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消雷器电晕电流的测量和理论分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
迄今为止,“消雷器”产生的电晕电流及其“消雷”机理尚有争论。本文利用一种“消雷器”实测电晕电流和电场强度,并根据一次闪电后地面电场恢复特征,从理论上估算了恢复时段内电晕电流密度。结果表明,即使在电场恢复到较为稳定的时刻,测量值仍比理论值约大一个量级,而理论值和地面自然尖端产生的电晕电流在量级上相当,“消雷器”产生的电晕电流不会高于自然尖端的作用。此外,“消雷器”结构(强局地表面电场、较大电晕有效面 相似文献
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The convective charging mechanism of thunderclouds is based on the vertical transport of space charge generated by corona from ground irregularities under the influence of the surface electric field. The present work estimates the amount of charge which is expected to reach cloud base by conduction and convection processes during the lifetime of a thunderstorm. This estimate is made using the numerical model PICASSO, previously designed to characterize the evolution of this corona space charge between ground level and cloud base. Experimentally determined values of surface electric field are introduced into the model in order to initiate the computation. These values are based on six events documented during four different field experiments carried out in Florida and in France. As an upper limit, the convective transport is uniformly applied as a linearly increasing vertical air speed profile and competes with the conductive transport. The fraction of the positive charge generated at the surface by corona which finally reaches the upper limit of the layer varies between 26 and 86%, essentially depending on the electric field evolution at altitude. Assuming that the vertical transport conditions remain the same over an area of 10 km×10 km, the overall charge amount can be roughly estimated. It ranges between about 63 and over 300 C. Because the present assumptions probably lead to an overestimate of these amounts, such a range suggests that the convective charging mechanism is unlikely to be able to account for the major electrification process of the thundercloud. However, it could be considered as a relevant mechanism contributing to the lower positive charge center of the thundercloud, often observed close to cloud base. 相似文献
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雷暴下的电流密度测量和准稳态特性讨论 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
利用电场和麦克斯韦电流密度的同时测量,对雷暴下闪电间的麦克斯韦电流密度的准稳态特性进行了验证,并利用实验观测和模式计算相结合的方法,对传导电流、位移电流和电晕电流的相对重要性作了估计。 相似文献
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为了得到金属尖端在发生电晕放电时尖端处的电场强度,该文首先采用实验室实验得到不同高度、不同形状、不同材质的金属尖端发生电晕放电时的环境电场阈值;再采用有限元法计算二维泊松方程,得到尖端处电晕触发阈值,由此得出以下结论:环境电场阈值随金属尖端高度的增大基本呈线性减小趋势,随着尖端越来越尖,环境电场阈值呈先减小后增大的变化趋势;高度、形状对金属物尖端处电晕触发阈值无影响,尖端处电晕阈值为定值;给出尖端处电晕触发阈值为158.75 kV·m-1与空间分辨率的拟合公式,可为今后电晕放电数值模拟中判断电晕放电的起始时刻提供参考。 相似文献
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中国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性对比分析 总被引:13,自引:17,他引:13
通过对我国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性的对比分析,发现南北方雷暴及人工触发闪是电特性有很大差异。北方雷暴电荷结构呈三极性,人工触发闪电是在地面电场为正的情况下成功的。主要由连续电流和双极性电流脉冲组成,最大放电电流为1kA,中和电葆量只有几库仑;南方雷暴则为偶极性,触发闪电由连续电流和我次回击组成,电流峰值在于10kA。触发闪电时地面电场均为负极性,其中在4kV/m以上;触发高度在北方最低为26 相似文献
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广东野外雷电综合观测试验十年进展 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
雷电野外科学试验是认识雷电发生、发展物理过程及其致灾机理的重要途径,也是开展真实雷电电磁环境下雷电防护技术测试的重要方式。自2006年开始,中国气象科学研究院和广东省气象局在广州野外雷电试验基地,持续合作开展了雷电野外综合观测试验,在人工触发闪电和自然闪电物理过程及其雷电防护技术测试试验等方面取得了若干研究结果。十年期间共成功触发闪电94次,回击电流峰值最大值为42 kA,平均值为16 kA;分析给出了自然闪电预击穿过程电场变化脉冲特征类型和差异;观测发现高建筑物上行连接先导可达几百米甚至超过1 km,其发展速度可达106 m/s量级,下行先导与上行连接先导的连接呈多样性;雷电防护技术测试试验表明人工触发闪电近距离电磁场耦合在架空线路上的感应电压达到千伏量级,多回击、长连续电流和地电位抬升是造成浪涌保护器(SPD)损害的主要因素;闪电定位系统探测性能的评估结果显示粤港澳闪电定位系统的闪电和回击的探测效率分别为96%和89%,定位误差算术平均值为532 m,回击电流强度的估算值约为真实值的0.63倍。 相似文献
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人工触发闪电通道的发光特征 总被引:6,自引:13,他引:6
利用成像率为1000幅/秒的高速数字化摄像系统在380m的极近距离对人工触发闪电通道的发光特征进行了观测的研究。人工引发闪电除了采用的火箭地带接地导线的触发方式外还发展导线下端不接地的空中触发闪电的新技术。结果表明,闪电通道的发光截面基本上呈对称型。 相似文献
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Fine-resolution simulation of cloud-to-ground lightning and thundercloud charge transfer 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
2-D 12.5 m-resolution simulations of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharge processes have been performed using an improved stochastic lightning model for different types of cloud charge distributions, such as dipole, tripole, bi-dipole and multi-layer charge structures produced from the numerical simulation of thundercloud electrification. The modelling produced the fine branched channel structure of CG lightning and the results illustrate the relations between CG lightning channel propagation and cloud charge distribution. The simulated features of CG lightning are associated with the observed results. The simulation studies are essential in our understanding of complex charge transfer processes caused by CG lightning discharges in thunderclouds. The induced charges of opposite polarity are deposited or embedded in the local volumes where the bidirectional leaders passed during a CG lightning discharge. Although the embedding affects charge structure only in a pair of significant positive and negative charge regions closest to the ground, the electric field strength acutely weakens and electrostatic energy in thunderclouds is significantly consumed when the discharge terminates. In addition to simulating the upward and downward breakdown of the initial leader to ground and the ensuing return stroke (RS), the simulation assumes that current continues to flow in the channel to ground and determines the upward breakdown until the end of the discharge. For the subsequent discharge sub-process, the upward leader channel tends to transfer the charges with the same polarity as the RS, while the downward leader channel favors transfer of opposite charge to ground. In the sub-processes of a few CG flash simulations, the magnitude of the opposite charges from the downward leader exceeds that of charges with the same polarity from the upward leader so that the net charges transferred to the ground have a reversed polarity to the RS. The simulation presents similar features of CG lightning as those observed in realistic bipolar CG lightning. 相似文献
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Intracloud (IC) and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes produce transient changes in the electric field (E) above a thundercloud which drive transient currents in the global electric circuit (GEC). Using in-cloud and above-cloud E data from balloons, ground-based E data, and Lightning Mapping Array data, the above-cloud charge transfers due to lightning transients are estimated for five IC and five CG flashes from four thunderstorms that occurred above the mountains in New Mexico, USA, in 1999. For the five CG flashes (which transferred − 4 to − 13 C to the ground), the transient currents moved + 1 to + 5 C of charge upward from cloudtop toward the ionosphere, with an average transient charge transfer of about 35% of the charge transferred to ground. For the five IC flashes (which neutralized 6 to 21 C inside the cloud), the transient currents moved − 0.7 to − 3 C upward, with an average transient charge transfer of about 12% of the lightning charge. Estimates for three thunderstorms indicate that the transient currents made only a small GEC contribution compared to the quasi-stationary Wilson currents because of the offsetting effects of IC and CG flashes in these storms. However, storms with extreme characteristics, such as high flash rates or predominance of one flash type, may make a significant GEC contribution via lightning transients. 相似文献
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The global electrical circuit, which maintains a potential of about 280 kV between the earth and the ionosphere, is thought to be driven mainly by thunderstorms and lightning. However, very few in situ measurements of electrical current above thunderstorms have been successfully obtained. In this paper, we present dc to very low frequency electric fields and atmospheric conductivity measured in the stratosphere (30–35 km altitude) above an active thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil. From these measurements, we estimate the mean quasi-static conduction current during the storm period to be 2.5 ± 1.25 A. Additionally, we examine the transient conduction currents following a large positive cloud-to-ground (+ CG) lightning flash and typical − CG flashes. We find that the majority of the total current is attributed to the quasi-static thundercloud charge, rather than lightning, which supports the classical Wilson model for the global electrical circuit. 相似文献
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雷暴下近地面电特性及其对人工引雷的影响 总被引:2,自引:5,他引:2
利用已建立的一维时变模式,对雷暴下近地面的电特性进行了计算。计算结果表明:由于地面的不规则性所产生的电晕电流密度可达2.0nA/m^2,由此而形成的空间电荷密度在100m密度以下可达1.1nC/m^3,传导电流可达3.5nA/m^2,并可延伸到1000m高度,形成0.1nC/m^3和1.0nA/m^2的电荷密度和电流密度。 相似文献
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W. David Rust Donald R. MacGorman Eric C. Bruning Stephanie A. Weiss Paul R. Krehbiel Ronald J. Thomas William Rison Timothy Hamlin Jeremiah Harlin 《Atmospheric Research》2005,76(1-4):247
Balloon-borne electric field soundings and lightning mapping data have been analyzed for three of the storms that occurred in the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study field program in 2000 to determine if the storms had inverted-polarity electrical structures. The polarities of all or some of the vertically stacked charge regions in such storms are opposite to the polarities observed at comparable heights in normal storms. Analyses compared the charge structures inferred from electric field soundings in the storms with charges inferred from three-dimensional lightning mapping data. Charge structures were inferred from electric field profiles by combining the one-dimensional approximation of Gauss's law with additional information from three-dimensional patterns in the electric field vectors. The three different ways of inferring the charge structure in the storms were found to complement each other and to be consistent overall. Charge deposition by lightning possibly occurred and increased the charge complexity of one of the storms.Many of the cloud flashes in each case were inverted-polarity flashes. Two storms produced ground flash activity comprised predominantly of positive ground flashes. One storm, which was an isolated thunderstorm, produced inverted-polarity cloud flashes, but no flashes to ground. The positive and negative thunderstorm charge regions were found at altitudes where, respectively, negative and positive charge would be found in normal-polarity storms. Thus, we conclude that these storms had anomalous and inverted-polarity electrical structures. Collectively, these three cases (along with the limited cases in the refereed literature) provide additional evidence that thunderstorms can have inverted-polarity electrical structures. 相似文献
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青藏高原雷暴云降水与地面电场的观测和数值模拟 总被引:4,自引:7,他引:4
在2003年青藏高原那曲地区夏季雷暴云的观测试验中,三次伴有降水的过程中都出现了地面电场(Egnd)随降水的漂移现象,而且固态和液态降水对Egnd的极性改变并不相同。为了模拟再现高原雷暴云降水和Egnd之间的关系,选取了8月13日这次具有高原雷暴代表性特征的过程,模拟了雷暴云移经观测点上空期间,测站固、液态降水与Egnd的变化以及雷暴云下部正电荷区的空间分布。模拟的Egnd及固、液态降水与其的对应关系与观测事实较一致。分析结果表明,固态降水主要携带正电荷,液态降水主要携带负电荷,各类带不同极性和数量电荷的降水粒子常共存在雷暴云中,Egnd主要受携带电荷量占主导地位的降水粒子的影响,地面出现强正电场时正好是云在当顶并且地面出现强固态降水的时间。 相似文献
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近距离地闪电场变化及对通道电荷密度分布的响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
一般认为,如果回击过程将先导通道的电荷完全中和,则几十米到几百米范围内的近距离先导电场与回击电场的大小相同,否则,二者之间则存在一定的差异。为了对上述观点进行分析,将源电荷先导模式和MTLL回击模式组合建立了先导-回击模式(这两个模式的组合意味着先导通道的电荷被回击完全中和),对近距离先导-回击电场变化的"V"形结构进行了模拟分析。结果表明,即使假定先导电场被回击完全中和,在近距离30—550m范围回击电场与先导电场强弱关系并不确定。另外,根据进一步的讨论,上述模拟结果几乎不受其他因素,如土壤湿度(该因素直接决定土壤电参数)和地形起伏的影响。因此,在回击开始几十微秒内,基于地面测量的先导-回击电场之差来判断先导通道电荷是否被回击完全中和可能存在一定的不确定。 相似文献
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Description and first results of an explicit electrical scheme in a 3D cloud resolving model 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The three-dimensional non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MésoNH of the French community offers the numerical environment to develop a cloud electrification scheme in a consistent way with the original mixed phase microphysical scheme. The charge separation mechanisms are entirely due to non-inductive processes and result from elastic ice–snow, ice–graupel and snow–graupel collisions. The electric charges carried by each of the five hydrometeor categories are transported along the airflow and are exchanged according to the various microphysical mass transfer rates but assuming a power law distribution of the individual charges as a function of the particle size. The electric field is diagnosed at each time step after integrating the electric potential induced by a net charge density in the Poisson equation. Finally, a lightning ash is triggered when the electric field locally steps over a given threshold. It propagates in two opposite directions until the magnitude of the electric field falls below a prescribed value. A fractal branching algorithm is then activated to extend lightning streamers away from the main channel and toward cloudy regions where substantial charge densities are present. Charges are neutralized along the tortuous lightning path with a simple procedure that preserves total charge conservation.The complete electrification scheme tested for an ideal case of vigorous supercellular storm shows an intense electrical activity all along its lifecycle. We show that the model is able to produce a direct tripolar structure of the charges as the result of a temperature charge reversal of − 10 °C and of the different sedimentation rates of the hydrometeors. 相似文献