地震科技人员开发能力的灰色关联分析

应用灰色系统理论，根据江苏省地震工程研究院的地震科技开发资料，分别以项目负责人的年龄，学历，职称，职务，学科作为比较数列，对年度内完成的实际合同额进行了多因素灰色关联分析，排出了关联序。研究结果客观地揭示了开发能力与人的各种因素－年龄，学历，职称，职务，学科之间的相互关系，为市场经济条件下，地震科技人才的开发，培养和应用。，提供了科学依据。     

基于预测控制的结构振动半主动控制研究

建立了半主动控制系统的理论模型，分析了半主动控制机理，并结合现代控制理论，将预测控制应用于结构半主动控制中，提出了在线预测控制算法，建立了预测模型，并成功的解决了时滞问题，最后作了计算机仿真分析，证明该系统有较好的控制效果。将预测控制思想应用于结构半主动控制中，为结构控制注入了新的思路，通过研究及仿真分析也说明了这种思想是可行的并且具有很大的发展前途。     

区域和全球地磁场模型

本文叙述了计算区域地磁场模型的各种数学方法，给出了选择计算区域模型数学方法的判据，讨论了改善区域地磁场模型边界效应的方法，研究了确定区域地磁场模型截断阶数的判据，另外，简单介绍了第六代国际地磁参考场，１９９０年世界地磁图，国际地磁参考场的精度和使用。     

高层建筑结构体系选择与截面预估

针对我国高层建筑常用的钢筋混凝土框架、框架－剪力墙、剪力墙等结构，就如何进行体系选择和截面预估，在理论与实践的结合上进行了阐述，并依据承载力、变形和抗震的要求，推导了简单易行的经验公式。这些经验公式对于方案选择和初步设计有很大的实用价值，经应用到设计实例中，节约了材料，缩短了设计周期，减少了计算机时，取得了良好的经济效果。     

铅粘弹性阻尼器性能试验研究

本文介绍了作者提出的铅粘弹性阻尼器的构造和原理，对铅粘弹性阻尼器在不温度，频率，应应幅值和粘弹性层厚度的情况下进行了试验，分析研究了温度，频率，应变幅值和粘弹性层度对铅粘弹性阻尼器性能的影响规律，同时，对铅粘弹性阻尼器进行了低周疲劳试验和大变形试验，考察了铅粘弹性阻尼器的疲劳性能和极限变形能力，最后给出了有关的结论和建议。     

单项资料异常变化信息提取的一种新方法：多点组信息法

在前人工作的基础上提出了多点组信息法，包容了以前各种各样的数据处理方法，并赋予了新的内容，以４点组斜率信息法为例，做了系统的论述，并以小水峪垂直基线资料为例，给出了初步的处理结果，证明该方法在各种数据的分析处理、提取地震前兆异常信息的应用中有较大的价值，最后给出了标准化信息流，对多项不同量纲的异常信息合成提供了方便。     

地倾斜资料Nakai拟合分析的映震能力

应用Nakai拟合方法对河北省的地倾斜资料全部进行了处理，通过处理共得到固体潮振幅因子异常79项，对处理结果进行了全程统计，统计了该方法的地震对应率，漏报率，虚报率，根据结果计算了该方法的R值评分，评估了其映震效果，在此基础上提出了适于河北地区的相对参数。     

振戎中学食堂楼耗能减震分析与设计（I）—反应谱法

本文采用耗能减震技术，根据建筑结构抗震规范定的应用谱法，利用CTAB程序对云南省洱源县振戎中学食堂进行了抗震计算分析和设计验算，首先对未加耗能减震装置的空框架结构进行了小震下的位移和强度验算以及大震下的位移验算，其次，介绍了本工程选用的T字芯板摩擦耗能器的工作原理，并对耗能器进行了足尺性试验，第三，根据工程结构的环境特点和建筑使用功能要求，确定了耗能减震方案，最后，对耗能减震结构进行了抗震验算和分析，结果表明，附加耗能器后的工程结构抗震性能得到了明显改善。     

工程场地条件评定中的地脉动研究

为了研究开发更经济，更简便的场地动务特性探测方法，本文简要地回顾了工程场地条件评定中地脉动研究的演进，概述了地脉动观测技术的发展，循着地脉动分析方法的演进历程，叙述了谱和谱比分析方法，利用地脉动频散曲线反演场地速度构造的研究，讨论了各种分析方法的依据和适用条件，指出了目前存在的问题，并探讨了可能的改进途径。     

感应-横向组合测井联合反演及多解性研究

电阻率测井反演问题解的局部收敛性和非唯一性增加了测井解释的难度，影响了实际的应用，把测量原理迥异的感应型和电流型测井结果联合起来反演，是减小这些影响的有效方法，利用经测井理论和反演技术，建立了适用感应－横向组合测井响应的联合演算法，研究了单一的横向测井反演的感应－横向联合反演的局部收敛性、非唯一性及解的偏差，结果表明，联合反演更有利于同时确定地层电阻率、侵入半径和侵入带电阻率，当初值地较大范围内变化时，反演结果均能在真值或真值附近收敛，改善了反演结果的局部收敛性，增加了反演结果的可信度，避免了差异较大乃至相互矛盾的解，现场实例证实了这一结论。     

Assessing the Impact of Chlorinated‐Solvent Sites on Metropolitan Groundwater Resources

Chlorinated‐solvent compounds are among the most common groundwater contaminants in the United States. A majority of the many sites contaminated by chlorinated‐solvent compounds are located in metropolitan areas, and most such areas have one or more chlorinated‐solvent contaminated sites. Thus, contamination of groundwater by chlorinated‐solvent compounds may pose a potential risk to the sustainability of potable water supplies for many metropolitan areas. The impact of chlorinated‐solvent sites on metropolitan water resources was assessed for Tucson, Arizona, by comparing the aggregate volume of extracted groundwater for all pump‐and‐treat systems associated with contaminated sites in the region to the total regional groundwater withdrawal. The analysis revealed that the aggregate volume of groundwater withdrawn for the pump‐and‐treat systems operating in Tucson, all of which are located at chlorinated‐solvent contaminated sites, was 20% of the total groundwater withdrawal in the city for the study period. The treated groundwater was used primarily for direct delivery to local water supply systems or for reinjection as part of the pump‐and‐treat system. The volume of the treated groundwater used for potable water represented approximately 13% of the total potable water supply sourced from groundwater, and approximately 6% of the total potable water supply. This case study illustrates the significant impact chlorinated‐solvent contaminated sites can have on groundwater resources and regional potable water supplies.     

Human-induced Changes in the Groundwater Chemical Composition within an Oil Field Area

The effect of highly saline oil-field water on soils and potable groundwater is considered. Three phases of the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater quality affected by transborder pollution and field development that has deteriorated potable groundwater in the two topmost aquifers are identified.     

Optimizing Multiwell Aquifer Storage and Recovery Systems for Energy Use and Recovery Efficiency

As more aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) systems are employed for management of water resources, the skillful operation of multiwell ASR systems has become very important to improve their performance. In this study, we developed MODFLOW and MT3DMS models to simulate a multiwell ASR system in a synthetic aquifer to assess effects of hydrogeological and operational factors on the performance of the multiwell ASR system. We evaluated a simplified (dual well) ASR system in comparison with complex system (three-, four-, five-, and seven-well systems). Recovery and energy efficiencies were calculated using the model simulations. Factors such as higher hydraulic conductivity and longitudinal dispersivity significantly reduced the recovery and energy efficiencies of the system. In contrast, increasing the volume of recharged water increased the recovery efficiency; however, the energy efficiency was reduced. Recovery and energy efficiencies also plummet when there is an increase in the underlying regional gradient and the designed storage duration. Operating the system multiple times can yield higher volume of potable water, but the energy efficiency may not vary significantly after the second operating cycle. Single-well systems and multiwell systems exhibit similar responses to changes in physical factors, although operational factors have a more pronounced effect on the multiwell systems. One of the major findings was that fewer wells in a multiwell ASR system can yield higher volume of potable water and better output with respect to the electrical power being consumed. The results provide design engineers with guidelines for optimizing performance of the multiwell ASR systems.     

Nearest neighbor time series bootstrap for generating influent water quality scenarios

Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment - Understanding influent water quality variability is essential for the long-term planning of potable water systems. To quantify variability...     

Isotope hydrology study of the Kalamos Attikis and Assopos riverplain areas in Greece

Variations in the isotopic composition of water were used to define the mechanism of recharge of the Assopos riverplain and the Kalamos Attikis coastal brackish karst springs. The plain is mainly recharged by local rain water, while the karst springs are fed by the Parnis mountain system, the mean recharge altitude being estimated in the order of 870 m. The apparent velocity and the underground pathway of the water feeding the springs were deduced and the most convenient sites for the drilling of production wells for recovery of the spring water before salinization were sited. As a result, 73,000 m³ of water are now pumped per day and used as additional potable water for the Athens area, comprizing about one-sixth of the mean daily consumption.     

Comparison of Water Quality and the Chemical Nature of the Sediments of River and Wells at Bhagalpur,India

Bottom sediments of a river and of two sites of well showed significant changes in relation to different water factors. Comparatively, organic carbon, organic matter and free CaCO₃ concentration were higher in the Sutapatti well than at other sites which may affect the quality of potable water considerably.     

Variations of bromide in potable ground water in the United States

Concentrations of bromide in potable ground water that has <10 mg/L chloride range from 0.0032 to 0.058 mg/L with a median value of 0.016 mg/L. The chloride/bromide mass ratio for the same water ranges from 43 to 285 with a median value of 101. The ratios, which resulted from screening approximately 165 analyses of water from 32 locations in 24 states in the United States, show a distinct geographic variation with highest values near the coast and trending toward a value of approximately 50 in the continental interior.     

Groundwater interaction assessment based on the large-scale mapping of geological and hydrogeological conditions in Moscow

Assessing the interaction between aquifers is crucial for estimating the extent of protection of the aquifer in Carboniferous limestone (which is the main source of potable water supply to Moscow area) against contaminants penetrating from the overlying aquifers. The presented approach to assessing groundwater interaction and protection is based on large-scale mapping of the geological and hydrogeological conditions in Moscow. The obtained results may be used for solving the problem of groundwater protection against contamination, as well as for planning the engineering activities in the city.     

Chemical and isotopic methods for management of artificial recharge in Mazraha Station (Damascus Basin,Syria)

Artificially enhancing recharge rate into groundwater aquifer at specially designed facilities is an attractive option for increasing the storage capacity of potable water in arid and semi‐arid region such as Damascus basin (Syria). Two dug wells (I and II) for water injection and 24 wells for water extraction are available in Mazraha station for artificial recharge experiment. Chemical and stable isotopes (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) were used to evaluate artificial recharge efficiency. 400 to 500*10³ m³ of spring water were injected annually into the ambient shallow groundwater in Mazraha station, which is used later for drinking purpose. Ambient groundwater and injected spring water are calcium bicarbonate type with EC about 880 ± 60 μS/cm and 300 ± 50 μS/cm, respectively. The injected water is under saturated versus calcite and the ambient groundwater is over saturated, while the recovered water is near equilibrium. It was observed that the injection process formed a chemical dilution plume that improves the groundwater quality. Results demonstrate that the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is estimated around 6.8*10^?4 m/s. The effective diameter of artificial recharge is limited to about 250 m from the injection wells. Mixing rate of 30% is required in order to reduce nitrate concentration below 50 mg/l which is considered the maximum concentration limit for potable water. Deuterium and oxygen‐18 relationship demonstrates that mixing line between injected water and ambient groundwater has a slope of 6.1. Oxygen‐18 and Cl^? plot indicates that groundwater salinity origin is from mixing process, and no dissolution and evaporation were observed. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the artificial recharge experiments to restore groundwater storage capacity and to improve the water quality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variation of hydrogeochemical characteristics of water in surface flows,shallow wells,and boreholes in the coastal city of Douala (Cameroon)

ABSTRACT

Groundwater is used by 3?million inhabitants in the coastal urban city of Douala, Cameroon, but comprehensive data are too sparse for it to be managed in a sustainable manner. Hence this study aimed to (1) assess the potability of the groundwater; (2) evaluate the spatial variation of groundwater composition; and (3) assess the interaction and recharge mechanisms of different water bodies. Hydrogeochemical tools and methods revealed the following results in the Wouri and Nkappa formations of the Douala basin, which is beneath Douala city: 30% of water samples from hand-dug wells in the shallow Pleistocene alluvium aquifer were saline and highly mineralized. However, water from boreholes in the deeper (49–92 m depth) Palaeocene aquifer was saline-free, less mineralized and potable. Water in the shallow aquifer (0.5–22 m depth) was of Na⁺-K⁺-Cl^?-NO₃^? type and not potable due to point source pollution, whereas Ca⁺-HCO₃^? unpolluted water dominates in the deeper aquifer. Water in the deep and shallow aquifers indicates the results of preferential flow pass and evaporative recharge, respectively. Possible hydrogeochemical processes include point source pollution, reverse ion exchange, remote recharge areas and mixing of waters with different chemical signatures.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis ASSOCIATE EDITOR M.D. Fidelibus