不同碳源对砷污染沉积物中砷的微生物降解的影响

在试验室通过使用多种碳源（包括醋酸盐、乳酸盐和葡萄糖），对采于朝鲜废弃金银矿地区的受砷污染的沉积物样品（339毫克／千克）中固有细菌生物激化后，就沉积物样品中固有细菌对砷物种形成和活动性的影响，进行了研究。通过连续提取分析来确定砷的形式，结果表明，沉积物中40％和47％的砷分别以铁伴生物和残留组分的形式存在。通过使用醋酸盐和乳酸盐对沉积物样品进行培育22天后，固有细菌增加了沉积物样品中铁伴生物和残留组分中溶解砷的总量。当与消过毒的沉积物样品（总溶解砷浓度低于50％）对比时发现，生物悬浮液中超过99％的溶解砷以砷（V）的形式存在，这表明，固有细菌将部分溶解的砷（III）转换成了砷（V）。在实际环境中，依据pH值的不同，微生物引起的水成砷（V）既可以通过吸附而固定不动，也可以在向地下缺氧区迁移后被还原成（III）。     

Studies on soil organic carbon of density-isolated fractions and water-stable aggregates under different types of land use on black soils

The experiment was conducted to determine the organic carbon concentrations of black soils by using density fractionation and wet-sieving of aggregates into five size fractions. Soil samples （0-20 cm layer） were collected from the following experiment sites （National Field Research Station of Agro-ecosystem in Hailun, Northeast of China）： （1） grassland （GL）, formerly cropped, and but fallowed in 1985 with Leymus chinesis as the dominant species; （2） bareland （BL）, like grassland, fallowed in 1985, but grasses were eliminated periodically during the plant growth stages; （3） cropland, three treatments in a long-term site experiment established in 1993 were selected, including no fertilizer applied （NF）, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers applied （NP）, and NP fertilizer amended with organic materials （NPOM）. The results showed that the total organic carbon （TOC） concentrations within five experiment sites differed significantly at P〈0.01. The natural ecosystem subjected to human disturbance or transferred into cropland resulted in loss of TOC, however, TOC concentrations increased significantly with chemical fertilizer plus organic manure incorporated into cropland. The OC concentrations in the free light fraction （free-LF） and heavy fraction （HF） had significant correlations with those of TOC in the whole soil at P〈0.01, which indicated that the accumulation of free-LF and HF was very important for the net increase in the TOC. In GL more than 90% of the aggregate separates was larger than 0.25 mm, in which aggregates larger than 2 mm accounted for 44%, as a result of physical enmeshing of fine roots.     

含钾岩石微生物转化的分子机制及其碳汇效应

岩石矿物的微生物风化是地球表层系统最为活跃和普遍发生的地质营力之一。微生物对含钾岩石(以硅酸盐矿物为主)的风化能够释放其中的钾、硅和钙等元素,并在合适的环境条件下促进矿物元素的碳酸化沉淀,这是地表元素地球化学循环的重要环节之一。微生物对岩石的生物转化作用既涉及微生物的生长繁殖和代谢调控,也与元素的迁移转化和次生矿物的演化序列有关,具有重要研究价值。采用矿物学、微生物学和分子生物学等相结合的研究方法,有助于系统地研究微生物促进含钾硅酸盐矿物的风化并耦联碳酸化过程及其分子调控机制。研究证实,在纯培养条件下,微生物风化含钾矿物主要采用酸解、螯合、氧化还原等多种方式的协同作用,并可通过调控相关功能基因的表达来响应缺钾的环境以实现其对含钾矿物的有效风化,显然这有赖于微生物通过长期进化而形成的精细的分子调控机制。在土壤生态环境中,微生物对矿物风化的显著特征是该生态环境中微生物群落协同互作的群体作用效应。微生物碳酸酐酶参与的硅酸盐矿物风化伴随碳酸盐矿物的形成过程可能是个长期被忽视的地表碳增汇过程,对该问题的深入探索有助于进一步理解地质演化历史中微生物对碳素迁移转化的驱动机制。加入含钾硅酸盐矿粉的有机肥已经显示出其在土壤改良、作物生长和增加土壤碳汇等方面的正面应用效果,这为利用硅酸盐矿物的生物风化作用来延缓大气CO₂浓度的持续升高提供了新的思路。介绍了有关微生物对含钾岩石生物转化释放钾素的分子机理及其碳汇效应方面的研究进展,以期抛砖引玉,推动该领域研究的快速发展。     

Fractionation of stable carbon isotopes during anaerobic production and degradation of propionate in defined microbial cultures

In many anoxic environments propionate is, after acetate, the second most important fermentation product, being degraded further to finally result in CH₄ production. In principle, isotope discrimination can be used to assess the path of organic matter degradation to acetate, CO₂ and CH₄. However, nothing is known about the isotope fractionation in primary and secondary fermentation steps involving propionate, although it is an important precursor of acetate. We therefore studied the degradation of propionate with a syntrophic coculture of Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans and Methanobacterium formicicum. The isotope enrichment factor for propionate degradation to acetate, CO₂ and CH₄ was almost negligible (ε_prop 0.9‰). The fermentative production of propionate was studied in cultures with Opitutus terrae growing on pectin, xylan and starch. These polysaccharides were fermented to acetate, succinate, propionate, H₂ and CO₂. While the δ¹³C value of the initially produced propionate was similar to that of the organic substrates (ca. −28 to −25‰), the δ¹³C value of the other fermentation products was higher. The δ¹³C values of all products generally decreased during the course of fermentation. Finally, a small depletion in ¹³C (ca. 6‰) with respect to the organic substrate was observed for propionate, while the other fermentation products where slightly enriched. Overall, stable carbon isotope discrimination was small during both fermentative production and consumption of propionate in the anaerobic microbial cultures, so that propionate turnover probably only marginally affects isotope fractionation during anaerobic degradation of organic matter.     

Contribution to characterisation of biochar to estimate the labile fraction of carbon

Different analytical techniques were used to find the most reliable and economic method for determining the labile fraction of C in biochar. Biochar was produced from pine, poplar and willow (PI, PO and WI, respectively) at two temperatures (400 and 550 °C) and characterised using spectroscopic techniques [solid state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)], molecular markers [pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS)], thermogravimetry (TG), elemental composition and wet oxidation (potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate). Short term incubation (110 h) of an A horizon from an Umbrisol amended with the biochar samples at two doses (7.5 and 15 t ha⁻¹) was also carried out to provide supplementary information on the influence of biochar-soil interaction on CO₂ evolution. Spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that the degree of biochar carbonisation was influenced by the type of feedstock and heating conditions and followed the order WI-400 < PI-400 ∼ WI-550 ∼ PO-400 < PO-550 < PI-550. The thermo-labile fraction of the biochar samples, estimated from TG, ranged between 21% and 49%. The fraction of total C oxidised with potassium permanganate (C_per/C_total) was <50 g kg⁻¹ in all cases, whereas potassium dichromate (C_dichro/C_total) oxidation efficiency ranged between 180 and 545 g kg⁻¹. For each type of feedstock, the highest values of either chemically or thermally degradable C corresponded to the biochar produced at low temperature. Results indicate that low cost methodologies, such as dichromate oxidation and TG, reflected the degree of biochar carbonisation, and could therefore be used to estimate the labile fraction of C in biochar.     

长三角地区农田土壤中新老碳的含量和组成特征研究

土壤碳库问题是当前环境碳循环最关注的问题之一。土壤碳库中有滞留时间为千年尺度的老碳成分及百年尺度的新碳成分,有效区分二者并探索其成分对于建立精确的土壤有机碳(SOC)的动力学模型、评估碳库潜能十分必要。文中以长三角地区24个农田土壤样品为研究对象,依据不同碳库抗氧化能力,利用过硫酸钠法对其进行分离,并进一步用可见/近红外(Vis/NIR)、中红外(MIR)光谱等分析方法,探究了过硫酸钠处理前后土壤有机碳的组成变化。研究发现过硫酸钠氧化后TOC含量下降64%~92%,说明新碳占总有机碳(TOC)的64%~92%,老碳则占总有机碳的8%~36%。元素分析表明浙江地区的样点老碳含量总体高于江苏,碱性及钙盐较多的环境有利于老碳的富集。对比处理前后的土壤样品,发现氧化处理后样品在Vis/NIR光谱的所有波段反射率均上升,400~600 nm波段最为显著。MIR光谱分析显示过硫酸钠处理主要使烷基、羧基及酰胺基等基团特征峰发生较大程度消减,表明相对老碳、新碳中含有大量羧基、酰胺基等基团,它们可以作为新碳的光谱指示。     

The degradation characteristics of microbial biomass in soil

Soil microbial biomass is a primary source of soil organic carbon (SOC) and therefore plays a fundamental role in carbon and nitrogen cycling. However, little is known about the fate and transformations of microbial biomass in soil. Here we employ HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy to monitor ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled soil microbial biomass and leachate degradation over time. As expected, there is a rapid loss of carbohydrate structures. However, diffusion edited HR-MAS NMR data reveals that macromolecular carbohydrates are more resistant to degradation and are found in the leachate. Aromatic components survive as dissolved species in the leachate while aliphatic components persist in both the biomass and leachate. Dissolved protein and peptidoglycan accumulate in the leachate and recalcitrant amide nitrogen and lipoprotein persists in both the degraded biomass and leachate. Cross-peaks that appear in ¹H-¹⁵N HR-MAS NMR spectra after degradation suggest that specific peptides are either selectively preserved or used for the synthesis of unknown structures. The overall degradation pathways reported here are similar to that of decomposing plant material degraded under similar conditions suggesting that the difference between recalcitrant carbon from different sources is negligible after decomposition.     

土壤中有机碳含量对三氯乙烯的吸附影响实验

采用某地区土壤样品,利用批实验的方法,研究不同有机碳含量的土壤样品对三氯乙烯(TCE) 的吸附行为.研究表明,土壤样品中,由于有机碳含量不同,有机污染物三氯乙烯(TEC)的吸附量不同,存在有机碳含量的阈值区间(foc*).最小foc*=0.702%,最大foc*=1.831%,当foc<0.702%时,TCE吸附量随土壤样品的有机碳含量变化较小,基本不随foc变化而发生较大变化;在0.702%1.831%时,TCE吸附量随土壤样品的有机碳含量变化又变得平缓,基本上又不随foc升高而发生较大的变化.     

Stability of biomass-derived black carbon in soils

Black carbon (BC) may play an important role in the global C budget, due to its potential to act as a significant sink of atmospheric CO₂. In order to fully evaluate the influence of BC on the global C cycle, an understanding of the stability of BC is required. The biochemical stability of BC was assessed in a chronosequence of high-BC-containing Anthrosols from the central Amazon, Brazil, using a range of spectroscopic and biological methods. Results revealed that the Anthrosols had 61-80% lower (P < 0.05) CO₂ evolution per unit C over 532 days compared to their respective adjacent soils with low BC contents. No significant (P > 0.05) difference in CO₂ respiration per unit C was observed between Anthrosols with contrasting ages of BC (600-8700 years BP) and soil textures (0.3-36% clay). Similarly, the molecular composition of the core regions of micrometer-sized BC particles quantified by synchrotron-based Near-Edge X-ray Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy coupled to Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) remained similar regardless of their ages and closely resembled the spectral characteristics of fresh BC. BC decomposed extremely slowly to an extent that it was not possible to detect chemical changes between youngest and oldest samples, as also confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Deconvolution of NEXAFS spectra revealed greater oxidation on the surfaces of BC particles with little penetration into the core of the particles. The similar C mineralization between different BC-rich soils regardless of soil texture underpins the importance of chemical recalcitrance for the stability of BC, in contrast to adjacent soils which showed the highest mineralization in the sandiest soil. However, the BC-rich Anthrosols had higher proportions (72-90%) of C in the more stable organo-mineral fraction than BC-poor adjacent soils (2-70%), suggesting some degree of physical stabilization.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil labile carbon fractions of freshwater marsh soil in Northeast China

During the past 50 years, the amount of agricultural fertilizer used in Northern China increased from about 7.5 kg ha^?1 in the 1950s to approximately 348 kg ha^?1 in the 1990s. Given that little is known about the effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil labile carbon fraction in Northern China, this paper evaluated such effects in terms of microbial biomass and dissolved organic carbon in the Sanjiang Plain located in Northeast China. Soils with different cultivation time and undisturbed marsh with Deyeuxia angustifolia were selected to study the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the soil labile organic fractions microbial C (biomass C, microbial quotient, and basal respiration) and to estimate the contributions of nitrogen input on the dynamics of soil labile carbon. Continuous nitrogen application decreased total organic and dissolved organic carbon concentrations significantly, leading to the lack of carbon source for microbes. Therefore, continuous nitrogen fertilizer application induced negative effects on measured soil microbiological properties. However, a moderate nitrogen application rate (60 kg N ha^?1) stimulated soil microbial activity in the short term (about 2 months), whereas a high nitrogen application rate (150 kg N ha^?1) inhibited measured soil microbiological properties in the same period.     

Fluctuation in proteinaceous labile organic matter verified with degradation rate constants of terrestrial biochemical indicators

Biogenic amino acids, taken as representative of organic matter, were analyzed to determine the apparent degradation rate constant in boreal terrestrial sediment. Age determination using ¹⁴C dating gave two rate constants: the initial degradation rate constant for glycine (k_{GLY 1}), the simplest amino acid, was 1.5 × 10⁻³ yr⁻¹ (r = 0.97) until about 2200 yr BP. After the inflection point, the rate constant k_{GLY 2} was 9.1 × 10⁻⁵ yr⁻¹ (r = 0.73). The degradation of amino acids in the labile organic matter in the sediment was markedly affected by rapid processes. After the inflection point, the rate constant profiles for sub-surface amino acids were shown to have discontinuous relationships with sediment age. One pattern which emerged in the vertical distribution is that the biogenic amino acid degradation rate constant k was far greater in the labile organic matter phase than that in the refractory organic matter over the past 10,000 years.     

板岩流动变形破坏的各向异性

大试伯单轴蠕变实验表明，板岩流动变形破坏受结构面控制。即使在同一方向应力作用下，也表现了平行走向、反倾向、顺倾向方向的差异。本这是板岩流为形破坏各向异性的另一种表现形式。     

Influence of organic-mineral aggregates on microbial degradation of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea

Aggregation of particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral grains may result in physical protection of organic matter (OM). To test this, phytoplankton cells of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea were inoculated with a natural bacterial assemblage and incubated with or without the clay montmorillonite. Within 5 h, aggregation of phytoplankton OM and clay resulted in transfer of the majority (∼80%) of OM into the >1.6 g cm⁻³ density fraction. Degradation of particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen (PN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved and particulate total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA), were modeled with a multi-G approach. Quantity of resistant OM was between two and four times larger during clay incubation relative to clay-free incubation. The two incubations did not exhibit significant differences in degradation state of particulate amino acids nor were there indications of preferential sorption of basic amino acids. The results suggest that a considerable fraction of phytoplankton OM can become resistant, at least on a timescale of weeks, mostly due to aggregation of POM and clay mineral grains.     

三极地区雪冰中黑碳研究进展

黑碳被认为是除温室气体外对气候变暖贡献最大的辐射强迫因子.三极(北极、南极和青藏高原)地区是全球雪冰分布最集中的区域,沉积至雪冰中的黑碳可反映人类活动的历史变化,并可能导致反照率降低而影响物质能量平衡.通过系统回顾三极地区雪冰黑碳的研究方法、空间分布、时间变化及其造成的辐射强迫,得到的研究结果表明:由于处于不同的地理位...     

Microcosm studies on iron and arsenic mobilization from aquifer sediments under different conditions of microbial activity and carbon source

Microcosm experiments were conducted to understand the mechanism of microbially mediated mobilization of Fe and As from high arsenic aquifer sediments. Arsenic-resistant strains isolated from aquifer sediments of a borehole specifically drilled for this study at Datong basin were used as inoculated strains, and glucose and sodium acetate as carbon sources for the experiments. In abiotic control experiments, the maximum concentrations of Fe and As were only 0.47 mg/L and 0.9 μg/L, respectively. By contrast, the maximum contents of Fe and As in anaerobic microcosm experiments were much higher (up to 1.82 mg/L and 12.91 μg/L, respectively), indicating the crucial roles of microbial activities in Fe and As mobilization. The observed difference in Fe and As release with different carbon sources may be related to the difference in growth pattern and composition of microbial communities that develop in response to the type of carbon sources.     

Pasture degradation effects on soil quality indicators at different hillslope positions in a semiarid region of western Iran

A study was made to determine the influence of pasture degradation on soil quality indicators that included physical, chemical, biological and micromorphological attributes, along the hillslope positions in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, western Iran. Soil samples from different slope positions were collected from 0 to 30 cm depth for physical and chemical properties and from 0 to 15 cm depth for biological properties at two adjacent sites in the two ecosystems: natural pasture and cultivated land. Soil quality indicators including bulk density, mean weight diameter, soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic material (POM) in aggregate fractions, total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, soil microbial respiration (SMR) and microbial biomass C and N were determined. The results showed that SOC decreased cultivation from 1.09 to 0.77 % following pasture degradation. The POM decreased by about 19.35 % in cultivated soils when compared to natural pasture; also, SMR and microbial biomass C and N decreased significantly following pasture degradation. Furthermore, aggregate stability and pore spaces decreased, and bulk density increased in the cultivated soils. Overall, our results showed that long-term cultivation following pasture degradation led to a decline in soil quality in all selected slope positions at the site studied in the semiarid region.     

Damming effects on dissolved inorganic carbon in different kinds of reservoirs in Jialing River,Southwest China

To assess the effects of river damming on dissolved inorganic carbon in the Jialing River, a total of 40 water samples, including inflow, outflow, and stratified water in four cascade reservoirs (Tingzikou, Xinzheng, Dongxiguan, Caojie) were collected in January and July, 2016. The major cations, anions, and δ¹³C_DIC values were analyzed. It was found that the dissolved compositions are dominated by carbonate weathering, while sulfuric acids may play a relatively important role during carbonate weathering and increasing DIC concentration. Different reservoirs had variable characteristics of water physiochemical stratification. The DIC concentrations of reservoir water were lower in summer than those in winter due to the dilute effects and intensive aquatic photosynthesis, as well as imported tributaries. The δ¹³C_DIC values in Tingzikou Reservoir were higher during summer than those in winter, which indicated that intensive photosynthesis increased the δ¹³C_DIC values in residual water, but a similar trend was not obvious in other reservoirs. Except for in Xinzheng Reservoir, the δ¹³C_DIC values in inflow and outflow reservoir water were lower than those in the surface water of stratified sampling in summer. For stratified sampling, it could be found that, in summer, the Tingzikou Reservoir δ¹³C_DIC values significantly decreased with water depth due to the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter. The significant correlation (p < 0.01 or 0.05) between the DIC concentrations, the δ¹³C_DIC values and anthropogenic species (Na⁺+K⁺, Cl^–, \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }\)and \({\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }\)) showed that the isotope composition of DIC can be a useful tracer of contaminants. In total, Tingzikou Reservoir showed lacustrine features, Xinzheng Reservoir and Dongxiguan Reservoir had “transitional” features, and Caojie Reservoir had a total of “fluvial” features. Generally, cascade reservoirs in the Jialing River exhibited natural river features rather than typical lake features due to characteristics of reservoir water in physiochemical stratification, spatiotemporal variations of DIC concentrations and isotopic compositions. It is evident that the dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics of natural rivers had been partly remolded by dam building.     

Use of microbial enrichments for the study of the anaerobic degradation of cholesterol

To demonstrate the potential of model microbial assemblages in studies of the biogeochemistry of complex organic molecules, anaerobic microbial populations capable of degrading cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3β-ol) have been enriched from marine sediment sources. The bacterial enrichments actively mineralized the C-4 nucleus of the cholesterol ring system to carbon dioxide when nitrate was present as the terminal electron acceptor. Nitrite was found as an intermediate in the reduction of nitrate, indicating the presence of denitrifying bacteria in the enrichments. When sulfate was supplied as the sole electron acceptor, active dissimilation of cholesterol was not observed. In enrichments containing 5 mM nitrate, 95–98% of the added cholesterol was recovered as carbon dioxide (2–5%), transformation products (20–30%), or as the unmodified sterol (70–80%). Cholesterol transformation products thus far identified include 5α- and 5β-cholestan-3β-ol, cholest-4-en-3-one, 5α-androstan-3, 17-dione and androst-4-en-3, 17 dione.     

岩溶断陷盆不同深度土壤微生物量碳氮对植被演替的响应

为了解岩溶断陷盆地底部不同植被类型土壤微生物量碳氮（MBC、MBN）含量的变化,以中国西南典型生态脆弱区云南省岩溶断陷盆地底部原始森林、草地、人工林、灌丛和玉米地土壤为研究对象,探究土壤微生物量碳氮对植被类型的响应。结果表明：灌丛类型土壤微生物量碳氮含量最高,微生物量碳氮含量随植被正向演替呈现先增大后减小的趋势;各植被类型土壤微生物量碳含量随土层深度增加而降低。多因素方差分析出土层深度和植被类型是土壤微生物量碳含量的显著影响因素（P＜0.05）,其中土层深度是土壤微生物量碳含量的极显著影响因素（P＜0.01）。