子流域划分和DEM分辨率对SWAT径流模拟的影响研究

应用SWAT分布式水文模型,选择秦淮河流域为研究区,在不同的子流域划分水平和DEM分辨率条件下,进行流域径流的模拟,进一步分析子流域划分和DEM分辨率对流域径流模拟结果的影响.研究结果表明:产流量随着子流域划分数目的增加几乎没有变化,最大相对偏差不超过5%;DEM分辨率的变化对径流的模拟影响也不大,尤其在DIM格网单元低于100m时,各种DEM格网单元模拟结果的相对偏差最大约为1%.     

复杂山区小流域径流模拟影响因素分析

为探讨子流域划分与DEM分辨率对于地形和地表状况比较复杂的山区小流域径流模拟的影响,利用分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)对复杂山区小流域进行径流模拟,从不同的子流域划分条件下分析了子流域划分对径流模拟的影响及其变化趋势.然后通过对原有的DEM(Digital Elevation Model)进行重采样生成不同格网大小的DEM作为模型输入,研究不同DEM分辨率对复杂山区小流域径流模拟的影响.研究表明:(1)存在一个比较合理的子流域划分方案使径流深比较稳定;(2)存在一个合适的DEM分辨率使模拟得到的径流深比较稳定;(3)山区复杂流域环境,要求更加精细的子流域划分才能获得(1)中的稳定径流深.     

基于SWAT模型的资水流域径流模拟

以资水流域柘溪水库以下区域为研究对象,基于构建的分布式水文模型SWAT对水文过程进行模拟。在地面高程、土地利用、土壤、气象等数据预处理的基础上,采用2010~2011年实测径流数据进行参数率定,采用2012年实测径流数据进行模型验证,对模型在研究区的适用性进行研究。通过对径流模拟值和实测值的比较,月径流率定期和验证期的相关系数R~2和Nash系数Ens分别在0.93以上和0.91以上,日径流率定期和验证期的相关系数R~2和Nash系数Ens分别在0.78以上和0.70以上。基于这两个评价标准可知SWAT模型在资水游流域有良好的适用性,可为流域内拟建桃花江核电厂的取水安全分析和水环境影响评价提供技术支持。     

分布式水文模型子流域划分中界河、海岸线的处理研究

流域划分是分布式水文模型最重要的基础工作之一.有的区域以界河或者海洋为边界,界河、海岸线上河流出口点众多,如果按照传统流域划分方法,不仅出口点定位工作量大,而且容易遗漏部分小的河流出口点,导致模拟范围与研究区域偏离过大.针对这些问题,本文提出了一种子流域划分过程中界河、海岸线的处理方法.即,通过对DEM进行特殊处理,生成界河、海岸线的模拟河网,然后选择界河的末端和海岸线的任意一端作为出口点,从而大大减小了出口点选择的工作量,提高了模拟范围与研究区域吻合的程度.该算法被成功应用到松辽流域,该区域西北面、北面、东面、东南通过国际界河和跨境河流与蒙、俄、朝三国相邻,南面比邻黄、渤海.     

基于SWAT模型的天目湖流域径流模拟分析

SWAT模型作为一种分布式水文模型已被国内外学者广泛应用于流域尺度的水文模拟分析。本文以天目湖流域为研究区,用DEM、土地利用等空间数据及CMADS中的气象数据等属性数据,在SWAT-CUP中通过率定、验证等方法,对该流域2009-2018年的径流进行了模拟。本次率定的决定系数R²为0.68,Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数NS为0.66,验证的R²为0.70,NS为0.65。率定和验证的两个评价参数都大于0.5,说明本次模拟结果较好,对天目湖流域内总磷、总氮等污染物的模拟数据进行分析是可行的,这可为当地的水资源规划和水资源可持续发展提供参考。     

DEM空间分辨率对流域水文特征信息提取及径流模拟影响研究

DEM是构建分布式水文模型的重要输入。以岷江上游为研究区,基于8种不同空间分辨率DEM构建SWAT模型,研究分析DEM空间分辨率对流域水文特征提取及径流模拟影响。研究表明,DEM空间分辨率越低,洪峰模拟精度越低,模拟流量与实测流量间的误差越大,曲线吻合度越低;DEM空间分辨率由25m降低到200m时,径流模拟误差变化不明显,而DEM空间分辨率由200m降低到3 200m时模拟误差显著增大;另外,DEM空间分辨率与径流总量的模拟精度间未表现出显著相关性。     

滁州花山水文实验流域径流与氮素耦合模拟研究

采用SWAT模型方法对滁州花山水文实验流域进行了径流与氮素耦合模拟,探讨了流域土地利用对氮素输移的影响。构建了花山水文实验流域SWAT模型,采用2008年1月~2013年12月的降雨、径流等数据对径流模型进行率定和验证,以2012年5月~2013年12月的氮浓度监测数据对氮负荷模型进行验证。利用所建立的模型对现状土地利用情形和土地利用变化情景假设下进行了径流与氮素耦合模拟,计算了现状和不同土地利用情景假设下流域的径流深和氮负荷。结果表明:汛期的氮流失量占全年氮流失的比重较大,每年的汛期是控制氮流失的关键时期;旱地的氮流失潜力较水田大,林地的增加对氮负荷具有一定的消减作用;控制氮肥的使用,加强水土保持能力,可以有效减少流域氮负荷。     

土地利用变化对海河流域典型区域的径流影响

为研究海河流域径流对土地利用变化的响应,以阜平流域、匡门口流域和界河铺流域为研究区,利用1970—2011年的水文气象资料,分析了不同土地利用的时空转移特征,然后结合SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,设置4种土地利用情景,评价了土地利用变化对径流的影响。结果表明:模型能够较好地模拟全年及汛期月流量过程;多年径流量呈下降趋势,20世纪80年代到90年代中期呈波动性变化;不同的土地利用类型在时空上的转化呈现可逆性,主要是林地增加,草地减少,耕地略有增加;林地的增加和草地的减少会降低汛期径流量以及最大月径流量;汛期径流系数随着林地面积的增加而减小。合理地规划土地利用格局,对控制流域水文事件具有重要意义。     

基于SWAT模型的辽西走廊海岸带无观测资料流域地表径流模拟

基于SWAT模型和流域水文相似性原理,采用模型参数移植法对辽西走廊海岸带无观测资料流域-狗河流域进行地表径流模拟,取得了良好的效果.该方法不仅有效地解决了水文模型在模型参数移植过程中的不确定性问题,而且为其他无观测资料流域的径流模拟提供了方法借鉴.     

降水空间不均匀性对径流过程模拟的影响

应用数字高程流域水系模型，通过子流域和网格2种空间离散方式，采用传统的子流域法、雨量插值子流域法、逐个网格法3种雨量数据输入处理方法，分别作日流量模拟与洪水过程模拟，模拟过程与实测水文过程相比较表明：日模中3种雨量处理方法计算精度相当，次模中逐个网格法优于传统子流域法和雨量插值子流域法；降雨空间分布不均匀性考虑得越充分，水文过程模拟精度越高。     

Effect of watershed partitioning on hydrologic parameters and estimation of hydrograph of an ungauged basin: a case study in Gokirmak and Kocanaz,Turkey

The main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of the size of the subbasins of a watershed on the hydrologic parameters and their spatial variability in an estimation of the hydrologic parameters and hydrograph of a neighbouring ungauged basin. In this paper, Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS), a semi-distributed hydrologic model, is used to calibrate and cross-validate two flood events occurred in 1998 and then validate four other flood events occurred in 1991, 1994, 2002, and 2009 in Gokirmak Basin in Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. The basin is divided into seven different subbasins to investigate the effect of watershed partitioning on calibrated hydrologic parameters of each subbasin using the peak-weighted root mean square error method as an objective function and the hydrograph at the outlet of the whole basin. It is found out that as the geometric magnitudes of the subbasins changed, the calibrated values of the hydrologic parameters of those subbasins changed as well. Then, a neighbouring basin, Kocanaz, is considered as an assumed neighbouring ungauged basin to investigate the effect of watershed partitioning of a gauged basin on the estimation of hydrograph of a neighbouring ungauged basin. Hydrologic parameters and direct runoff hydrograph of assumed ungauged neighbouring basin are estimated from the hydrologic parameters of the HEC-HMS calibration results of Gokirmak. Statistical indicators of the simulation results for each basin partitioning were graded with respect to the boundary values of the simulation outputs to find the best alternative. The grading results show that the simulation results with a single basin gave better representation among all other partitioning except two flood events.     

水沙变异条件下的河流系统调整及其研究进展

保持河流各方面整体协调是流域开发研究的重点和必然趋势,研究水沙变异条件下河流系统的调整机理,对于河流健康的保障具有重要意义.总结分析了水沙变异与河流系统的作用特性,明确了河流系统中水文、水力、地貌、生态等方面的各种调整实际上是与系统输入特性的特定变化相联系的;回顾了对河流系统及其功能的认识过程与研究现状,展望了将来的研究趋势.     

Grain size partitioning of metals in contaminated,coarse-grained river floodplain sediment: Clark Fork River,Montana, U.S.A.

The traditional concept of the relationship between metal content and grain size assumes that the fine fraction carries most of the metals in natural sediments. This concept is supported in many cases by strong, significant linear relationships between total-sediment metal concentrations and percentages of various fine-size fractions. Such observations have led to development of methods to correct for the effects of grain size in order to accurately document geographical and temporal variations and identify trends in metal concentrations away from a particular source. Samples from the floodplain sediment of a large, coarse-grained river system indicates that these concepts do not hold for sediments contaminated by mining and milling wastes. In this particular system, the application of methods to correct for grain-size effects would lead to erroneous conclusions about trends of metals in the drainage. This indicates that the a priori application of grain-size correction factors limits interpretation of actual metal distributions and should not be used unless data indicate that correlations exist between metals and particular size fractions.     

Evaluating the impacts of watershed management on runoff storage and peak flow in Gav-Darreh watershed,Kurdistan, Iran

Recently, water and soil resource competition and environmental degradation due to inadequate management practices have been increased and pose difficult problems for resource managers. Numerous watershed practices currently being implemented for runoff storage and flood control purposes have improved hydrologic conditions in watersheds and enhanced the establishment of riparian vegetation. The assessment of proposed management options increases management efficiency. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of watershed managements on runoff storage and peak flow, and determine the land use and cover dynamics that it has induced in Gav-Darreh watershed, Kurdistan, Iran. The watershed area is 6.27 km² which has been subjected to non-structural and structural measures. The implemented management practices and its impact on land use and cover were assessed by integrating field observation and geographic information systems (GIS). The data were used to derive the volume of retained water and determine reduction in peak flow. The hydrology of the watershed was modeled using the Hydrologic Engineering Center–Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC–HMS) model, and watershed changes were quantified through field work. Actual storms were used to calibrate and validate HEC–HMS rainfall–runoff model. The calibrated HEC–HMS model was used to simulate pre- and post-management conditions in the watershed. The results derived from field observation and HEC–HMS model showed that the practices had significant impacts on the runoff storage and peak flow reduction.     

降雨输入不确定性对分布式流域水文模拟的影响研究——以武烈河流域为例

降雨输入对分布式流域水文模拟具有重要影响。针对流域降雨资料不完整的情况,以武烈河流域为例,基于反距离加权平均法对雨量站降雨资料进行插补延长,并结合SWAT模型研究了降雨输入不确定性对分布式流域水文模拟的影响。结果表明:不同降雨输入对流域平均降雨量的影响较小,但基于气象站资料的降雨数据在降雨空间差异显著的年份会明显低估面雨量,且在夏季汛期表现更为显著;不同降雨输入对分布式流域水文模拟的影响较大;在雨量站降雨资料不完整的情况下,通过对雨量站降雨数据进行插补延长,相对于直接利用气象站降雨资料,在一定程度上可以提高径流模拟精度,满足降雨资料欠缺流域分布式水文模拟的实际需求。     

The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload: a review of empirical data

The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload is an important problem in fluvial geomorphology, sedimentation engineering and sedimentology. Bedload transport rates are notoriously hard to measure and, at many sites, only suspended load data are available. Often the bedload fraction is estimated with ‘rule of thumb’ methods such as Maddock’s Table, which are inadequately field‐tested. Here, the partitioning of sediment load for the Pitzbach is discussed, an Austrian mountain stream for which high temporal resolution data on both bedload and suspended load are available. The available data show large scatter on all scales. The fraction of the total load transported in suspension may vary between zero and one at the Pitzbach, while its average decreases with rising discharge (i.e. bedload transport is more important during floods). Existing data on short‐term and long‐term partitioning is reviewed and an empirical equation to estimate bedload transport rates from measured suspended load transport rates is suggested. The partitioning averaged over a flood can vary strongly from event to event. Similar variations may occur in the year‐to‐year averages. Using published simultaneous short‐term field measurements of bedload and suspended load transport rates, Maddock’s Table is reviewed and updated. Long‐term average partitioning could be a function of the catchment geology, the fraction of the catchment covered by glaciers and the extent of forest, but the available data are insufficient to draw final conclusions. At a given drainage area, scatter is large, but the data show a minimal fraction of sediment transported in suspended load, which increases with increasing drainage area and with decreasing rock strength for gravel‐bed rivers, whereby in large catchments the bedload fraction is insignificant at ca 1%. For sand‐bed rivers, the bedload fraction may be substantial (30% to 50%) even for large catchments. However, available data are scarce and of varying quality. Long‐term partitioning varies widely among catchments and the available data are currently not sufficient to discriminate control parameters effectively.     

岩溶地下河在SWAT中的概化方法——以毕节倒天河流域为例

岩溶地下河的存在严重影响了土壤和水评估工具(SWAT)在岩溶地区的普遍适用性.针对岩溶地下河在SWAT中的概化问题,提出基于数字高程模型(DEM)预处理结合SWAT流域自动识别功能的方法,将岩溶地下河暴露于地表,把岩溶区复杂的地表-地下二元结构简化为地表一元结构,并以贵州毕节地下河发育的倒天河流域为例进行应用.结果表明:① 对比未经概化地下河建立的模型,概化地下河建立的模型识别流域面积增大30.73%,子流域个数增加29.27%,水文响应单元(HRU)个数增加43.82%;② 参数取最大物理意义范围时,未经概化地下河建立的模型p因子=0.64,不满足建模条件,物理模型本身存在问题;③ 概化地下河建立的模型月步长模拟结果:校准期R2=0.96,NS=0.96,验证期R2=0.94,NS=0.93,月尺度模拟效果非常好.岩溶地下河概化方法使SWAT在流域划分方面更加合理,搭建的模型模拟更加合理.该研究拓展了SWAT模型在岩溶区的应用.     

水流和电解质对黏性泥沙絮凝沉降影响试验

为探索河口海岸地区水流和盐度共同作用对黏性泥沙絮凝沉降的影响,以泥沙浓度和絮团粒径为参数,采用自制的同轴旋转双筒产生运动水流和外加电解质的方法,研究6个水流强度（0 s-1、1.38 s-1、2.54 s-1、4.67 s-1、7.19 s-1、13.2 s-1和20.3 s-1）和3种电解质（NaCl、CaCl₂、AlCl₃）作用下的黏性泥沙絮凝沉降过程。试验结果表明:① 水流对黏性泥沙絮凝沉降的影响与其强度相关。低强度水流（水流强度小于4.67 s-1）表现为初期促进、中后期阻碍的规律;高强度水流则由于强水流剪切力和自上而下的紊动掺混作用始终起阻碍作用。② 电解质的存在将分别增强和减弱高、低强度水流所起作用;相同浓度下,当阳离子化合价从+1价变成+3价时,水流的影响作用更明显,尤其体现在稳定段。     

Connecting the cycles: Impact of sediment,carbon and nutrient erosion on GHG emissions

Soil erosion and depositon are often considered to generate an unintentional, but significant sink sink for atmospheric GHGs. This study highligts the need for a full account of all emissions associated with agriculture when assessing the impact of soil erosion on climate.     

泥沙影响流速分布规律的试验研究

挟沙水流中泥沙颗粒的存在将影响水流的紊动结构,并进一步影响水流流速分布。采用超声流速仪MicroADV测量挟沙水流的时均流速沿垂线分布,分析了在不同水力条件、不同泥沙条件(包括泥沙浓度及颗粒粒径)下泥沙与水流相互作用对流速沿垂线分布的影响,在此基础上,考虑到现有流速分布公式在实际河道水流流速沿垂线分布中的应用,提出新的指数型流速分布公式形式;并根据实验资料,初步检验了该公式的精度,同时分析了指数型流速公式中系数k和指数m随泥沙浓度s、粒径d以及水力条件的变化规律。结果表明:系数k随泥沙浓度的增加而增大,同时水力条件以及泥沙颗粒粒径同样也影响着k的变化;而指数m随粒径d的增大而减小,随泥沙浓度s的增加而增大。