去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)稚虾耗氧率昼夜节律的影响

采用流水装置测定去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾稚虾 (Litopenaeusvannamei)耗氧率昼夜节律的影响。实验水温为 2 5℃± 0 .5℃ ,实验虾规格为 (2 .2 6 6± 0 .0 13) g。实验结果表明 :1、去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾稚虾耗氧率的高峰和低峰发生的时间产生影响。正常组对虾耗氧率的高峰多发生在夜间 ,低峰多发生在日间 ;去眼柄后 ,对虾耗氧率的高峰和低峰则大都发生在日间 ;2、去眼柄对虾的日间和夜间的平均耗氧率差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而正常对虾夜间平均耗氧率显著高于日间 34.79% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;3、去眼柄对对虾的平均耗氧率未产生显著的影响(P >0 .0 5 )。     

维生素E对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)繁殖性能的影响

采用单因素方差分析等方法,进行不同VE含量的饲料投喂试验研究,以观察其对红螯螯虾繁殖性能的影响。结果表明,红螯螯虾雌虾增重率、性腺指数、单个虾抱卵卵重、单个虾抱卵数量、单个卵卵重及孵化率均以饲料3组最高,以上指标分别为(30.42±1.55)%、6.55±1.10、(2.86±0.11)g、(563±18)ind、(5.08±0.09)mg/ind和(45.53±3.88)%。各组受精卵中,必需氨基酸的总量、总脂的湿重和干重也以饲料3组最高,分别为(37.23±0.0207)%、(18.55±1.14)%和(31.69±1.04)%。无论中性脂还是磷脂中,各组受精卵的脂肪酸组成基本相同,均以C16∶0、C16∶1、C18∶1ω9和C18∶2ω6为主;另饲料3组中C20∶4的含量较低,而C20∶5ω3和C22∶6ω3的含量较高。说明饲料中VE含量为(0.0192±0.0023)%时可明显提高红螯螯虾的繁殖性能。VE主要是通过提高红螯螯虾受精卵的质量,而进一步提高胚胎发育的成活率和孵化率。     

对虾养殖围隔生态系细菌的生物量

对5个对虾养殖围隔生态系细菌生物量(以C计,下同)的研究结果表明,浮游细菌总生物量波动在0.09～0．83mg/dm3之间,平均0．37±0．21mg／dm3,占水层颗粒有机碳含量的11．94%;附着细菌生物量在(0．14～3．69)x10－2mg/dm3)之间,平均(0．77±0．58)x10-2mg/dm3,占浮游细菌总生物量的2.08%±1．95%。随着养殖时间的推移,浮游细菌总生物量、附着细菌生物量均有所上升。底泥细菌生物量为(44～132)x(10-6m/m),平均(86±23)x(10-6m/m),占底泥有机碳含量的1．55%。     

哈氏仿对虾人工繁殖技术研究

哈氏仿对虾 (Ｐａｒａｐｅｎａｅｏｐｓｉｓｈａｒｄｗｉｃｋｉｉ(Ｍｉｅｒｓ) )属十足目 ,对虾族 ,对虾科 ,仿对虾属 (俗称滑皮虾、呛虾 )。据《浙江动物志》(甲壳类 )记载 ,该虾为近海性 ,中型虾类 (笔者调查体长大的达１２ｃｍ) ,生长于近岸７０ｍ以内 ,可栖息于各种不同地质的海底 ,在浙江海区夏季分布广 ,多密集于３０ｍ以内的沿岸水域。分布于我国黄海南部 ,国外分布于巴基斯坦、印度、新加坡、马来西亚等国。该虾产量高、肉质佳 ,供鲜食 (呛虾味道特别鲜美 )和制成海米 ,是浙江近海的重要经济种之一。是渔民１１月至翌年３月沿海拖虾…     

对虾养殖生态系中有机碳的初步研究本研究由

对于围隔养殖对虾生态系中有机碳的变动进行了研究 ,结果表明 :溶解有机碳 (DOC)含量波动在 5 .2 99～ 13.39mg/ L之间 ,平均为 8.5 3mg/ L± 2 .2 5 mg/ L;颗粒有机碳 (POC)含量波动在0 .6 5～ 6 .6 3mg/ L之间 ,平均为 3.2 5 mg/ L± 1.76 mg/ L;总有机碳 (TOC)含量波动在 6 .92～ 2 0 .0 2mg/ L之间 ,平均为 11.78mg/ L± 3.82 mg/ L ;其中 DOC∶ POC∶ TOC为 0 .72∶ 0 .2 8∶ 1。各种有机碳组分的含量明显高于自然海水中各种有机碳的含量 ;各种有机碳组分的含量在养殖期间总体上呈上升的趋势 ;其变化与 DCOD的变化呈显著线性正相关的关系。     

东海中北部海域虾类群聚结构特征及空间分布

利用1998年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和1999年2月(冬)在东海26°00′~33°00′N、127°00′E以西海域的虾类资源调查资料,采用聚类分析和非度量多维标度排序(nMDS)法,对该海域虾类的种类组成、优势种和多样性等群聚结构特征进行了分析,并研究了虾类群聚结构的空间分布变化。结果表明:共鉴定到的71种虾类中,对虾科和管鞭虾科种类数为最多,优势种为假长缝拟对虾Parapenaeus fissuroides、戴氏赤虾Metapenaepsis dalei、方板赤虾Metapenaepsis tenella、鹰爪虾Trachypenaeus curvirostris、中华管鞭虾Solenoceracrassicornis和葛氏长臂虾Palaemon gravieri等17种,其中,春季的优势种数量为最多(14种),秋季次之(13种),夏、冬季则较少(均为10种)。虾类多样性指数(H′)秋季为最高,夏、冬季次之,春季则最小。东海中北部海域虾类可划分为A、B、C 3个群聚,A群聚主要分布在30°30′N以北海域,主要种类有哈氏仿对虾Parapenaeopsis hardwickii、细巧仿对虾Parapenaeopsistenella、鹰爪虾、中华管鞭虾和葛氏长臂虾等广温、广盐性种类;B群聚主要分布在28°30′~30°30′N海域,主要种类有须赤虾Metapenaepsis barbata、大管鞭虾Solenocera melantho、凹管鞭虾Solenocera koellbeli和东海红虾Plesionika izumiae等高温、高盐性浅海种;C群聚主要分布在28°30′N以南海域,主要种类有菲赤虾Metapenaepsis philippi和九齿扇虾Ibacus novemdentatus等高温、高盐性外海种。不同类型群聚的空间分布呈现重叠交错,故没有明显的划分边界,但密集分布的海域有所不同。不同群聚间虾类组成的季节变化具有一定的连续性,这保证了整个海域虾类分布的稳定性。     

养殖对虾与海捕对虾鉴别方法初探

通过对养殖中国对虾(Penaeus orientalis)和海捕中国对虾肌肉煮熟后的失水率,提取物中的甜菜碱和氧化三甲胺含量,以及虾肉脂质中所含脂肪酸组成和含量进行了分析比较,得到下列结果:(1)两类对虾鲜样煮熟后失水率相差6％以上;(2)海捕对虾肌肉中的甜菜碱和氧化三甲胺含量比养殖对虾的高,两者有显著差别;(3)养殖对虾肌肉所含C18:2ω6为17.3±1.5％,海捕对虾为2.0±0.8％。从以上结果本文推荐以脂肪酸C18:2ω6含量来鉴别养殖对虾与海捕对虾。     

乐清湾秋季虾类群落结构及生态位分析

为探究乐清湾虾类群落结构的形成和影响因素,作者于2020年9月在该海域开展海洋生态系统综合调查,运用相对重要性指数、生态位宽度、生态位重叠等生态指标,结合非度量多维标度法(MDS)和冗余分析(RDA)对群落结构、生态位的重叠和分化进行分析。结果表明:秋季研究海域共有虾类16种,隶属于6科、10属;哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)和中华管鞭虾(Solenocera crassicornis)为优势种,周氏新对虾(Metapenaeusjoyneri)、脊尾白虾(Exopalaemoncarinicauda)和刀额新对虾(Metapenaeus ensis)为常见种;哈氏仿对虾、中华管鞭虾、周氏新对虾和脊尾白虾属于中等生态位种,其余均为窄生态位种;红条鞭腕虾(Lysmatavittata)与太平洋长臂虾(Palaemonpacificus)的重叠值最高,中国毛虾(Acetes chinensis)、葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri)和细指长臂虾(Palaemon tenuidactylus)等与其他种类重叠值较低;影响该海域秋季虾类分布的主要环...     

不同光源及光照时间对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)游离虾青素含量及生长的影响

采用生态学方法,以黑暗条件为对照,研究了白炽灯、日光灯、金卤灯作为照明光源及不同光照时间对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)游离虾青素含量及生长的影响。实验对虾初始湿体重为(2.108±0.036)g,实验持续50天。结果表明,不同光照对于对虾体内游离虾青素含量和生长均存在显著的影响。具昼夜节律金卤灯照明及日光灯恒照处理组对虾体内游离虾青素含量显著较高(P<0.05),对虾体内游离虾青素的含量平均为(3.31±0.20)mg/kg。对虾的特定生长率在具昼夜节律的金卤灯照明时最快(P<0.05),连续日光灯照明组生长最慢(P<0.05)。对虾的生长率与其体内游离虾青素含量呈显著的负相关性(P<0.05),说明对虾在体内积累虾青素的主要目的不是为了促进生长,可能是为了避免强光照对机体的伤害。本研究表明,在金卤灯照明的条件下,对虾具有较高的虾青素含量并且生长较快,因此金卤灯较其他灯具更适宜作为对虾室内养殖的光源。     

台湾海峡及邻近海域6种对虾食性特征及其营养级研究

本文主要研究台湾海峡及邻近海域6种对虾的食性特征与营养级.研究结果表明,它们皆为混合食性型的甲壳动物.哈氏仿对虾、鹰爪虾和周氏新对虾的主要饵料生物属底栖生物和浮游动物生态类群,中华管鞭虾和须赤虾的主要饵料生物属浮游动物和底栖生物生态类群;它们的营养级范围在1.64～2.14之间.周氏新对虾、角突仿对虾、须赤虾和鹰爪虾属第二营养层次的杂食性动物,哈氏仿对虾和中华管鞭虾属第三营养层次的低级肉食性动物;它们的食物生境宽度范围为6.48～1.24,其大小范围依次为:哈氏仿对虾、中华管鞭虾、鹰爪虾、周氏新对虾、须赤虾、角突仿对虾;6种虾类之间的食物的重叠指数0.008～0.716.除了周氏新对虾与其它虾类之间食物的重叠指数<0.15外,其它5种虾类之间(食物的重叠指数0.387～0.716)都存在竞争饵料资源的问题.挠足类、长尾类、稚幼鱼、多毛类、硅藻类和肉足鞭毛虫是虾类共同争食的饵料生物.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.