安徽宣城向阳剖面第四纪红土常量元素地球化学特征及其古气候意义

安徽宣城向阳剖面是我国南方第四纪红土标准剖面,蕴含着丰富的古环境与古气候信息,对其进行常量元素地球化学特征及古气候的研究,对深刻理解该区红土风化成壤强度与古气候演化、充实中国南方第四纪红土的高分辨率研究具有一定意义。本文基于野外地质地貌、岩性调查与加密采样,运用ZSX PrimusIV型X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF),对该剖面进行常量元素测定,并采用地球化学风化参数指标CIA与BA、元素迁移率等分析方法,结合前人的年代数据,探讨了该剖面红土风化特征及古气候意义。研究表明:(1)向阳剖面常量元素以Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、SiO_2为主,具有显著的富硅铝铁化特征,约916 ka以来红土堆积处于相对暖湿的古气候背景下,但是气候总体有向干凉方向变化的趋势;(2)约916 ka以来研究区古气候大致存在7次相对暖湿与相对干凉期的旋回变化;其中,阶段I至阶段II暖湿程度与风化强度较大,气候向暖湿方向发展,阶段III暖湿程度与风化强度均有所降低,阶段IV暖湿程度与风化强度达到最大,是最稳定的时期,阶段V至阶段VII气候一直向干凉方向变化;(3)在6.2 m(约534 ka前)以下部分,红土成土沉积动力强度较大,干湿变化比较强烈,沉积环境不稳定,而此后红土成土沉积动力减弱,沉积环境相对稳定。     

对黄土磁化率、粒度年龄模型的检验(自检)

利用临夏塬堡剖面高分辨率的黄土记录,将研究剖面土壤地层界线,即剖面2.3m处的MIS1/2的分界线年龄11.5KaBP、剖面21.4m处的MIS3/4的分界线年龄59.8KaBP组成三种节点控制年龄模式,分界线年龄的获得依据南京葫芦洞石笋气候事件年龄确定,即模式1:0KaBP⁵9.8KaBP;模式2:0KaBP¹1.5KaBP和11.5KaBP⁵9.8KaBP;模式3:11.5KaBP⁵9.8KaBP。运用磁化率年龄模型和粒度年龄模型分别计算研究剖面各个层位的地层沉积时间,结合剖面岩性和气候阶段对相同层位的计算年龄对比分析后发现:磁化率年龄模型和粒度年龄模型均存在缺陷,但以模式2作为节点控制年龄时,即在冰期或间冰期内选取合适的节点控制年龄,利用磁化率年龄模型或粒度年龄模型高分辨率确定的地层沉积时间与地层实际的沉积时间较接近,且在冰期或间冰期内节点控制年龄越多确定的地层沉积时间越趋近实际沉积时间。     

青海湖种羊场风成沉积的常量元素组成及其化学风化指示

青海湖区是研究亚洲季风和西风环流强度变化和相互作用的良好区域。与青海湖湖泊钻孔沉积物一样,青海湖岸边广泛堆积的陆相风成沉积独立地记录了青海湖区晚第四纪以来的环境演变。过去对青海湖风成沉积的元素地球化学特征虽有过一些研究,但对于这套风成沉积的化学风化研究相当薄弱。通过对青海湖东岸种羊场剖面晚第四纪风成沉积的常量元素组成及主要的化学风化指标进行研究,结果表明:1)化学风化指标CIA(化学蚀变指数)、CIW(化学风化指数)、K2O/Na2O和Fe2O3/Mg O比值均反映了种羊场风成沉积经历了早期化学风化强度弱、中期强和晚期再度变弱的变化特征;2)在距今~5 ka时,风化指标显示化学风化作用最强,可能记录了青海湖区暖湿的气候特征;3)种羊场风成沉积的Fe2O3/Mg O比值与!fd%(频率磁化率的百分比)呈显著线性正相关(相关系数R2为0.939),指示在化学风化过程中Fe元素的富集对于磁化率增强具有重要贡献。     

克里雅河尾闾圆沙三角洲古河道剖面所记录全新世古绿洲环境变化

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地克里雅河沿岸的古绿洲与人类活动遗迹丰富,伴随着河流的变迁,遗址印记了古代文明的消失,河道成为孕育绿洲的证据.在浩瀚的沙漠中,古代文明与古绿洲属于依附关系.以圆沙古城为代表的圆沙古三角洲绿洲是孕育沙漠文明的典型.采自圆沙古城北侧深度约11 m的沉积剖面(KYN22),光释光测年和沉积学分析结果所示,剖面...     

青海湖末次冰消期以来的湖面变化

青海湖是我国最大的内陆封闭湖泊,处在东亚季风、印度季风和西风带的交汇处,对环境变化敏感,是研究该区域及青藏高原环境变化的理想地点。前人基于其连续的湖相沉积物的多项环境指标与其四周湖成阶地、古岸堤以及表层所覆盖的风成沉积物的年代学研究,探讨了青海湖晚第四纪以来的湖面变化情况,取得了显著成果。然而由于测年材料和测年方法的不同,对于高湖面出现的年代问题依然存在着诸多争议。根据近年来已发表的测年数据、前人对青海湖湖面升降变化的研究结果和青海湖QH-2000孔介形类壳体δ18O的记录进行综合集成,构建了自14 ka以来的青海湖湖面变化曲线。在约14～12 ka,湖面在海拔约3 206 m,比现代湖面高12.3 m(以2010年3月湖面海拔3 193.4 m为基准);在约12～10 ka,湖面急剧下降到海拔约3 165 m,比现代低28.4 m;在10～9ka,湖面急剧上升到海拔约3 173 m;在9～6 ka,湖面相对稳定在海拔3 213 m;在6～4 ka,发生过一次干旱事件,湖面下降到低于现代湖面;在4～1 ka,湖面相对稳定在海拔3 193.7 m;在1 ka至今,湖面呈持续下降趋势。     

44ka以来福州盆地红土的沉积地球化学特征

基于福州盆地MB红土剖面所揭示的地层岩性和光释光样品的年龄结果,以及对剖面地化元素的系统分析结果,对剖面所揭示的地层化学风化特征及其区域气候变化特征进行探讨,结果显示:1.福州盆地的坡积红土沉积始于晚更新世中期,止于全新世晚期;2.马保剖面整体的化学风化特征变异主要受自然因素所控制,红土表层受化学风化和流水搬运共同作用的影响。末次寒冷期以来福州盆地古地理环境经历了明显的阶段性变化,且与深海氧同位素阶段有较好对应关系;3.氧同位素1(MIS1)阶段在福州盆地红土中的记录难以进行高分辨率提取,期间可能存在沉积间断,间断时间约为2.3ka。     

青海南山风成沉积光释光年代学研究

青海湖地区的黄土是独立于湖相沉积的重要古气候记录。对青海南山夏拉水库和橡皮山黄土剖面进行了沉积学、地貌学和光释光年代学的研究,重建了全新世以来青海湖地区的环境变化。结果表明,1)青海南山地区至少在10.4 ka之前由河流沉积转换为风成堆积,指示气候转型期;2)10.4~5.0 ka间以黄土堆积为主,偶尔夹杂风成砂,指示气候整体比较温暖适宜,有个别的降温事件;3)3.4~1.0 ka古土壤发育为主,指示气温—降水组合较好,气候最适宜;4)0.6 ka以来发育现代土壤。研究数据基本与青藏高原东北缘的古气候/环境变化记录相一致,但在时间上存在一定的相位差,可能与海拔较高,区域对气候反应滞后有关。     

东海浪岗山列岛风尘沉积的新证据

通过对浪岗山黄土粒度组成、磁化率、碳酸盐、微量化学元素、粘土矿物进行测试和分析,并与其他黄土地层对比发现:1)浪岗山黄土具有10~50μm粒组富集、磁化率为69.3×10-8~93.8×10-8m3kg-1、粘土矿物以伊利石为主(64.91%~79.35%)等与其他风成黄土相似的风尘沉积特征;2)根据红外释光测年(IRSL)结果,浪岗山黄土剖面底部的沉积年代为41.0±2.5 kaB.P.,而沉积速率较快(约为1.53 mm/a),应为晚更新世短期内快速堆积的一例风成黄土地层;3)与内陆黄土相比,浪岗山黄土大于50μm粒组均超过10%,明显偏高,表明该剖面除接受来自西北内陆的远源风尘物质外,还接受来自东海陆架的“近源”风尘物质;4)与内陆黄土相比,浪岗山黄土磁化率变化范围不大、碳酸盐含量极低、蛭石含量偏高、微量元素含量偏低,应考虑剖面沉积后气候环境的长期改造作用。     

西安北郊渭河河漫滩沉积与洪水事件

根据西安北郊相家巷河漫滩沉积剖面中180个样品的颗粒分析和历史文献资料记载,研究了西安北郊相家巷漫滩沉积代表的洪水事件。研究表明:西安北郊相家巷剖面洪水沉积分层明显,对洪水的发生和短期降水量变化反映清楚。相家巷剖面洪水沉积厚度约为5.40m,可划分为28个层,指示发生了28次大小不同的洪水事件。剖面中的洪水沉积以中、粗砂和细砂为主,指示当时的洪水规模比近120年来关中渭河洪水明显大。这28次洪水事件发生时高漫滩上的洪水深度均大于2.2m,剖面中的第12、14、19~28层代表特大洪水事件。西安北郊相家巷洪水沉积代表的大规模洪水主要是由当年降水量的明显增加引起的。     

青海湖盆地畜牧活动起源与发展历史探究——以江西沟2号遗址为例

青藏高原因其高寒、缺氧的自然地理环境,被称为地球“第三极”,史前人类在青藏高原高海拔地区(海拔＞3 000 m)生存适应过程及其驱动机制是当前学术界关注的热点科学问题。青藏高原东北部地区是史前人类迁移、扩散到高原腹地的重要通道,而青海湖盆地处于该通道的关键区域,是研究史前人类在高原生存适应过程的理想区域。畜牧业是维持青藏高原高海拔地区人类永久定居的最重要生产资料,对人类早期适应高原极端的自然环境具有十分重要的意义。然而,由于缺乏可靠的代用指标,对青藏高原畜牧业的起源和发展历史认识不足。粪生真菌孢子产量大、易保存,对畜牧活动具有直接指示作用,为研究高原畜牧活动历史提供了重要手段。该研究系统采集了青海湖盆地现代放牧家畜粪便和表土样品开展真菌孢子组合特征分析,评估确定对畜牧活动指示敏感的粪生真菌孢子种属类型。并对青海湖江西沟2号遗址(JXG2)地层剖面开展了真菌孢子记录研究。通过JXG2遗址剖面粪生真菌总浓度与炭屑浓度(＞50 μm)、石器、动物骨骼和陶片数量等遗址遗存综合对比分析,提出青海湖盆地早期的畜牧活动出现于~6.0~5.5 ka,并在全新世后期逐渐加强,在齐家文化—卡约文化期,农牧经济逐渐取代狩猎—采集经济成为区域主导生业模式。该结论得到青藏高原东北部花粉记录、考古遗址和历史文献资料的支持。     

青海湖水文特征及水位下降原因分析

青海湖自有记载以来,湖水位一直处于下降之中。通过分析流域内的各项水文因子的特征及湖泊水量平衡,看出流域内降水有逐步变小的趋势;湖泊长期处于水量收支负平衡中,致使湖水水位下降。降水变小及湖水位下降又改变了流域水文环境,使径流变小、径流系数下降。通过进一步分析发现,青海湖对降水变化的敏感性要大于其它因子的变化。     

盐湖化学分析测试中心

浅地层地震剖面探测技术是一种基于声学原理连续走航式探测水下浅部地层结构与构造、沉积物特征及矿物分布的地球物理探测方法,具有连续性好、分辨率高和直观性强的特点。在湖泊沉积尤其是水下沉积研究中,弥补了沉积物钻孔分析"一柱之见"的局限性,能够更加直观准确地揭示湖泊沉积层垂向和横向地层结构、构造及其空间分布。回顾浅地层地震剖面探测技术的发展历程,基于湖泊地震相解释的原理,其在湖泊水位、湖泊古地质活动、湖盆形态演变等研究中已有一定的应用,初显了浅地层地震剖面探测技术在晚更新世以来湖泊沉积研究中的独特优势。近期,与RS和GIS技术结合,实现了湖泊沉积2D和3D可视化。湖泊水浅、植物多、浮泥厚等因素影响反射波与图像质量,浅地层地震剖面探测技术在硬件设备、数据采集时的参数设置及数据后处理软件功能完善等方面,仍有待提高。     

The history and architecture of lacustrine depositional systems in the northern Lake Michigan basin

The post-glacial history of the Great Lakes has involved changes in lake levels that are equivalent in vertical extent to the Pleistocene changes in global sea level and changes in sediment accumulation by at least two orders of magnitude. In the sediments of the northern Lake Michigan basin, these radical changes in base level and sediment supply are preserved in detailed records of changing depositional environment and the impact of these changes on depositional architecture. The seismic sequences of the sediment fill previously described in Lake Huron have been carried into northern Lake Michigan and used to map the history and architecture of basinal deposition. As the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated northward in the early Holocene, it opened progressively deeper channels to the east that allowed the larger lakes to drain through the North Channel, Huron, and Georgian Bay basins. At the end of the Main Algonquin highstand, about 10,200 (radiocarbon) yrs ago, the eastern drainage passage deepened in a series of steps that defined four seismic sequences and lowered lake levels by over 100 m. Near the same time a new source of sediment and meltwaters poured across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and into the northern Lake Michigan basin from the Superior basin ice lobe. A marked increase in deposition is seen first in the northern part of the study area, and slightly later in the Whitefish Fan area at the southern end of the study area. Accumulation rates in the area gradually decreased even as lake levels continued to fall. Drainage directly from the Superior basin ended before the beginning of the main Mattawa phase about 9,200 (radiocarbon) yrs ago.Although individual lowstand systems tracts are at the most a few hundred yrs in duration, their geometries and seismic character are comparable to marine systems tracts associated with sea level falls of similar magnitudes. In some of the thicker lowstand deposits a second order cyclicity in sedimentation can be detected in the high resolution seismic records.     

布哈河河口三角洲1970-2010年间面积变化研究

通过对布哈河河口三角洲1970²010年间的5期MSS、TM、ETM遥感影像进行分析,发现其地貌形态发生了明显的变化,并对影响其变化的原因进行了探讨。结果表明:1)布哈河河口三角洲从1970到2000年呈扩张趋势,面积扩张达67.97 km2010年间的5期MSS、TM、ETM遥感影像进行分析,发现其地貌形态发生了明显的变化,并对影响其变化的原因进行了探讨。结果表明:1)布哈河河口三角洲从1970到2000年呈扩张趋势,面积扩张达67.97 km²,湖岸线扩张也十分明显,仅在19892,湖岸线扩张也十分明显,仅在1989²000年间平均推进量达0.56 km;2)布哈河河口三角洲在2000到2010年呈萎缩趋势,面积萎缩了9.85 km2000年间平均推进量达0.56 km;2)布哈河河口三角洲在2000到2010年呈萎缩趋势,面积萎缩了9.85 km²,湖岸线萎缩了0.44 km;3)造成三角洲形态变化是有诸多因素的,其主导因素为青海湖水位变动,其次是受到其它诸如河流输沙、人为干扰等因素的影响,这些影响的贡献度尚不明确,有待进一步探讨。布哈河作为青海湖国家级自然保护区的最大补给河流,对青海湖的生态、气候环境有很大程度的影响,研究其河口三角洲的地貌变化具有重要意义。     

Holocene mass‐wasting events in Lago Fagnano,Tierra del Fuego (54°S): implications for paleoseismicity of the Magallanes‐Fagnano transform fault

High‐resolution seismic imaging and coring in Lago Fagnano, located along a plate boundary in Tierra del Fuego, have revealed a dated sequence of Holocene mass‐wasting events. These structures are interpreted as sediment mobilizations resulting from loading of the slope‐adjacent lake floor during mass‐flow deposition. More than 19 mass‐flow deposits have been identified, combining results from 800 km of gridded seismic profiles used to site sediment cores. Successions of up to 6‐m thick mass‐flow deposits, pond atop the basin floor and spread eastward and westward following the main axis of the eastern sub‐basin of Lago Fagnano. We developed an age model, on the basis of information from previous studies and from new AMS‐¹⁴C ages on cored sediments, which allows us to establish a well‐constrained chronologic mass‐wasting event‐catalogue covering the last ～12 000 years. Simultaneously triggered, basin‐wide lateral slope failure and the formation of multiple debris flow and postulated megaturbidite deposits are interpreted as the fingerprint of paleo‐seismic activity along the Magallanes‐Fagnano transform fault that runs along the entire lake basin. The slope failures and megaturbidites are interpreted as recording large earthquakes occurring along the transform fault since the early Holocene. The results from this study provide new data about the frequency and possible magnitude of Holocene earthquakes in Tierra del Fuego, which can be applied in the context of seismic hazard assessment in southernmost Patagonia.     

GIS技术和水热平衡模型在古湖泊水文重建研究中的应用--以石羊河流域为例

首次利用GIS技术并结合沉积学研究结果,计算全新世两个时段石羊河流域终闾湖泊的面积,建立石羊河流域水热平衡模型,进而恢复全新世两个时期的降水量。     

Bathymetry of Lake Lisan controls late Pleistocene and Holocene stream incision in response to base level fall

This paper examines the millennial-scale evolution of the longitude profile of Nahal (Wadi) Zin in the Dead Sea basin in the northern Arava valley, Israel. Nahal Zin has incised ~ 50 m into relatively soft late Pleistocene Lake Lisan sediments. Incision was forced by the regressive (> 10 km) lake level fall of a total of > 200 m of Lake Lisan from its highest stand at ~ 25 ka and exposure of the lake-floor sediments to fluvial and coastal processes. Alluvial cut terraces of the incising channel are well preserved along the 17.5 km of the lowermost reach of Nahal Zin. At its outlet into the Dead Sea basin, Nahal Zin deposited a Holocene alluvial fan at the base of a 10–80 m high escarpment in unconsolidated sediments. The escarpment is associated with the Amazyahu fault, which forms the southern structural boundary of the present Dead Sea basin. Geomorphic mapping, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages, and soil stratigraphy allowed correlation of terrace remnants and reconstruction of several past longitudinal profiles of Nahal Zin and its incision history. Together with the published lake level chronology, these data provide an opportunity to examine stream incision related to base level lowering at a millennial scale. OSL ages of the terraces fit relatively well with the established lake level chronology and follow its regression and fall. For a few thousands of years the longitudinal profile response to the lake level fall was downstream lengthening onto the exposed former lake bed. Most of the incision (~ 40 m) occurred later, when the lake level reached the top of the Amazyahu fault escarpment and continued to drop. The incision was a relatively short episode at about 17 ka and cut through this escarpment almost to its base. The fast incision, its timing, and the profiles of the incising channels indicate that the escarpment was an underwater feature and was not formed after the lake retreated.This fairly simple scenario of regressive lake level fall and knickpoint exposure and incision is modeled here using a one-dimensional numerical incision model based on a linear diffusion equation. The calculated diffusion coefficient fits earlier results and data obtained from other streams in the area and confirms the upscaling of this simple model to the millennial scale.     

A lake sediment-based proxy of floods in the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges,Canada

We analyzed lake sediment deposits and local hydrometric records to assess the potential for developing a high-resolution record of sediment delivery from the Rock Lake catchment, situated in the non-glacierized Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains, Canada. Rhythmic couplets of silt–clay characterized the clastic sediments recovered from the deep central basin of the lake. Contemporary sediment yield to Rock Lake (10.7 ± 1.8 Mg km⁻² year⁻¹) is comparable to other studied Canadian Cordillera lakes that have sedimentary lithologies and absence of glacier cover, but distinct rhythmic deposition is relatively unique to this basin. Spatial patterns of deposition within the lake were assessed by correlating rhythmites between multiple sediment cores and by sub-bottom, acoustic profiling. Bracketed dates for a spatially continuous sequence of eight thick rhythmites were established by correlating laminations between core samples collected more than 30 years apart. We identified a consistent pattern between the rhythmite and hydrometric data series between 1975 and 2006 and determined that specific flooding events caused by summer rainstorms are associated with each of the eight thick rhythmites. We observed a good relationship between rhythmite thickness and total flood volume that exceeded a threshold discharge. Acoustic profiling showed that the lake could be a good candidate for longer-term proxy development. We discuss how some of the methods used in this study could benefit ongoing paleoenvironmental assessments based on lacustrine rhythmite series.     

Sedimentation processes and basin-filling depositional architecture in an active asymmetric graben: Strava graben, Gulf of Corinth, Greece

This paper presents data on the sedimentation processes and basin-fill architecture in an incipient submarine intrabasinal graben, the Strava graben. The Strava graben is a relatively small intrabasinal structure about 15 km long and 3 km wide formed some time during the late Pleistocene. It connects the Alkyonidhes basin to the Corinth basin, in the Aegean back arc, which is characterized by fast rates of extension and intensive seismicity. Analysis and interpretation of high-resolution 3.5-kHz and sparker profiles together with sonar imagery have shown that gravity-driven sediment transport, triggered by earthquakes, is the dominant sedimentation process and that this sediment forms the vast bulk of the basin-fill. The sediment deposited in the Strava graben is derived from the uplifted footwall blocks bounding the graben and is transported to the basin initially as liquefied flows, some of which may progressively evolve to turbidity flows. The deposits of the liquefied flows have accumulated in the graben floor as aggradational stacks, consisting of sheet-like, low-relief lobes, forming base of slope aprons that are fed by multiple sediment sources along active faults. In addition to the lateral (footwall-derived) sediment transport there is also a gravity-controlled axial transport. The axial transport has formed a depositional system in the down-dip termination of the Strava graben, where it enters the Corinth basin. The axial depositional system grows outwards and upwards and consists of liquefied flow depositional lobes which are separated by turbidites. The sedimentation transport processes and basin infilling style described for the Strava graben can be used as a predictive model for the early synrift stage of ancient submarine intrabasinal structures, in which the major sediment source area is the bounding fault scarps and not drainage basins in the hinterland.