Static soil culvert interaction the effect of box culvert geometric configurations and soil properties

The response of box culverts to static loads is controlled by soil arching. Soil arching is a result of a complex soil culvert interaction (SCI) due to the relative stiffness between the culvert and the surrounding soil, and is a critical consideration in culvert design. The factors that affect soil arching on box culverts include the soil height above the culvert, the geometrical configuration of the box culvert and the properties of the soil around it. Box culverts are typically designed using formulae that assume simplified behaviors and in some cases rely on considerable empiricism. In the present study, small scale centrifuge physical model tests were conducted to investigate SCI considering the height and density of soil above the culvert and the geometry of the culvert. The results of these centrifuge tests were used to calibrate and verify a numerical model that was used to further investigate the response of box culverts to static loads. The results have been evaluated for bending moment and soil culvert interaction factors. The results demonstrated that the soil culvert interaction factors are not only a function of the height of soil column above the culvert, but also a function of the culvert thickness, soil elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Therefore, the results were used to establish charts and equations that can be employed to assess the design values of the static soil pressure and static bending moment for box culverts.     

Influences of overburden pressure and soil dilation on soil nail pull-out resistance

Soil nailing is the most popular technique for stabilizing newly formed and existing sub-standard slopes in Hong Kong because of its economic and technical advantages. The nail–soil interface shear resistance is an important parameter in design of soil nailed structures. A three-dimensional finite element model was established and used for simulating soil nail pull-out tests. The finite element model was verified by comparing simulated results with measured data. The agreement between the experimental and simulated results in terms of both average pull-out shear stress and stress variation was very good. Using this finite element model, a parametric study was carried out to study the influences of the overburden pressure and soil dilation angle on the soil nail pull-out resistance. The simulated peak pull-out resistance was not directly related to the overburden pressure, which was coincident with the observations in laboratory pull-out tests. The simulated pull-out resistance increased significantly with the increase in dilation angle of the shearing zone. This analysis indicated that the constrained dilatancy of the nail–soil interface and the soil surrounding the nail contributed a lot to the development of peak pull-out resistance.     

上覆压力和剪胀作用下土钉抗拔的有限元模拟

灌浆土钉在边坡加固工程中有着广泛的应用。土钉在不同条件下的抗拔机制仍是进一步研究的课题。通过建立一个三维有限元模型,研究土钉在不同上覆压力和剪胀作用下的土钉抗拔行为。采用摩尔-库仑模型模拟花岗岩土,土与土钉界面采用“接触对”和库仑摩擦模型描述。模型可以模拟土钉发生较大抗拔位移下发生滑移破坏的过程。模型参数通过三轴试验结果进行校正。通过与大尺寸室内抗拔试验结果相比较,验证了模型的有效性。模型展现了土钉在钻孔后和抗拔过程中土钉周围的土压力的变化。最后通过参数分析,研究了上覆压力和剪胀对土钉抗拔力的影响。结果显示,当上覆压力较小时,剪胀角对抗拔应力的影响较小。随着上覆压力的增加,剪胀角对抗拔应力的影响变得更加明显。     

一种气泡轻质土路基受载-破坏模型试验

针对某原型工程采用的新型气泡轻质填土路基,通过室内相似模型试验和UDEC数值模拟相结合分析的手段,研究该气泡轻质土路基在受载-破坏过程中的变形特征和受力破坏机制,得到了该过程中路基内部的应变变化、应力分布以及沉降变形规律等数据。研究表明：该种气泡轻质土路基在受载-破坏过程中,内部老路基首先发生变形,当荷载达到175 kPa后,中层左侧轻质土路基内部最先发生塑性变形直至破坏;轻质土路基与老路基交接处易受老路基沉降变形与轻质土路基破坏变形的共同作用而产生弯剪破坏裂缝,最终导致路基失稳;该气泡轻质土路基受载-破坏模式是一个由内而外的从弹性变形到塑性屈服,最终发生弯剪破坏的过程,即先局部破坏再整体失稳;纵向上老路基的应力传递比轻质土路基小;一定荷载范围（小于100 kPa）内,路基变形程度与路基深度成反比。     

土钉与土体间的应力传递研究

根据土钉与土体间剪应力-相对位移关系曲线,分析了土钉与土体间荷载传递机理,建立了土钉与土体间应力传递的力学模型。利用截面上的平衡条件,推导了有别于传统假设的作用在土钉上的应力分布及变形表达式,从理论上分析了土钉与土体间的应力传递规律,并结合工程实测数据验证了该模型的合理性。     

Numerical modelling of soil nails in loose fill slope under surcharge loading

A plane–strain numerical model has been developed to mimic a nailed loose fill slope under surcharge loading. The model has been used to back-analyse a field test that was conducted to examine the behaviour of soil nails in loose fill slopes under surcharge loading. Incremental elasto-plastic analyses coupled with pore water diffusion have been performed to study the internal deformation, water content redistribution in the soil, and the performance of the soil nails during and after the application of surcharge loading. The model parameters describing the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the nailed slope were obtained from field or laboratory tests. Different modelling techniques and boundary conditions for mimicking soil–nail interaction in loose fill material have been examined. Comparisons between numerical predictions and field measurements demonstrate that a new interfacial model, denoted as the embedded bond–slip interface model, is more suitable for mimicking the interfacial behaviour. Despite the simplicity of the numerical model, the predicted responses are in close agreement with the field test results, in particular the mobilisation and distribution of nail forces in response to surcharge loading. Both the numerical and the field test results suggest that soil nails are capable of increasing the overall stability of a loose fill slope for the loading conditions considered in this study. The increase in confining stress along the soil nails near the surcharge area is central to the overall stabilising mechanism. On the contrary, the nail forces mobilised near the nail heads are much smaller, indicating that the beneficial effect of having a structural grillage system at the slope face is limited for the range of surcharge pressures considered in this study.     

An embedded bond-slip model for finite element modelling of soil–nail interaction

Soil nailing has been widely used as a reinforcing technique to retain excavations and stabilise slopes. Proper assessment of the interaction between the nails and the surrounding soil is central to safe and economical design of the composite reinforced soil structure. In this note, a new interface model, denoted as “embedded bond-slip model”, is proposed to model the soil–nail interaction numerically in a simplified manner. Combining the key features of the embedded element technique and the conventional interface element method, the proposed plane–strain interface model has the advantages that no special considerations have to be given to the arrangement of the finite element mesh for the soil nails, and that possible tangential slippage along the interface can be modelled. The formulation also allows pore water flow across the soil nails to be incorporated into the analysis. The proposed model has been implemented into a finite element code and verified by simple element tests under different uni-direction loading conditions. Using the proposed interface model, back analyses of a field test involving a soil-nailed cut slope subjected to a rise in groundwater table have been conducted. This note presents the details of the embedded bond-slip model and the numerical results which demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of simulating soil–nail interaction conveniently and realistically.     

均质土体中土钉受力的极限分析上限法

土钉支护是加固机制上的锚固机制,土钉支护的受力和变形是随施工过程逐步变化的。采用追踪施工过程的增量计算方法,并将稳定性分析与土钉轴力计算相统一,根据稳定性要求来计算土钉受力,是土钉支护中土钉受力计算的合理途径。考虑到土钉支护中土与土钉共同作用以及潜在滑移面处土钉受力的特点,在土钉支护的稳定性分析中可以采用极限分析上限方法。根据上限方法中的相容速度场以及土钉受力与位移的关系,可确定在上限分析中每一开挖工况下土钉轴力增量的比例关系。应用上限方法的能量方程进行每一开挖工况下土钉支护稳定性的计算,即可优化求解出每一开挖工况下的土钉所需提供的能量耗散,而后依据上述确定的增量比例系数,即可求得该开挖工况下的土钉轴力增量,而各开挖工况下土钉轴力增量的积累即为最终土钉轴力。通过工程实例计算表明,上述方法是准确和有效的。     

弹性矩型板与非线性地基共同作用的简化计算法

提出一种考虑地基非线性特性的地基模型,并把它应用到弹性板基础与非线性地基共同作用的分析中。计算结果表明,考虑地基非线性特性时,地基反力及弹性板基础的受力大为改善且结果更接近于实际     

2D Numerical Simulations of Soil Nail Walls

In practice, numerical simulations of soil nail walls are often carried out to assess the performance and stability. In the present study, implications of the use of advanced soil models, such as hardening soil model and hardening soil with small-strain stiffness model to simulate the behavior of in situ soil on the overall response of simulated soil nail wall have been studied, and compared with respect to the analysis using conventional and most prevalently used Mohr-Coulomb soil model. Further, influence of the consideration of bending stiffness of soil nails on the simulation results has been examined. Results of the simulations indicated that the use of advanced models is desirable for cases of soil nail walls constructed in soft soils and when lateral wall displacements are critical to the adjoining structures. Incorporation of bending stiffness of nails is found important from the consideration of facing failure modes of soil nail walls.     

土钉抗拔试验过程中钉周土体应力变化研究

土钉的抗拔强度是土钉支护结构设计需要用到的重要参数。抗拔强度的大小取决于拔出过程中作用于土钉表面的法向应力的大小。通过室内模型抗拔试验以及三维有限元分析,研究了钻孔灌注型土钉在钻孔、注浆及拔出过程中土钉杆周围土体中的应力变化情况。研究发现,对于钻孔灌注型土钉,孔周土体中的应力在钻孔结束时几乎全部释放掉;对于低压灌浆土钉,灌浆结束到浆体硬化的过程中土钉杆周围土体中的应力没有得到有效恢复;拔出过程中,由于土体的剪胀变形受到约束,土钉周围土体中的应力随着拔出位移的增加逐渐增加,从而导致抗拔应力的增加,说明土的剪胀性对钻孔灌注型土钉来说非常重要,对于低剪胀性土,需要通过增加灌浆压力等方法对钻孔过程中释放掉的应力进行补偿     

Semi-analytical solutions for vertically and laterally loaded piles in multilayered soil deposits

In geotechnical practice, it is of considerable importance to assess the behavior of vertical–lateral coupled loading piles in multilayered soil deposits. This study deals with a semi-analytical formulation for the performance of a pile suffering from combined vertical and lateral loads. The emphasis is on quantifying the mobilization of the subgrade reaction provided by the layered soil stratums. In the proposed method, subgrade reactions, correlated with both the accumulative axial load transfer and side resistances depending upon the pile–soil interaction, are abstracted as a series of nonlinear springs in both vertical and lateral directions. On account of this, an alternative transfer matrix method is applied to characterize the pile reaction along the depth under the identified boundary conditions atop the pile; meanwhile, the condition of static equilibrium, between two specific pile segments located at the border of soil layers, is also essential. On this basis, validation of the solution is conducted by comparing with observations from experiments and predictions obtained from other existing methods. In addition, the influence of properties in shallow soil layer and the vertical load on the lateral response of the pile is also discussed. The results indicate a reduction in the lateral displacement and the maximum bending moment within the pile with the increase in the shallow soil stiffness, but a growth with the increase in vertical load due to the “P-Δ effect.”     

Reliability analysis of soil nail walls

In India, soil nail walls are being extensively used for supporting vertical excavations below ground level to accommodate construction of one-or two-storied basements. Generally, the depth of excavations for basement construction ranges from 10 m to 15 m. For such large depth of excavation, variability of in-situ soil properties has significant influence on the stability of the soil nail walls. In the present study, using reliability analysis, an attempt is made to study the influence of variability of in-situ soil properties on the stability of soil nail walls. For better understanding, a case of 10 m high soil nail wall constructed to support a vertical cut is considered for the study and its stability is evaluated for various failure modes. Additionally, the influence of correlation among soil parameters on soil nail wall stability is assessed. In-situ soil friction angle and correlation between in-situ soil cohesion and angle of friction are found to influence soil nail wall stability significantly. In general, reliability analysis provided a better insight into the assessment of stability of soil nail wall.     

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil

In this paper, a method is developed for nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil. The method assumes that both the ultimate soil resistance and the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction increase linearly with depth. By considering the force and moment equilibrium, the system equations are derived for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. An iteration scheme containing three main steps is then proposed to solve the system equations to obtain the response of the pile. To determine the ultimate soil resistance and the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction required in the analysis, related expressions are selected by reviewing and assessing the existing methods. The degradation of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The developed method is validated by comparing its results with those of centrifugal tests and three-dimensional finite element analysis. Applications of the developed method to laboratory model and field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results.     

The effect of pressure-grouted soil nails on the stability of weathered soil slopes

Pressure-grouted soil nails have been increasingly used for stabilizing slopes. The pullout resistance of a soil nail is the main factor for reinforcing the slope stability. In this study, a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model is developed to simulate the pullout behavior of a pressure-grouted soil nail. This model is verified with field pullout tests result of a pressure-grouted soil nails by comparing with gravity-grouted soil nails. Based on the analysis, a three-dimensional finite element model is proposed for stability analysis of a slope reinforced with pressure-grouted soil nails using the shear strength reduction method. A series of numerical slope stability analyses for a slope composed of weathered soil are performed to investigate the effects of grouting pressure on the slope stability and the behavior of the soil nails. Special attention is given to the installation effect of a pressure-grouted soil nails. It is found from the result of this study that the pressure-grouted soil nails increase the safety factor by fifty percent in a slope by increasing the stiffness of the nailed slope system. Numerical analysis results confirm the fact that the pullout resistance of a soil nail is the main factor for stabilizing slopes rather than the shear resistance of the soil nail.     

隧道开挖条件下地埋管线的非线性响应分析

隧道开挖引起的地层不均匀沉降造成附近的地埋管线产生额外的变形,甚至破坏。被动管线与土体的相互作用的研究表明,不考虑土体的刚度衰减,较大的土体弹性模量使得管线的最大弯矩计算结果过大,偏于保守,造成不必要的浪费。在被动管线Winkler地基模型分析基础上,引入土体刚度衰减模型考虑土体非线性特性,提出了隧道开挖作用下管线响应的等效线性分析方法。基于自由土体位移场计算管周土体由于隧道开挖引起的附加应变,基于水平受荷桩的环状弹性介质模型考虑由于管土相互作用引起的管周土体应变,从而对被动Winkler地基模型的土体弹性参数进行修正,计算得到管线的最大弯矩。通过与现有的弹性理论方法、离心模型试验结果的对比,验证了针对隧道开挖引起的被动管土相互作用问题,该方法考虑土体非线性特性的合理性。     

土钉支护现场测试及三维数值模拟分析

在进行土钉轴力和边坡位移测试的基础上 ,进行了土钉支护的三维数值模拟研究 ,对边坡位移、土钉轴力、塑性区分布等分别作了较为深入的探讨 ,认识到土钉与土体相互作用形成了一个完整的支护体系 ;基坑失稳破坏并非传统意义上的土体和土钉的破坏 ,而是土钉支护体系的整体性破坏 ;土钉支护体系的形成正是通过土钉的分担作用、应力传递与扩散作用来实现的 ,这是土钉支护作用的实质.     

Flexural response of piles under liquefied soil conditions

The paper pertains to the development of a generalized procedure to analyze and predict the flexural behavior of axially and laterally loaded pile foundations under liquefied soil conditions. Pseudo-static analysis has been carried out taking into consideration the combined effect of axial load and lateral load. Based on the available literature effect of degradation on the modulus of subgrade reaction due to soil liquefaction has been incorporated in the analysis. The developed program was calibrated and validated by comparing the predicted behavior of the pile with theoretical and experimental results reported in literature. The predicted behavior has been found to be in excellent to very good agreement with the theoretical and observed values in the field, respectively. The present study highlights the importance of considering the axial load from the superstructure along with the inertia forces from the superstructure and the kinematic forces from the liquefied soil in the design of pile foundations in liquefiable areas. The significance of densification of the soil in the liquefiable areas and presence of an adequate top non-liquefied soil cover causing appreciable reduction in deflection and bending moment experienced by the piles has been highlighted.     

基于明德林解的土钉内力计算方法

土钉内力计算是土钉墙设计计算的关键指标,通过虚拟开挖应力模拟土钉墙开挖状态,假定面层受力为0,提出了钉土剪力在潜在滑动面两侧沿土钉方向呈双三角形分布的计算模型,推导了钉土剪力和土钉轴力的计算公式。利用Mindlin应变解,得到在虚拟开挖应力和钉土剪力共同作用下潜在滑动面位置土体及土钉端部土体侧向位移,根据钉土剪力分布模型计算得到土钉在潜在滑动面位置的弹性变形。根据钉土剪力在潜在滑动面位置等于0的特点,得到钉土相对位移在潜在滑动面位置为0的结论,结合潜在滑动面位置两侧土钉轴力大小、相等方向相反,可以得到钉土剪应力计算公式中未知系数,从而得到土钉轴力和钉土剪力。通过与法国CEBTP大型试验1号墙实测数据的对比分析,初步验证了基于Mindlin解的土钉内力计算方法的合理性和可行性。     

太湖软土地基沉降特性分析

根据太湖地区某高速公路路基沉降实测资料,通过现场原位取样结合室内试验,分析了太湖冲湖积相软土的压缩特性,总结出软土路基的沉降变化规律,研究了工程地质条件和填土高度对路基沉降的影响,并采用归一化指标得到不同地基处理方式下的沉降估算公式,同时对两种常用全过程路基沉降预测方法进行了比较。结果表明,太湖冲湖积相软土具有较强的结构性;相似地质条件下的路基沉降差异较大,土体结构性是影响路基沉降的重要因素之一;归一化指标分析可得到不同路基处理方式下的简单沉降估算式;常用的全过程沉降量预测方法对于最终沉降量的预测均存在一定的偏差,可综合分析预测结果得到较为准确的预测值。