固定化海洋光合细菌处理生活污水的研究

已有的研究证明,固定化光合细菌对污水中有机污染物的处理效果优于分散的光合细菌。本文利用从海洋中筛选分离的海洋光合细菌,以海藻酸钠为海洋光合细菌固定化基质,蒙脱石纳米材料为固定化基质添加剂,研究了固定化海洋光合细菌处理生活污水的效用。研究表明,使用海藻酸钠为基质的固定化海洋光合细菌和以蒙脱石纳米材料为添加剂的固定化海洋光合细菌对生活污水中的氮、磷均具有一定的处理效率,前者对氨氮、总氮和总磷的处理率最高分别为87.68%,70.95%和71.90%。添加蒙脱石纳米材料为添加剂后的固定化海洋光合细菌的去除率则分别为91.30%,73.51%和84.88%。添加有纳米蒙脱石的固定化海洋光合细菌比没有添加的固定化海洋光合细菌的去除率高10%左右,而且两者对氮、磷的处理速率也有大幅度的提高,在12h左右即可将处理效率提高到60%~80%。在高浓度有机废水和高氮磷浓度的废水处理中具有较强优势,同时由于该方法使用固定化光合细菌的量较少,回收简单,对污水处理中的污泥减量化也有一定的贡献。     

光合细菌在水产养殖上的应用现状

光合细菌(Photo Syntenetic Bacteria)虽然鲜为人知,但它广泛分布于海洋、湖泊、河流、水田及土壤之中。对于人类的生存是不可缺少的。因为在海洋的自然净化过程中,光合细菌起着十分重要的作用。 对光合细菌的应用研究,日本开展较早。目前,光合细菌在水产品的饲育和种苗的生产上、高浓度有机废水的净化处理上,以及鱼、虾饲育水的处理上已达实用阶段,我国对光合细菌的研究起步较晚,70年代初仅限于菌种的分离和     

污水污泥对染料废水的吸附脱色性能研究

为探讨污泥的资源化利用和开发新型的染料废水吸附剂 ,在对污水污泥吸附处理染料废水的工艺条件进行优化的基础上 ,得到污水污泥对 3种染料 (中性橙、中性黑BL ,元青 )的最大吸附量及其吸附类型。结果表明 ,污泥焙烧温度、废水pH值和吸附时间对吸附效果有影响 ,而废水温度的变化则不会引起脱色率的较大改变。在最佳工艺条件 (污泥经 40 0℃焙烧 ,废水pH值为 1,吸附时间为 3 0min ,水温为 3 0℃ )下 ,3种染料废水的脱色率均达到 98% ,其最大吸附量都在 2 9mg·g-1左右 ,与活性炭的效果相当 ,而高于其它种类的吸附剂。焙烧后的污泥对中性黑BL的吸附符合Langmuir方程 ,对中性橙和元青的吸附符合Henry方程。焙烧污泥的优良脱色性能使其在染料废水处理方面具有较好的应用前景。     

五种中草药对海洋光合细菌生长影响的研究

研究了不同方式提取的中草药浸提液以及不同添加量的浸提液对海洋先合知菌生长的影响。结果表明对甘草、黄芩、栝楼等中草药水煮法效果较好,而对青蒿、党参等中草药醇提法效果较好,同时发现上述几种中草药对海洋光合细菌的生长均有促进作用。其中添加4.0%,4.0%和1.0%的栝楼、黄苓和党参浸提液的细菌经过120h的培养.细菌数分别比对照组提高了99.1%、68.8%和68.4%,甘草,青蒿.比对照组提高了10.9%和6.9%,其最佳添加量均为0.5%。     

海洋中不产氧光合细菌的研究进展

介绍了海洋中需氧的不产氧光养菌(aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria,简称AAP细菌)在全球海域的分布和丰度、光合作用能力、系统发生、多样性,以及与光合自养生物的关系、在海洋碳循环中的贡献等方面的研究进展,阐述了海洋中不产氧光合细菌在碳、氮、硫、铁等物质循环过程中的重要性和一些新种的发现及其应用,指出了目前海洋中不产氧光合细菌研究中存在的问题。     

光合细菌在水产养殖上的应用

Ⅰ. 光合细菌的生态特征及培养 光合细菌(Phototrophic Bacceric)是水圈微生物的一种。它生活在水田、沼泽、河川、海洋、活性污泥和土壤中,特别适宜生长在被有机物污染蓄水的地方。早在20×10~8a以前就已     

海洋细菌对稀土元素铈的富集矿化过程研究

采用从深海沉积物样品中分离培养的海洋微生物,分别进行几种海洋细菌（Jeotgalibacillus sp., Paenisporosarcina sp.,Sulfitobacter sp.）对稀土元素Ce的富集成矿过程的模拟实验。实验过程中利用ICP-MS、SEM、TEM等分析测试手段考察了微生物与稀土元素的相互作用过程。结果表明,三种海洋细菌对稀土Ce都有吸附富集作用,海洋细菌吸附富集稀土元素Ce的效率主要与细菌密度和稀土元素浓度有关,不同的海洋细菌对稀土元素的富集能力也有所不同。海洋细菌吸附富集稀土Ce并矿化的过程中,稀土元素Ce首先被吸附在细胞表面形成成核点,随后在细胞表面被矿化形成含稀土Ce的非晶相结构的矿物颗粒。通过考察海洋细菌对稀土Ce的生物成矿过程,进一步探讨了海洋微生物富集稀土成矿的过程和作用机制。     

光合细菌对褶皱臂尾轮虫的饵料价值

我们自青岛栈桥浅海海泥中分离到一株光合细菌,经鉴定为球形红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas spheroides)。对其生化特性、生长条件以及做为褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)的饵料价值,进行了研究。结果表明,以球形红假单胞菌的新鲜培养物,混以青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis)喂养轮虫,轮虫的增殖率明显高于单独使用光合细菌、扁藻和海洋酵母,也高于光合细菌与海洋酵母的混合。提示在轮虫的生产性培养中,以一定浓度的光合细菌与单胞藻混合投喂轮虫,可能取得较高产量。     

厦门海区潮间带的游动放线菌及其抗菌活性

比较了不同方法对厦门海区潮间带游动放线菌的分离效果和分析游动放线菌在不同材料中的种群数量分布。结果表明,在孢囊脱水－复水方法的基础上,采用重铬酸钾－放每菌酮－热处理－延长样品风干时间的联合方法,对样品污染细菌和霉菌有很好的抑制效果;海洋漂浮植物材料是游动放线菌的良好分离来源、数量超过１０＾２ＣＦＵ／ｇ干重;海洋潮间带植物材料的游动放线菌种属多样,但以链孢囊菌属为主,８０％的分离菌株具有抗菌活性。     

植物生长激素对海洋光合细菌生长及净化氮、磷能力影响的研究

从青岛栈桥附近海域的底泥中分离出了光合细菌菌株,研究了三十烷醇、赤霉素和α-萘乙酸对其生长与净化PO4-P和NH4-N能力的影响,以期获得快速培养光合细菌的方法。结果表明这三种植物生长激素对海洋光合细菌的生长均有促进作用。其中赤霉素的促进作用最明显,其最佳质量浓度为0.5mg/L,经12d培养后,细菌浓度比对照样可提高153.9%。三十烷醇和α-萘乙酸的最佳质量浓度均是1.0mg/L,分别可提高90.7%和20.6%。同时光合细菌净化PO4-P和NH4-N能力也有所提高,并且植物生长激素的促生作用愈明显,PO4-P和NH4-N的去除率愈高。试验表明在增殖培养中,可以添加某些植物生长激素来促进光合细菌的生长。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,