Discriminant analysis of a Cretaceous foraminifer using shrunken estimators

Canonical variate analysis of living and fossil organisms, based on morphological characters, can sometimes greatly distort the biological interpretation (i.e., reification) of the coefficients of the eigenvectors forming the canonical variates through the inclusion of redundant within-group directions. Instability is associated with the smallest eigenvalues, particularly if these do not greatly differ from zero. In the present study of 46 borehole samples of the Late Cretaceous foraminifer Afrobolivina afraReyment, stability of the canonical variate coefficients is attained by removal of a near redundant direction of within-group variation. This leads to improved interpretability of the morphometric relationships in this species. on leave from Division of Mathematics and Statistics, CSIRO, Wembley, 6014, Western Australia.     

因子计量模型法在区域地球化学勘查中的应用

因子分析结果受样品数量的影响，同一件样品的因子计量也随之发生变化，使传统因子计量方法在地球化学数据处理中的应用受到一定的限制。因子计量模型法综合了因子计量的优点和利用模型找矿的思路，通过选定的某一典型地质单元计算因子计量系数矩阵，建立因子计量模型，用模型类比未知区。该方法使因子计量图的地球化学意义更加明确，并且可节省重新处理数据的工作量。因子计量模型方法和传统因子计量方法应用于某地区1：20万水系沉积物地球化学数据处理，因子计量模型法得出的地球化学异常规律性更为明显，更好地反映了区域地质构造与异常的关联性，有利于异常的解释和评价。     

Discriminant trace-element analysis of strata in the Witwatersrand System

Powdered rock samples from strata of the Witwatersrand System's sedimentary succession have been analyzed by x-ray fluorescence and optical spectroscopy techniques for nineteen elements. Using discriminant analysis it is possible to identify strata based on their trace-element compositions.     

内蒙古中东部浅覆盖区化探岩屑测量方法研究及靶区优选应用

内蒙古自治区中东部二连浩特-东乌珠穆沁旗（东乌旗）一带草原区,地貌景观多为平缓山丘类型.因水系沉积物、风积物以及风化残积物等共存,采样介质的不同将直接影响到地球化学测量效果.在东乌旗的阿太乌拉地区和阿巴嘎旗的莫若格钦两地,对比不同粒度的样品,发现金属矿物微颗粒以物理状态不均匀地混合在岩屑介质内.与小于80目的细粒样品相比,小于4目至大于20目之间粒度的岩屑,化探异常的衬值更大,提取的异常也更准确.采用MapInfo软件提供的IDW插值法成图,得到非常清楚的各种元素之间的空间分布关系,直观地显示出找矿有利地段,对找矿靶区的筛选具有良好的指导意义.笔者通过研究,在工作区内发现几处Cu-Au及Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu异常区,并且初步证实存在带状分布的矿化体,找矿前景良好.实践证明,化探岩屑测量为在浅覆盖地区快速锁定矿产普查范围起到了非常重要的作用.     

Estimation of the probability of success in petroleum exploration

A probabilistic model for oil exploration can be developed by assessing the conditional relationship between perceived geologic variables and the subsequent discovery of petroleum. Such a model includes two probabilistic components, the first reflecting the association between a geologic condition (structural closure, for example) and the occurrence of oil, and the second reflecting the uncertainty associated with the estimation of geologic variables in areas of limited control. Estimates of the conditional relationship between geologic variables and subsequent production can be found by analyzing the exploration history of a training area judged to be geologically similar to the exploration area. The geologic variables are assessed over the training area using an historical subset of the available data, whose density corresponds to the present control density in the exploration area. The success or failure of wells drilled in the training area subsequent to the time corresponding to the historical subset provides empirical estimates of the probability of success conditional upon geology. Uncertainty in perception of geological conditions may be estimated from the distribution of errors made in geologic assessment using the historical subset of control wells. These errors may be expressed as a linear function of distance from available control. Alternatively, the uncertainty may be found by calculating the semivariogram of the geologic variables used in the analysis: the two procedures will yield approximately equivalent results. The empirical probability functions may then be transferred to the exploration area and used to estimate the likelihood of success of specific exploration plays. These estimates will reflect both the conditional relationship between the geological variables used to guide exploration and the uncertainty resulting from lack of control. The technique is illustrated with case histories from the mid-Continent area of the U.S.A.This paper was presented at Symposium 116.3, Quantitative Strategy for Exploration, held as part of the 25th International Geological Congress, Sydney, Australia, August 1976.     

物化探成果在找矿靶区预测中的应用——以鸡东金场沟铜钼金矿化区为例

黑龙江鸡东金场沟铜钼金及多金属矿化集中区是与中生代火山--次火山活动有关的矿区之一。研究表明,低电阻率(450Ω·m)与高极化率(5%)可作为重要的地球物理找矿间接标志;Cu、Au、Mo、Ag等元素异常可作为重要的地球化学找矿间接标志。经对该区的地球物理与地球化学的特征分析,结合研究区地质条件,利用相似类比的方法进行找矿靶区的预测,成功地找到矿体。     

利用自组织特征映射神经网络和K-means聚类算法挖掘区域化探数据中的地质信息

区域化探数据包含丰富的地质信息,从区域化探数据中挖掘出这些信息,对于区域地质研究具有重要意义.笔者提出了一种利用自组织特征映射网络和K-means聚类算法挖掘区域化探数据中地质信息的方法,将标准化之后的元素含量数据作为模型输入值,通过自组织神经网络进行聚类,再通过K-means算法进行二次聚类,从聚类结果中分析其中包含的地质信息.以英格兰西南部某区水系沉积物区域化探数据为例,进行实例研究以检验该方法的实际效果.实例结果表明:①利用该方法得出的聚类结果图很好地响应了地质体的空间分布,可用于推断地质体的分布特征;②地质信息隐藏在每个聚类类型的地球化学特征之中,通过对这些特征进行分析和解释,可以挖掘出其中所包含的信息;③基于SOM网络和K-means聚类的区域化探数据挖掘方法是一种有效的地质信息获取方法,对于传统区域地质研究可以起到补充和增强的作用.     

On the use of orthogonally stepwise regression discrimination for predicting copper ore deposits of Dongchuan type in central Yunnan, China

In the prediction of ore deposits, a series of geological, geochemical, and geophysical characters are used to describe the model of ore deposits. The problem is how to use the characters of known ore deposits to establish the model and to look for the target areas with similar geological environments. This can be done with a powerful mathematical tool—discriminant analysis. Nevertheless, there generally are too many geological variables to describe a class of ore deposits. Some of them are discrete, and the others are continuous. It is also difficult to know their distributions. A satisfactory method of discrimination has not been developed for such a complicated case. For this reason, we introduce a new method of orthogonally stepwise discrimination. We used this method to predict copper ore deposits of Dongchuan type in central Yunnan, China, with satisfactory results.     

An application of cluster analysis in mineral exploration

This paper presents a technique for evaluating the similarity of ore deposits utilizing several geological variables. Information on tungsten mines in North America, taken from published literature, was used for a cluster analysis to group samples according to their similarity based on a simple matching coefficient. It was possible to interpret and evaluate different ore environments that clustered according to age, mineralogy, and other variables. Cluster analysis may be important in mineral exploration where considerable amounts of data are available for analysis. Subtle relationships that might be overlooked because the data are too voluminous can be isolated using this technique. It also can be used to establish exploration priority in unknown areas on the basis of similarity to known metallogenetic provinces.     

催化极谱法连续测定化探样品中的钨、钼

本方通过催化极谱法连续测定化探样品中的的钨、钼的试验,研究了测量过程的共存干扰离子的消除、指示剂用量的选择、酸度影响、底液各组分用量等主要影响因素,选择了最佳实验条件．．并确定了钨、钼的质量浓度与电流呈线性关系的范围。在进行回收率、精密度、栓出限试验,均能满足化探找矿的要求,测定结果经国家一级标准物质验证,测定结果与标准值相符。     

内蒙古吉源南铌铷矿点物化探异常特征及成矿潜力分析

通过地质、物探、化探以及槽探方法对内蒙古吉源南铌铷矿点的成矿潜力进行评价。结果表明,内蒙古吉源南铌铷矿点赋矿岩石为中生代流纹质火山岩。聚类分析和R型因子分析显示研究区土壤元素可明显分为三个组合:第一组为Rb、Y、Nb、Ta、Sn、U;第二组为Pb、Zn、La;第三组为Cu、W、Mo、Ag、Au。在空间上,土壤Pb、Zn、La、Y、Ta、Sn、Mo、U异常围绕次流纹斑岩呈环形分布,其中Pb、Zn、La异常位于环形外部。土壤环形地球化学异常区具有中高阻高极化的地球物理特征,物化探异常明显受火山机构控制。槽探验证结果表明,矿化岩石的Nb2O5、Rb2O含量均在边界品位以上,推测深部可能存在与次火山岩有关的Nb、Rb等稀有稀土元素矿体。     

中国磷矿资源预测模型及找矿远景分析

[研究目的]磷矿是具有战略意义的矿产资源,2014年至今,中国地质调查局组织编写的中国矿产地质志,全面描述了中国磷矿全貌及重要成矿规律,加强了对全国磷矿矿情的掌握.本文依托中国矿产地质志项目,系统总结了中国磷矿时空分布特征,圈定了磷矿找矿远景区和磷矿重点勘查区,对未来磷矿找矿工作有一定的参考价值.[研究方法]本文选取了...     

油气化探方法在方正断陷油气勘探中的应用

方正断陷近地表油气地球化学勘探工作采用土壤酸解烃、蚀变碳酸盐(△C)和荧光光谱分析技术,筛选出多个反映油气异常的指标,圈定出红旗Ⅰ级综合异常、西六方Ⅱ级综合异常和宝兴Ⅲ级综合异常。红旗Ⅰ级综合异常和西六方Ⅱ级综合异常具有异常强度大、平均衬度和评价指数高等特征,为最有利含油气远景区,是进一步勘探的主要方向;而宝兴Ⅲ级综合异常强度弱,仅具一定的参考意义。方3井、方401井、方6井和方4井均部署在西六方Ⅱ级综合异常上,获得工业油气流,证实了异常下油气的存在。     

应用于水文与工程地质的化探新方法土壤吸附汞地球化学测量

介绍了化探土壤吸附汞地球化学测量方法的基本原理,指出土壤中汞异常具有多种来源,单一测汞方法不能区别其来源。测汞方法最重要的作用最准确指出汞气的迁移通道－基岩的断裂破碎带。因此该方法更适用于水文与工程地质勘查,特别是地下水勘查。     

异常块体中金属资源量的计算方法初探

为了将区域化探异常的找矿意义作出定量化的评价，在前人研究的基础上，提出了区域化探异常块体中的金属资源量的计算方法与计算公式，其中选择了剩余异常值(M)作为计算异常块体内富集金属量的重要参数，提高了预测的准确性，初步实现了预测资源量从定性向定量化的转变。经已知矿产地异常块体的金属资源量的计算验证，效果令人满意。     

Controls on mineral deposit occurrence inferred from analysis of their spatial pattern and spatial association with geological features

In this paper, point pattern analysis, fractal analysis and Fry analysis were employed to study the spatial pattern of known occurrences of mineral deposits of the type sought, whereas distance distribution method was applied to study the spatial associations between various geological features and known occurrences of mineral deposits of the type sought. In the Aroroy district (Philippines), the results of the applications of these spatial analytical techniques support a conceptual model of district-scale mechanism of geologic controls on low-sulphidation epithermal Au mineralization, which involves a more-or-less regular mesh of interlinked zones of extension faults/fractures at and/or around intersections of NNW- and NW-trending strike-slip faults/fractures. Integration of spatial evidential data layers representing these structural controls and surficial geochemical anomalies, via knowledge-guided application of data-driven evidential belief functions, results in delineation of prospective areas occupying about 25% of the district, in which there is about 70% likelihood of undiscovered occurrences of low-sulphidation epithermal Au deposits.     

综合物化探方法在铁及多金属矿勘查中的应用——以包恩亨地区为例

研究区位于内蒙古包恩亨一带,地表覆盖较厚,找矿标志不明显,综合物化探方法对发现和圈定铁及多金属异常起到了重要作用,取得了显著成果。总结异常区的地质、地球物理和地球化学特征,对处于同一成矿远景区的其他地段寻找该类型矿床,具有十分重要的意义,为寻找隐伏矿床提供了依据。     

青海祁连地区三叠纪泥页岩地球化学特征及储集条件

青海省祁连地区三叠系分布广泛,含气暗色泥页岩系和碳酸盐岩发育。通过北祁连、南祁连地区的路线地质调查、钻探施工、样品测试和资料搜集对三叠系页岩地化特征、储层条件进行研究,结果表明:青海省祁连地区上三叠统厚度较大,有机质丰度多数属于低-中等,部分属于高-特高等,有机质类型以Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2型为主,部分地段有Ⅲ型,有机质成熟度均达到低成熟-成熟阶段,具备形成页岩油气的地质条件。页岩中石英、斜长石、方解石等脆性矿物含量相对较高,岩性较致密,储集空间为孔隙和裂缝,属裂缝孔隙型储层,有利于后期改造。研究认为,青海省祁连地区三叠系具备较好的页岩气勘查前景。     

青海祁连地区三叠纪泥页岩地球化学特征及储集条件

青海省祁连地区三叠系分布广泛,含气暗色泥页岩系和碳酸盐岩发育。通过北祁连、南祁连地区的路线地质调查、钻探施工、样品测试和资料搜集对三叠系页岩地化特征、储层条件进行研究,结果表明：青海省祁连地区上三叠统厚度较大,有机质丰度多数属于低-中等,部分属于高-特高等,有机质类型以II1、II2型为主,部分地段有III型,有机质成熟度均达到低成熟-成熟阶段,具备形成页岩油气的地质条件。页岩中石英、斜长石、方解石等脆性矿物含量相对较高,岩性较致密,储集空间为孔隙和裂缝,属裂缝孔隙型储层,有利于后期改造。研究认为,青海省祁连地区三叠系具备较好的页岩气勘查前景。     

岩体裂隙网络矿物溶解-沉淀-迁移数值模拟

为了研究岩体裂隙网络中矿物溶解-沉淀的变化规律及其对溶质运移的影响,联合矿物溶解-沉淀动力学模型、渗流模型和溶质运移模型建立了岩体裂隙网络矿物溶解-沉淀-迁移模型,经过水溶液络合物计算和矿物成分分析,对研究区域方解石溶解-沉淀作用及溶质运移进行了数值模拟。得出的结论主要有:(1)受裂隙网络分布的影响,溶质运移分布极不均匀,溶质主要通过连通的裂隙从上游向下游迁移;(2)考虑方解石的溶解-沉淀作用之后,在溶解区域溶质浓度增加,在沉淀区域溶质浓度减少;(3)通过对比分析,可知方解石溶解-沉淀受水溶液中CO23-浓度影响较大。