Kinematic parameters of pure‐ and converted‐mode waves in elastic orthorhombic media

I derive the kinematic properties of single‐mode P, S1, and S2 waves as well as converted PS1, PS2, and S1S2 waves in elastic orthorhombic media including vertical velocity, two normal moveout velocities defined in vertical symmetry planes, and three anelliptic parameters (two of them are defined in vertical symmetry plane and one parameter is the cross‐term one). I show that the azimuthal dependence of normal moveout velocity and anellipticity is different in phase and group domains. The effects on‐vertical‐axis singularity and on‐vertical‐axis triplication are considered for pure‐mode S1 and S2 waves and converted‐mode S1S2 waves. The conditions and properties of on‐vertical‐axis triplication are defined in terms of kinematic parameters. The results are illustrated in four homogeneous orthorhombic models and one multilayered orthorhombic model with no variation in azimuthal orientation for all the layers.     

Scattering pattern analysis and true-amplitude generalized Radon transform migration for acoustic transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry

In multi-parameter ray-based anisotropic migration/inversion, it is essential that we have an understanding of the scattering mechanism corresponding to parameter perturbations. Because the complex nonlinearity in the anisotropic inversion problem is intractable, the construction of true-amplitude linearized migration/inversion procedures is needed and important. By using the acoustic medium assumption for transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry and representing the anisotropy with P-wave normal moveout velocity, Thomsen parameter δ and anelliptic parameter η, we formalize the linearized inverse scattering problem for three-dimensional pseudo-acoustic equations. Deploying the single-scattering approximation and an elliptically anisotropic background introduces a new linear integral operator that connects the discontinuous perturbation parameters with the multi-shot/multi-offset P-wave scattered data. We further apply the high-frequency asymptotic Green's function and its derivatives to the integral operator, and then the scattering pattern of each perturbation parameter can be explicitly presented. By naturally establishing a connection to generalized Radon transform, the pseudo-inverse of the integral operator can be solved by the generalized Radon transform inversion. In consideration of the structure of this pseudo-inverse operator, the computational implementation is done pointwise by shooting a fan of rays from the target imaging area towards the acquisition system. Results from two-dimensional numerical tests show amplitude-preserving images with high quality.     

Kinematical characteristics of the factorized velocity model

The factorized velocity model that incorporates both vertical heterogeneity and constant anisotropy is one of the complicated analytical models used in seismic data processing and interpretation. In this paper, I derive the analytic equations for offset, traveltime and relative geometrical spreading for the quasi‐compressional (qP‐) waves that can be used for modelling and inversion of the traveltime parameters. I show that the presence of anelliptic anisotropy usually dominates over the vertical heterogeneity with respect to the non‐hyperbolicity of the factorized velocity model.     

轴对称各向异性介质波动方程深度偏移的对称非平稳相移方法

由所建立的三维qP波相速度表示式出发,导出并解析求解各向异性介质中的频散方程,得到三维各向异性介质中的相移算子,进而将以相移算子为基础的对称非平稳相移方法推广到各向异性介质,发展了一个三维各向异性介质的深度偏移方法. 文中使用的各向异性介质的速度模型与现行的各向异性构造的速度估计方法一致,将各向同性、弱各向异性及强各向异性统一在一个模型中. 所建立的各向异性介质对称非平稳相移波场延拓算子可以同时适应速度及各向异性参数横向变化;文中给出的算例虽然是针对二维VTI介质的,但所提出的算法同样适用于三维TI介质.     

Image-domain wavefield tomography for tilted transversely isotropic media

Transversely isotropic models with a tilted symmetry axis have become standard for imaging beneath dipping shale formations and in active tectonic areas. Here, we develop a methodology of wave-equation-based image-domain tomography for acoustic tilted transversely isotropic media. We obtain the gradients of the objective function using an integral wave-equation operator based on a separable dispersion relation that takes the symmetry-axis tilt into account. In contrast to the more conventional differential solutions, the integral operator produces only the P-wavefield without shear-wave artefacts, which facilitates both imaging and velocity analysis. The model is parameterized by the P-wave zero-dip normal-moveout velocity, the Thomsen parameter δ, anellipticity coefficient η and the symmetry-axis tilt θ. Assuming that the symmetry axis is orthogonal to reflectors, we study the influence of parameter errors on energy focusing in extended (space-lag) common-image gathers. Distortions in the anellipticity coefficient η introduce weak linear defocusing regardless of reflector dip, whereas δ influences both the energy focusing and depth scale of the migrated section. These results, which are consistent with the properties of the P-wave time-domain reflection moveout in tilted transversely isotropic media, provide important insights for implementation of velocity model-building in the image-domain. Then the algorithm is tested on a modified anticline section of the BP 2007 benchmark model.     

三维各向异性介质中的波动方程叠前深度偏移方法

基于三维VTI各向异性介质的频散关系,构建波数项和空间项分离的单程波算子表达式,以优化算法,确定算子的待定系数,实现广角逼近三维VTI介质的广义相移算子,发展了可灵活处理强或弱各向异性介质的波动方程叠前深度偏移方法.文中同时也针对其工业应用建议了三维VTI各向异性介质中可提高计算效率的频率相关变步长波场深度延拓算法及稀...     

The ρ-family of algorithms for time-step integration with improved numerical dissipation

The dynamic analysis of complex non-linear structural systems by the finite element approach requires the use of time-step algorithms for solving the equations of motion in the time domain. Both an implicit and an explicit version of such a time-step algorithm, called the ρ-method, the parameter ρ being used for controlling numerical damping in the higher modes, are presented in this paper. For the implicit family of algorithms unconditional stability, consistency, convergence, accuracy and overshoot properties are first discussed and proved. On the basis of the algorithmic damping ratio (dissipation) and period elongation (dispersion) the ρ-method is then compared with the well-known implicit algorithms of Hilber, Newmark, Wilson, Park and Houbolt. An explicit version of the algorithm is also derived and briefly discussed. This shows numerical properties similar to the central difference method. Both versions of the algorithm have been implemented in a general purpose computer program which has been often used for both numerical tests and practical applications.     

Development of a family of unconditionally stable explicit direct integration algorithms with controllable numerical energy dissipation

The implicit dissipative generalized‐ α method is analyzed using discrete control theory. Based on this analysis, a one‐parameter family of explicit direct integration algorithms with controllable numerical energy dissipation, referred to as the explicit KR‐α method, is developed for linear and nonlinear structural dynamic numerical analysis applications. Stability, numerical dispersion, and energy dissipation characteristics of the proposed algorithms are studied. It is shown that the algorithms are unconditionally stable for linear elastic and stiffness softening‐type nonlinear systems, where the latter indicates a reduction in post yield stiffness in the force–deformation response. The amount of numerical damping is controlled by a single parameter, which provides a measure of the numerical energy dissipation at higher frequencies. Thus, for a specific value of this parameter, the resulting algorithm is shown to produce no numerical energy dissipation. Furthermore, it is shown that the influence of the numerical damping on the lower mode response is negligible. It is further shown that the numerical dispersion and energy dissipation characteristics of the proposed explicit algorithms are the same as that of the implicit generalized‐ α method. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the potential of the proposed algorithms in reducing participation of undesired higher modes by using numerical energy dissipation to damp out these modes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic amplitude inversion for the transversely isotropic media with vertical axis of symmetry

Transverse isotropy with a vertical axis of symmetry is a common form of anisotropy in sedimentary basins, and it has a significant influence on the seismic amplitude variation with offset. Although exact solutions and approximations of the PP-wave reflection coefficient for the transversely isotropic media with vertical axis of symmetry have been explicitly studied, it is difficult to apply these equations to amplitude inversion, because more than three parameters need to be estimated, and such an inverse problem is highly ill-posed. In this paper, we propose a seismic amplitude inversion method for the transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry based on a modified approximation of the reflection coefficient. This new approximation consists of only three model parameters: attribute A, the impedance (vertical phase velocity multiplied by bulk density); attribute B, shear modulus proportional to an anellipticity parameter (Thomsen's parameter ε−δ); and attribute C, the approximate horizontal P-wave phase velocity, which can be well estimated by using a Bayesian-framework-based inversion method. Using numerical tests we show that the derived approximation has similar accuracy to the existing linear approximation and much higher accuracy than isotropic approximations, especially at large angles of incidence and for strong anisotropy. The new inversion method is validated by using both synthetic data and field seismic data. We show that the inverted attributes are robust for shale-gas reservoir characterization: the shale formation can be discriminated from surrounding formations by using the crossplot of the attributes A and C, and then the gas-bearing shale can be identified through the combination of the attributes A and B. We then propose a rock-physics-based method and a stepwise-inversion-based method to estimate the P-wave anisotropy parameter (Thomsen's parameter ε). The latter is more suitable when subsurface media are strongly heterogeneous. The stepwise inversion produces a stable and accurate Thomsen's parameter ε, which is proved by using both synthetic and field data.     

Depth migration of shot records in heterogeneous, transversely isotropic media using optimum explicit operators

A space–frequency domain 2D depth-migration scheme is generalized for imaging in the presence of anisotropy. The anisotropy model used is that of a transversely isotropic (TI) medium with a symmetry axis that can be either vertical or tilted. In the proposed scheme the anisotropy is described in terms of Thomsen parameters; however, the scheme can accommodate a wide range of anisotropy rather than only weak anisotropy. Short spatial convolution operators are used to extrapolate the wavefields recursively in the space–frequency domain for both qP- and qSV-waves. The weighted least-squares method for designing isotropic optimum operators is extended to asymmetric optimum explicit extrapolation operators in the presence of TI media with a tilted symmetry axis. Additionally, an efficient weighted quadratic-programming design method is developed. The short spatial length of the derived operators makes it possible for the proposed scheme to handle lateral inhomogeneities. The performance of the operators, designed by combining the weighted least-squares and weighted quadratic-programming methods, is demonstrated by migration impulse responses of qP and qSV propagation modes for the weak and strong TI models with both vertical and tilted symmetry axes. Finally, a table-driven shot-record depth-migration scheme is proposed, which is illustrated for finite-difference modelled shot records in TI media.     

Anisotropic velocity analysis1

Results from walkaway VSP and shale laboratory experiments show that shale anisotropy can be significantly anelliptic. Heterogeneity and anellipticity both lead to non-hyperbolic moveout curves and the resulting ambiguity in velocity analysis is investigated for the case of a factorizable anisotropic medium with a linear dependence of velocity on depth. More information can be obtained if there are several reflectors. The method of Dellinger et al. for anisotropic velocity analysis in layered transversely isotropic media is examined and is shown to be restricted to media having relatively small anellipticity. A new scheme, based on an expansion of the inverse-squared group velocity in spherical harmonics, is presented. This scheme can be used for larger anellipticity, and is applicable for horizontal layers having monoclinic symmetry with the symmetry plane parallel to the layers. The method is applied to invert the results of anisotropic ray tracing on a model Sand/shale sequence. For transversely isotropic media with small anisotropy, the scheme reduces to the method of Byun et al. and Byun and Corrigan. The expansion in spherical harmonics allows the P-phase slowness surface of each layer to be determined in analytic form from the layer parameters obtained by inversion without the need to assume that the anisotropy is weak.     

THE DISPERSION RELATION, OF EARTH''S ELECTROMAGNETIC RESPONSE FUNCTIONS AND THE JOINT INVERSION OF DATA

On the basis of the dispersion relations of MT field, the necessity and applied prospects of the joint inversions using a pair of MT response functions which are correlative with the dispersion relations, are infered. A filter coefficient algorithm is made, with which the corresponding impedance phase data can be estimated using a set of apparent resistivities. The tests for the observed MT data show that when comparing the impedance phase estimated using the dispersion relation with the ob served phase, it can be checked whether the dispersion relation between observed apparent resistivity and phase data is satisfied or not, and that the use of the phase data corrected using the dispersion relation in the joint inversion is advantageous to obtain more confident results. It is shown that joint inversions are more advantageous than single parameter inversions, and that in the most case the joint inversion using the apparent resistivities of impedance real and imaginary parts is more advantageous than the jointinversion using the normal apparent resistivity and impedance phase. The existence of the dipersion relations between the ratio apparent resistivity and corresponding impedance phase of the orthogonal electric and magnetic field horizontal Components in the frequency EM sounding with horizontal electric dipole(FEMS) are discussed, the better effect of the joint inversion using the pair of EM response functions is obtained. The problems on the one-dimensional joint inversion for the MT and FEMS apparent resistivities, for which the observed frequency bands partly overlape each other, are studied. It is shown that this joint inversion is applicable and effective:the joint inversions of the practical data for two kinds of EM methods at two sites give the results well corresponding to the drilling data. The simulated MT inversions for the data of two kinds of EM methods are made, and more confident results also are obtained.     

三维VTI介质qP波方程频率空间域有限差分高阶加权算子

波动方程有限差分法是波场模拟的一个重要方法,为解决常规有限差分法存在着数值频散的问题,本文从具有垂直对称轴的三维横向各向同性(VTI)介质频率-空间域qP波动方程出发,在常规差分算子的基础上构造了适合三维VTI介质的频率空间域有限差分优化算子,然后利用最优化理论中的Gauss-Newton法求解了优化算子的系数,使差分方程的相速度与波动方程的相速度尽量吻合,从而在理论上使网格数值频散达到极小,精度对比分析及数值测试表明,有限差分优化算子具有较高的波场数值模拟精度,有效地压制了数值频散现象,为三维VTI介质频率一空间域qP波正演模拟研究提供了理论基础.     

中层重力波运动学特性的VHF雷达观测

利用ＳＯＵＳＹＶＨＦ雷达１９８７年６月在挪威的观测数据，分析了一个典型的内重力波事件的运动学特征．结果表明，该重力波的等相面明显下传，垂直波长随高度的增加而增大，背景风随高度增加而减弱，可以推断波顺风传播，与内重力波色散方程的预言是一致的；利用重力波色散方程导出的重力波运动学参量量值与其他探测手段得到的结果一致．     

A new parameterization for generalized moveout approximation,based on three rays

A simple and accurate traveltime approximation is important in many applications in seismic data processing, inversion and modelling stages. Generalized moveout approximation is an explicit equation that approximates reflection traveltimes in general two-dimensional models. Definition of its five parameters can be done from properties of finite offset rays, for general models, or by explicit calculation from model properties, for specific models. Two versions of classical finite-offset parameterization for this approximation use traveltime and traveltime derivatives of two rays to define five parameters, which makes them asymmetrical. Using a third ray, we propose a balance between the number of rays and the order of traveltime derivatives. Our tests using different models also show the higher accuracy of the proposed method. For acoustic transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis, we calculate a new moveout approximation in the generalized moveout approximation functional form, which is explicitly defined by three independent parameters of zero-offset two-way time, normal moveout velocity and anellipticity parameter. Our test shows that the maximum error of the proposed transversely isotropic moveout approximation is about 1/6 to 1/8 of that of the moveout approximation that had been reported as the most accurate approximation in these media. The higher accuracy is the result of a novel parameterization that do not add any computational complexity. We show a simple example of its application on synthetic seismic data.     

忽略TTI介质对称轴倾角的可行性

假设横向各向同性(TI)介质的对称轴是垂直的(VTI)或者水平的(HTI)能给实际资料处理带来便利,然而实际TI介质的对称轴往往是倾斜的(TTI),忽略对称轴倾角可能给各向异性参数提取和成像带来偏差,因此需要研究是否能、以及什么条件下能忽略TTI介质对称轴倾角.本文通过理论研究和数值分析研究了与TTI介质弹性性质最接近的VTI介质(OAVTI)的弹性常数和各向异性参数与原TTI介质的弹性常数和各向异性参数之间的联系与差别.结果表明:OAVTI介质各向异性参数与原TTI介质各向异性参数之间的差别可统一表示成F(α₀/β₀,ε,δ,γ)ξ²的形式,其中F(α₀/β₀,ε,δ,γ)是无量纲各向异性参数(ε, δ, γ)的线性函数,ξ是对称轴倾角;ξ的大小对各参数的误差起主导作用,一般不建议忽略20°~25°以上的对称轴倾角;当ξ较小时,即使是对强各向异性的TTI介质作VTI近似,引起的P波各向异性参数误差也很小,因此在纵波资料处理中忽略TTI介质对称轴倾角通常是可行的;即使在小ξ条件下,倾斜对称轴对SV波也有显著影响,因此在转换波资料处理中,不建议忽略TTI介质的对称轴倾角.本文的研究为分析忽略TTI介质对称轴倾角的可行性提供了理论依据和简便的判据.     

Research Note: Insights into the data dependency on anisotropy: an inversion prospective

While velocity contrasts are responsible for most of the events recorded in our data, the long wavelength behavior of the velocity model is responsible for the geometrical shape of these events. For isotropic acoustic materials, the wave dependency on the long (wave propagation) and short (scattering) wavelength velocity components is stationary with the propagation angle. On the other hand, in representing a transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis medium with the normal moveout velocity, the anellepticity parameter η, the vertical scaling parameter δ, and the sensitivity of waves vary with the polar angle for both the long and short wavelength features of the anisotropic dimensionless medium parameters (δ and η). For horizontal reflectors at reasonable depths, the long wavelength features of the η model is reasonably constrained by the long offsets, whereas the short wavelength features produce very week reflections at even reasonable offsets. Thus, for surface acquired seismic data, we could mainly invert for smooth η responsible for the geometrical shape of reflections. On the other hand, while the δ long wavelength components mildly affects the recorded data, its short wavelength variations can produce reflections at even zero offset, with a behavior pattern synonymous to density. The lack of the long wavelength δ information will mildly effect focusing but will cause misplacement of events in depth. With low enough frequencies (very low), we may be able to recover the long wavelength δ using full waveform inversion. However, unlike velocity, the frequencies needed for that should be ultra‐low to produce long‐wavelength scattering‐based model information as δ perturbations do not exert scattering at large offsets. For a combination given by the horizontal velocity, η, and ε, the diving wave influence of η is absorbed by the horizontal velocity, severely limiting the η influence on the data and full waveform inversion. As a result, with a good smooth η estimation, for example, from tomography, we can focus the full waveform inversion to invert for only the horizontal velocity and maybe ε as a parameter to fit the amplitude. This is possibly the most practical parametrization for inversion of surface seismic data in transversely isotropic with vertical symmetry axis media.     

基于优化有限差分和混合吸收边界条件的三维VTI介质声波和弹性波数值模拟

传统有限差分系数是通过泰勒级数展开求取的,这样导致所计算的频散曲线在大波数区域会产生较强的数值误差.针对二阶空间偏导数的显式有限差分离散,本文发展了一种新的优化差分系数方法：首先将泰勒级数展开与多点采样方法结合应用于空间频散关系,基于最大范数建立直观有效的优化目标函数,采用Remez算法求解该目标函数,从而获得最优化差分系数.利用优化有限差分方法求解三维垂直对称轴横向各向同性（VTI）介质中的声波和弹性波方程.另外,本文将二维混合吸收边界条件推广到三维VTI介质中,用于吸收人工截断边界反射;基于各向异性特征,合理调整了边界区域的速度值来提高吸收效果.考虑到三维情况下计算效率的问题,本文波场外推过程中采用图形处理器（GPU）取代传统的中央处理器（CPU）.数值精度分析表明,相比较于传统的泰勒级数展开方法,优化有限差分方法在大波数区域对频散误差的压制效果更明显.在三维均匀和修改的Hess VTI模型中的数值模拟实验证明了本文方法具有更高的精度与效率,混合吸收边界条件在三维VTI介质中具有良好的边界吸收效果.     

三角网格有限元法波动模拟的数值频散及稳定性研究

三角网格有限元法能够准确模拟复杂构造和复杂介质条件下的地震波场,数值频散和稳定性条件是地震波数值模拟中参数选择的主要依据.基于均匀的线性三角网格单元,根据结构刚度矩阵的组装原理以及平面波理论,推导了集中质量矩阵下两种网格结构的声波频散函数以及稳定性条件,并对数值频散特性以及稳定性进行了详细研究:三角网格单元中波动的数值频散除了受到空间采样间隔、单元网格纵横比和波传播方向等常规因素的影响外,还受到网格布局的影响,过锐或过钝的三角单元会对波动数值频散产生不良的影响,不同类型的单元网格、单元纵横比对应着不同的稳定性条件,正三角单元中的波动具有较好的数值频散特性,其数值各向异性(频散随波传播方向的变化)效应最弱,稳定性条件也较为宽松.最后通过数值模拟直观地验证了以上分析结果,为有限元正演三角网格的剖分和参数的设置提供一定的理论依据.