观测研究提供思路与方向借鉴。     

夏季东、黄海沉积物中甲烷的分布和沉积物-水界面通量

沉积物释放是海洋环境中甲烷(CH_4)的重要来源。通过2013年7月和8月两个航次,对东、黄海泥质区沉积物中CH_4浓度的垂直分布和沉积物-水界面通量进行了研究。结果表明,除个别站位外,黄海沉积物(50 cm以浅)中CH_4的浓度变化范围在0.2～1.0μmol/L之间,长江口及浙闽沿岸附近的沉积物中CH_4浓度则要更高(1.0～2.0μmol/L),而东海东部海域沉积物中CH_4浓度波动范围为0.2～3.0μmol/L。总体来说,东、黄海沉积物中CH_4浓度偏低,这可能与观测到的高浓度硫酸盐(20 mmol/L)有关。通过整柱密室培养实验估算出东、黄海沉积物-水界面CH_4释放速率在0.64～2.12μmol/(m2·d)之间,东、黄海沉积物CH_4释放总量为6.7×108 mol/yr;但采用菲克定律估算的CH_4扩散通量则要比现场培养的结果低2～5倍,表明不同的方法在估算沉积物-水界面CH_4通量上还具有一定的不确定性。     

东海沉积物间隙水中硅酸盐和硫酸盐“扩散-平流-反应”模式的研究

本文提出了东海沉积物间隙水中溶解硅酸盐和硫酸盐的“扩散-平流-反应”模式。研究结果表明,由于间隙水受到硅酸盐溶解、吸附和沉淀不同体系的控制,因而间隙水中的硅酸盐具有三种不同形式的垂直分布,并从模式中得到了上述反应的反应常数,其中E柱硅溶解的一级动力学反应常数为0.00l 42a~(-1)。首次发现了东海沉积物间隙水中硅酸盐指数下降的垂直分布规律,并从数学模式上进行了处理。本文还研完了由于有机质还原sO_4~(2-)而产生的硫酸盐指数下降垂直分布,提出其模式,结果表明,SO_4~(2-)还原最大速率发生在沉积物-水界面附近,每年可达lmmo1/dm~3。     

硫酸盐-甲烷界面与甲烷通量及下伏天然气水合物赋存的关系

硫酸盐-甲烷界面在富甲烷和含天然气水合物的海洋沉积区已经成为一个重要的生物地球化学识别边界。在硫酸盐-甲烷界面之上,沉积物中的硫酸盐因参与分解有机质和甲烷厌氧氧化反应而被消耗,而其界面之下沉积物中的甲烷则不断生成,含量逐渐增加。根据该界面附近硫酸盐浓度和甲烷浓度的变化特征,可以判断该区甲烷流体通量的大小,从而指示下伏天然气水合物的可能赋存状况。南海北部陆坡的柱状沉积物孔隙水数据的分析显示,硫酸盐-甲烷界面埋深比较浅,表明该海域的甲烷通量较高。这种高甲烷通量很可能是由下伏的天然气水合物所引起的,并暗示着该区下伏海底可能有天然气水合物沉积层赋存。     

Experimental study on internal waves in a stratified shear flow

This paper describes experiments on interfacial phenomena in a stratified shear flow having a sharp velocity shear at a density interface. The interface was visualized in vertical cross-section using dye, and the flow pattern was traced using aluminum powder. Two kinds of internal waves with different phase velocities and wave profiles were observed. They are here named p(positive)-waves and n(negative)-waves, respectively. By means of a two-dimensional visualization technique, the following facts have been confirmed regarding these waves. (1) The two kinds of waves propagate in the opposite direction relative to a system moving with the mean velocity at the interface, and their dispersion relations approximately agree with the two solutions of interfacial waves in a two-layer system of a linear basic shear flow. (2) The p-wave has sharp crests and flat troughs, and the n-wave has the reverse of this. This difference in wave profile is due to the finite amplitude effect. (3) Phase velocity of each wave lies within the range of the mean velocity profile, so that a critical layer exists and each wave has a “cat's eye” flow pattern in the vicinity of the critical layer, when observed in a system moving with the phase velocity. Consequently, these two waves are symmetrical with respect to the interface. The mechanisms of generation of these waves, and the entrainment process are discussed. It is inferred that when the “cat's eye” flow pattern is distorted and a stagnation point approaches the interface, entrainment in the form of a stretched wisp from the lower to the upper layer occurs for the p-wave, and from the upper to the lower layer for the n-wave.     

Internal bores in two-layer exchange flows over sills

Internal bores are a common feature of tidally modulated two-layer exchange flows through straits and over sills. Even where the forcing changes smoothly, the flow may adjust with sudden jumps in the position of the interface between the two layers. The resulting flow configuration, with a hydraulically controlled exchange flow (at the sill) coupled with a propagating internal hydraulic jump (known as a bore), is investigated with mathematical models and laboratory experiments. The study concentrates on two-dimensional flow in a rectangular channel with a sill. The parameters considered are the depth of the channel compared to the depth over the sill, the depth of the interface before the passage of the bore and the strength of the net flux through the channel.The theory is based on shallow water equations and hydraulic control theory and includes the effects of a steady net flow through the channel (driven, for example, by the tide). Once the depth of the channel is twice the depth over the sill, further changes in geometry have relatively little effect on the flow. The bore velocity and fluxes are strongly affected by the strength of any net flow. The laboratory experiments model pure exchange flows (with no net flow) and give detailed information about the bores themselves. In many cases an undular bore is produced, with a well-defined wave train on the interface behind the front of the bore. The wavelengths and amplitudes of these internal waves are quantified and a brief comparison with similar internal waves observed in the Strait of Gibraltar is presented.     

The initial stage of dam-break flow of two immiscible fluids. Linear analysis of global flow

Two-dimensional impulsive flow of two immiscible fluids is studied within the potential flow theory. Initially the fluids of different depths and different densities are at rest and separated with a thin vertical plate. The plate is withdrawn suddenly and gravity-driven flow of the fluids starts. During the early stage the flow is described by the linear potential theory. Attention is paid to the motion of the interface between the fluids and the singular behaviour of the velocity field at the triple point, where the free surfaces of the fluids and the interface meet each other. The linear problem is solved by the Fourier series method. Local analysis of the flow field close to the triple point reveals that the singularity of the flow depends on the ratio of the fluid densities with a coefficient dependent on both the density ratio and the shape of the flow region. The flow velocity is also log-singular at the point where the interface meets the bottom. The intensity of this singularity depends on the density ratio. The latter singularity disappears when the densities of the fluids are equal. The Fourier series solution supplemented by the singularity analysis at the corner points resolves these initial singularities. Comparisons with solutions obtained through the boundary element method are established for validation purposes. The numerical analysis of the problem by the boundary element method is carried out and it compares quite well with the Fourier series solution. The singular flow field which leads to the jet formation at the initial instant has been observed by both methods. The problem of dam-break flow for the wet-bed case corresponds to the present problem with equal densities of the fluids. Comparisons with data available in literature are established in the case of fluids with the same density.     

Divergence and entrainment in a river effluent: the heartbreak model

This paper reports some results of our experiments of tracking drifters and detailed observations made in the Shinano River effluent in October–November 1970 and May 1971. Using the natural coordinate system under a quasi-steady state assumption, this paper introduces a new entrainment constant, which is really the nondimensional flow normal to an interface between effluent and seawater, and shows a relation that this normal flow is the sum of the nondimensional longitudinal and lateral divergences of the effluent with arbitrarily shaped streamlines. Using the above field data and relationship, this paper proposes the Heartbreak Model with intermittently pinched-off auricles for the effluent. Considerable lateral divergence in the Shinano River effluent is found within 500 m of the river mouth. This causes a loss of available potential energy associated with a steep upslope of the interface downstream and the inward flow normal to the interface. It is also found that the effluent exhibits an asymmetric heart-shaped distribution. The pit near the central axis about 1 km from the mouth is due to the inward normal flow associated with the dominant lateral divergence; enlargement and detachment of auricles on both sides of the pit are due to the outward normal flow associated with the dominant longitudinal convergence.     

Variation in groundwater salinity in a tidal salt marsh basin,North Inlet Estuary,South Carolina

Groundwater flow of freshwater from upland forests into salt marshes is influenced by hydrologic forces that operate over a wide range of temporal scales, including storm events, tidal fluctuations, seasonal variations in rainfall and evapotranspiration (ET). Groundwater salinity can be a useful first order indicator of the balance between these flow processes. A dipole-dipole electrical resistivity survey was conducted approximately monthly during 2005 to measure groundwater salinity across a portion of Crabhaul Creek, a tidal salt marsh basin at the boundary of the upland forest and the North Inlet marsh in South Carolina. The monthly electrical resistivity surveys were designed to provide a detailed, spatially continuous measurement of subsurface conductivity to a depth of 4 m in order to further investigate the seasonal variation in groundwater salinity. Resistivity models were corroborated by simultaneous measurements of salinity in nearby piezometers. The freshwater-brackish water interface was clearly imaged by the resistivity. Movement of this interface occurs on a timescale of months rather than a regular seasonal variation. The average salinity in the marsh basin is highest in late Summer (July–August) when ET is highest, and lowest during the Winter (November–December). The position of the brackish-freshwater interface changes, but is not well correlated to local rainfall or tidal cycles except under specific circumstances. A steady-state hydrological model correctly predicts the average position of the freshwater-brackish interface and suggests a linear relationship between the height of the water table and the location of the interface. These results suggest a complex relationship between precipitation events and groundwater flow from the forest into the marsh.     

声波在水-多孔介质海底界面上的反射与透射

声波在海底界面的反射和透射是海底散射、海底混响、海底目标探测的重要问题。利用Biot多孔介质声传播理论对声波在水-多孔海底界面上的反射和透射进行了分析,具体给出反射声波的反射系数,3种透射声波的透射系数以及声能透射系数随入射波入射角和频率(10~40 kHz)的变化关系,分析了各种透射波对透射声能的贡献。多孔海底介质参数分别采用Stoll和Chotiros给出的2组参数进行理论计算。     

Numerical simulation of wave interaction with porous structures using an improved smoothed particle hydrodynamic method

A smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) model is developed to simulate wave interaction with porous structures. The mean flow outside the porous structures is obtained by solving Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the turbulence field is calculated by a large eddy simulation (LES) model. The porous flow is described by the spatially averaged Navier–Stokes type equations with the resistance effect of the porous media being represented by an empirical frictional source term. The interface boundaries between the porous flow and the outside flow are modeled by means of specifying a transition zone along the interface. The model is validated against other available numerical results and experimental data for wave damping over porous seabed with different levels of permeability. The validated model is then employed to investigate wave breaking over a submerged porous breakwater and good agreements between the SPH model results and the experimental data are obtained in terms of free surface displacement. In addition the predicted velocity, vorticity and pressure fields near the porous breakwater and in the breaking wave zone are also analyzed.     

Surface perturbations generated by a stratified flow of finite depth over obstacles

We studied the structure of the surface perturbations generated by a stratified flow of an ideal fluid of finite depth around underwater obstacles. We consider a cylinder modeled by a point dipole localized near the density interface both above and below the interface. It is shown that density jumps characteristic of the marine medium significantly influence the formation and variability of the structure of the surface perturbations generated during a fluid??s flowing around an underwater obstacle. The results are compared with the data of the previous model calculations made by the authors for an infinite flow around an obstacle [4]. Significant differences between them are revealed, which should be taken into account in the solution of practical problems, for example, monitoring of coastal marine basins.     

Estimation of hydrodynamic coefficients for flow around cylinders in side-by-side arrangement with variation in separation gap

A finite-volume method (FVM) using a multi-block grid technique has been applied to investigate the hydrodynamic coefficients and to categorize the two-dimensional flow pattern around a pair of adjacent cylinders (known here after as double cylinders). Matching grids were used at the interface between blocks (cylinders), and the boundary conditions are imposed around the periphery to exchange physical values across the interface. To validate the developed numerical method, a case with laminar viscous flow around a single cylinder was carried out, the results showed good agreement compared to previously published data. Hydrodynamic coefficients, Strouhal number, and stagnation point change were thoroughly investigated as a function of the separation between the two cylinders. It is found that the changes of hydrodynamic coefficients due to variations in separation are well characterized by the five different vortex flow patterns, which can also be used to explain the flow and vortex pattern around the double cylinders.     

Numerical Study of Dam-Break Induced Tsunami-Like Bore with A Hump of Different Slopes

Numerical simulation of dam-break wave, as an imitation of tsunami hydraulic bore, with a hump of different slopes is performed in this paper using an in-house code, named a Constrained Interpolation Profile (CIP)-based model. The model is built on a Cartesian grid system with the Navier Stokes equations using a CIP method for the flow solver, and employs an immersed boundary method (IBM) for the treatment of solid body boundary. A more accurate interface capturing scheme, the Tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing/Slope weighting (THINC/SW) scheme, is adopted as the interface capturing method. Then, the CIP-based model is applied to simulate the dam break flow problem in a bumpy channel. Considerable attention is paid to the spilling type reflected bore, the following spilling type wave breaking, free surface profiles and water level variations over time. Computations are compared with available experimental data and other numerical results quantitatively and qualitatively. Further investigation is conducted to analyze the influence of variable slopes on the flow features of the tsunami-like bore.