Gauge-Invariant Post-Newtonian Perturbations in Symmetric Teleparallel Gravity

Astronomy Reports - We present an extension to the gauge-invariant formulation of the parameterized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism, which allows its application to symmetric teleparallel gravity...     

Attenuation of Gravity Waves in Fast Ice

Doklady Earth Sciences - The attenuation coefficients of sea waves in ice in the coastal zone of the Sea of Okhotsk with periods from 4 to 30 s were estimated as a function of their wavelength...     

Localized Objects Formed by Self-Trapped Gravitational Waves

Geons are localized horizonless objects formed by gravitational waves, held together by the gravitational attraction of their own field energy. In many respects they are similar to scalar field pulson/oscillon configurations, which were found numerically in 1976 by Kudryavtsev, Bogolyubskii, and Makhankov. If there is a negative cosmological constant, the spacetime of geons asymptotically approaches the anti-de Sitter (AdS) metric. AdS geons are time-periodic regular localized vacuum solutions without any radiation loss at infinity. A higher order perturbative construction in terms of an amplitude parameter shows that there are one-parameter families of AdS geon solutions emerging from combinations of identical-frequency linear modes of the system.     

Characteristics of Internal Gravity Waves and Earthquake Prediction

Doklady Earth Sciences - On the basis of the data on perturbations in the Earth’s atmosphere recorded before and after 52 significant earthquakes that occurred during the period from 1997 to...     

大气重力波布阵探测灾害性冰雹过程的研究

1995－1997年在冰雹灾害频繁的贵州省中西部进行了灾害性冰雹过程的大气重力波布阵探测研究，结果表明使用动态谱分析技术的大气重力波三测点布探测方法不仅可以在冰雹灾害发生3－24小时以前获得可靠的预警信息，而且可连续跟踪监测波原所在方位，为冰雹过程发生发展的理论机制及预报方法和研究和人工防雹作业提供了一些新的线索和一种新的技术手段。     

Variations of the Parameters of Internal Gravity Waves in the Atmosphere of Central Asia before Earthquakes

Doklady Earth Sciences - Based on the data of experimental studies of wave disturbances in the Earth’s atmosphere before and after the earthquakes in Uzbekistan (May 26, 2013) and Kyrgyzstan...     

重力斜导数方法在时间域中的理论模型与研究

Miller和Singh在1994年首次提出了斜导数(Tilt梯度)的定义,J.Derek Fairhead和Chris M.Green又于2004年在斜导数的基础上提出了Tilt梯度水平导数的概念。国内学者已对斜导数及斜导数水平导数展开研究,设定了多体模型、无限延伸倾斜脉模型、有限延伸倾斜台阶模型及埋深相同无限延伸垂直厚板及薄板模型,得出一些结论。针对一些地质体产状的判断,提出非绝对值斜导数水平导数的新概念,并应用于理论模型中验证,得出正确的结论。在上述理论模型基础上补充了断层模型和无限延伸倾斜台阶模型,应用非绝对值水平导数的理论解释地质体的产状,并对上述模型提出新的观点和看法。     

Generation of Internal Gravity Waves in the Ocean by a Background Shear Current Flowing onto a Submarine Elevation

Doklady Earth Sciences - The problem of generation of internal gravity waves that arise when a stratified shear current flows onto a solitary underwater obstacle is discussed. It is assumed that...     

重力滑动构造的鉴别

在一个平缓的断裂面或滑脱带上覆盖着一套外来的、遭受过不同程度构造变动、并与下盘明显不谐调的岩席、岩片,曾被称为表皮滑动构造、缓倾冲断岩席、逆冲推复体、褶皱推复体、叠盖推复体、推复构造、辗掩构造、拉铺构造、脱底构造、滑脱构造、表皮构造、表皮褶皱、薄皮构造、逆冲岩席、纳布构造、锅底构造、推复体、飞来峰、外来体、冲断带、滑乱层、滑动体、滑脱带、古滑坡、浮褶、飞帽、岩席、岩片、阿尔卑斯型构造、北票式盖层褶皱等等。这些构造系由侧向推挤或重力滑动(或二者兼有)而形成。     

平行层状岩体的自重应力场

将平行层状复合岩体视为等效的模观各向同性体，推导出自重荷载下地应力的理论解，并分析了两个水平主应力受岩层倾角和岩体弹性参数的影响，结果表明，与各向同性岩体相比，水平主应力的变化范围增大了，并且两上水平主应力可能不再相等，而岩层倾角对水平主应力之比影响显著，当倾角从0－90度变化时，两个水平主应力能从相等到相差内倍，这也说明在地应力研究中，考察岩体的各向异性是十分必要的，所导出的自重应力场解答对地下工程问题具有一定的实用价值。     

卫星重力与地球重力场的文献计量分析

卫星重力与地球重力场研究是国际大地测量学的重要研究领域,不仅带动了大地测量学本身的发展,也在其他相关研究领域取得了重要的科学应用.以2000年1月至2020年9月的20年Web of Science核心合集数据库中关于该领域的科学论文为研究对象,使用文献计量的方法,应用CiteSpace软件对当前研究现状、近年来发展脉络以及研究热点进行分析.结果 表明,关于卫星重力和地球重力场的文献数量总体上逐年上升,2016年以来维持较高的水平,其中美国、德国以及中国的发文量位居前三位;发文量排名前三的研究机构分别为中国科学院、加州理工学院和美国国家航空航天局;我国在卫星重力及地球重力场领域的研究力量相对集中,中国科学院、武汉大学以及中国科学院大学发文数占中国总数的75.36％;利用GRACE数据和球谐函数构建高精度地球重力场模型,反演局部质量变化是当前国际研究热点.得益于卫星重力观测数据,全球重力场模型得到了实质性改进.     

Quality Evaluation of Land Gravity Data in the Latest Global Gravity Database V23

In order to evaluate the quality of the land gravity data in the latest global gravity database V23, the authors chose the gravity data of eight blocks with a total area of 1 330 000 km² to compare and analyze, and these blocks involved seven countries, including the United States, Peru, Ireland, South Africa, Kenya, Australia, and China. Based on the free-air gravity anomaly data of the latest global gravity database V23, the authors obtained the calculated Bouguer gravity anomaly using the gravity correction methods within the pure spherical coordinate system in these eight blocks. Then, the correlation coefficients between the measured Bouguer gravity anomaly and the calculated Bouguer gravity anomaly were calculated by the correlation analysis method in these eight blocks. Finally, through comprehensive analysis of the features of these correlation coefficients and differences between the measured Bouguer gravity anomaly and the calculated Bouguer gravity anomaly in these eight blocks, the quality of the gravity data of these eight blocks was evaluated in the latest global gravity database V23. The results showed that the latest global gravity database V23, released by Scripps Institution of Oceanography, integrated a large number of the ground or airborne gravity data measuring in an earlier era, and the newly surveyed ground or airborne gravity data may not be integrated into the database. The quality of land gravity data is relatively high in the areas with a large number of older ground or airborne gravity data, otherwise it is low in the zones with a lower gravity working degrees.     

天津市重力数据反演解释

重力数据反演是获取地下地质信息的有效手段。本文通过对天津市全区密度和电性参数的统计分析,了解天津市地层的物性分布规律。在对研究区布格重力异常数据采用归一化总水平导数垂向导数（NVDR-THDR）技术处理的基础上,对断裂构造进行了识别,对构造单元进行了划分。然后结合研究区地质资料,应用Geosoft软件中的密度界面反演模块对各构造单元内的密度界面起伏进行反演。并以GOCAD软件为平台,构建了天津市三维可视化地质模型,借助大地电磁（MT）测深点虚拟钻孔,实现了对主要地质界面和构造的标定。最后利用布格重力异常数据拟合同位置地质剖面,验证了模型的可靠性。应用上述反演成果,结合区内地质认识,推断宝坻断裂（F₁）、蓟运河断裂（F₂）、F₃、杨柳青断裂（F₄）、F₇在中生代后活动性较强,沧东断裂（F₆）和天津断裂（F₃₀）在古近纪后活动性较强。     

Nonequilibrium Neutronization and Large-Scale Convection in Gravitational Collapse

Astronomy Reports - Most of the energy released by the gravitational collapse of the cores of massive stars is carried away by neutrinos. The self-consistent problem of gravitational collapse is...     

Gravity inversion in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Due to its high elevation and high seismicity the Qinghai-Tibet plateau takes a primary position on the earth surface. The inaccessibility of the region makes geophysical studies difficult. Active seismic sounding is available along essentially one line crossing the eastern part of the plateau. In such a situation gravity is a powerful method to obtain information on the crustal structure. We apply an inversion of the gravity field throughout the entire plateau. The inversion is limited to the long-wavelength band of the field, which has been shown by spectral analysis to be generated at lower crustal levels. The field is inverted in terms of the oscillation of a boundary layer with strong density contrast. This boundary is identified with the crust-mantle discontinuity (Moho). A map of the 3D oscillations of the Moho is presented and the properties discussed along 4 profiles cutting the plateau longitudinally and transversally.     

Gravitational radiation during coalescence of neutron stars

The coalescence of components of a binary star with equal masses (M ₁ = M ₂ = M _⊙) and moving in circular orbits is considered. The equation of state for degenerate neutrons is used, leading to the equation of state for an ideal gas. The initial model has zero temperature, corresponding to a polytrope with n = 1.5. To reduce the required computational time, the initial close binary is constructed using the self-consistent field method. The computations use Newtonian gas dynamics, but the back reaction of the gravitational radiation is taken into account in a PN2.5 post-Newton approximation, obtained using ADM formalism. This makes it possible to apply previous experienceof constructing high-order Godunov-type difference schemes, which are suitable for end-to-end calculations of discontinuous solutions of the gas-dynamics equations on a fixed Eulerian grid. The Poisson equations were solved using an original spherical-function expansion method. The 3D computations yielded the parameters of the gravitational signal. Near the radiation maximum, the strain amplitude is rh ～ 4 × 10⁴ cm, the power maximum is 4 × 10⁵⁴ erg/s, and the typical radiation frequency is ?1 kHz. The energy carried away by gravitational waves is ?10⁵² erg. These parameters are of interest, since they form an inherent part of a rotational mechanism for the supernova explosion. They are also of interest for the planning of gravitational-wave detection experiments.     

Different Results in Pressuremeter Theories

The limit pressure that evaluated from pressuremeter tests has been shown to represent a key constitutive relationship for bearing capacity and shallow foundation design. The theoretical and the conventional limits pressure have been evaluated from different methods of interpretation using different theories. This paper provides a new method for interpretation the conventional limit pressure, the new method showed very good agreements with other methods used for evaluating the conventional limit pressure. The new method named as conventional limit pressure. The results of Menard pressuremeter conducted in Abu-Dhabi site been analyzed in five methods of interpretation for conventional and theoretical limit pressure. The deduced results from different methods showed some discrepancies for the same tests. The tested soil can be described as poorly graded sand with silt.     

Essential Findings in Pressuremeter Theories

The pressuremeter, used for in situ soil testing, has undergone significant development both in its technical applications and in the interpretation methods employed for a range of parameters. Several methods have been developed to evaluate the undrained strength of a soil using a pressuremeter. Test results based on these methods show distinctive discrepancies. Different methods for evaluating the limit pressure are also presented. The values of these limit pressure evaluations vary based on the evaluation method used. In any given test, the limit pressure results also affect the values deduced for undrained shear strength. The discrepancies in the undrained shear strength values exceeded 80 % for the same test when evaluations were made with different interpretation methods. Because of the large discrepancies in the results of the undrained shear strength when using different analysis methods, the Gibson and Anderson method is recommended as being most reliable in deducing undrained shear strength values from pressuremeter tests, particularly for use in the design of foundations.     

Polarization of radiation in turbulent magnetized atmospheres

Multiple scattering of radiation in a semi-infinite electron atmosphere in the absence of true absorption (the Milne problem) is considered. The electron plasma is assumed to be turbulent, i.e., the magnetic field B has a regular B ₀ and a stochastic B′ component (B = B ₀ + B′). Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization (s8 λ² B ₀ cos gJ) due to the field B ₀ depolarizes the outcoming radiation due to the superposition of rays with different polarization-angle rotations, corresponding to different paths traveled before they left the atmosphere. Stochastic Faraday rotation due to isotropic fluctuations, B′, efficiently decreases the amplitude of the polarization of each individual beam as it travels through the turbulent atmosphere. This effect is proportional to λ⁴ 〈(B′)²〉, and becomes the dominant factor at large λ. We use the Ambartsumian-Chandrasekhar invariance principle, which results in six nonlinear equations (for the field B ₀ perpendicular to the surface of the medium). We also compute the degree of polarization for the cases B ₀ = 0, B′ ≠ 0, and B′ = 0, B ₀ ≠ 0, and for a number of versions of the general case, B ₀ ≠ 0, B′ ≠ 0. The spectra of the degree of polarization (for the case B ₀ = 0) are presented for optical (λ = 0 ? 1 μm), infrared (λ = 1?5 μm), and X-ray (1–50 keV) wavelengths.     

复杂形体重力场、梯度及磁场计算方法

在改进均匀多面体重力场正演公式基础上, 利用二阶张量的坐标变换实现对多面体重力场梯度的求解, 推导了新的多面体重力梯度和磁场的正演公式, 给出了新的统一的均匀多面体重力场、梯度及磁场正演表达式形式, 并用理论模型进行了检验.同时, 应用新的多面体重力场梯度正演公式推导出新的长方体重力场垂直梯度理论表达式.本文给出的均匀多面体重力场、梯度及磁场正演表达式形式统一, 重磁场联合正演中可相互利用其计算过程中的结果, 避免重复计算以提高正演计算效率.