基于组合模型的煤炭城市生态安全预警研究——以焦作市为例

从城市复合生态系统视角出发,构建具有煤炭资源型城市特色的压力-状态-响应(PSR)和自然-社会-经济(NES)评价模型相融合的复合指标体系。在差异系数法组合权重的基础上,借助MATLAB软件,应用等维新息灰色神经网络(DGM-RBF)动态组合预警模型,对焦作市生态安全动态演变进行预警分析。结果表明:焦作市2000—2022年生态安全指数呈稳定上升的趋势,安全警度由"巨警"下降为"轻警"。压力、状态、响应3个子系统生态安全指数呈波浪式上升的趋势,安全警度由"巨警"或"重警"下降为"轻警"。自然、经济、社会三大影响因素中,经济因素安全指数上升比较平稳,警情由巨警逐步过渡到无警状态;自然和社会因素安全指数上升波动较大,且在2015年后的个别年份出现了负向演化和迅速恶化的趋势。焦作市未来5年内生态安全仍处于轻警状态。     

基于可拓-马尔科夫模型的贵州省生态安全预警

基于1990—2013年贵州省生态安全的相关数据,从压力、状态、响应三个方面构建贵州省生态安全预警指标体系,运用惩罚型变权-可拓模型对1990—2013年贵州省生态安全预警等级进行测度,并运用马尔科夫模型对贵州省2014—2020年生态安全警情进行预测。结果表明:1)贵州省1990—2013年生态安全等级分为:巨警、向重警转换、重警、向中警转换、中警、向轻警转换,整体呈波动上升的趋势,指示灯由"红色"演化为"待定";2)贵州省2014—2020年生态安全预警等级为:中警和轻警,指示灯为"黄色"和"蓝色",生态安全状况具有恶化的趋势;3)影响贵州省生态安全水平的主要因素包括人口自然增长率、农民人均纯收入、GDP增长率、石漠化面积比重、水土流失治理比例等,是今后调控的重点。研究结果可为贵州省生态安全的维护提供参考。     

基于RBF的湖南省土地生态安全动态预警

基于1996-2010 年湖南省土地生态安全的相关数据, 从压力、状态、响应3 方面构建湖南省土地生态安全预警指标体系, 运用RBF模型对2011-2015 年湖南省土地生态安全演变趋势进行预测, 并结合预警指数和警度标准对1996-2015 年湖南省土地生态安全警情状况进行分析, 结果表明:① RBF模型有较高的模拟精度, 能够较好地拟合2011-2015 年湖南省土地生态安全各系统的发展趋势。② 就各子系统的安全警度而言, 1996-2010 年湖南省土地生态安全的压力和状态系统的警度呈波动上升趋势, 响应系统的警度呈下降趋势, 2011-2015 年, 压力系统将逐步由“中警”(黄灯) 转变为“重警”(橙灯), 状态系统将处于“中警”(黄灯) 状态, 响应系统将处于“无警”(绿灯) 状态。③ 总体而言, 1996-2010 年, 湖南省土地生态安全警度呈略有下降态势, 2011-2015 年, 预警指数将处于0.42 左右, 警度将处于“中警”(黄灯) 状态。④ 影响湖南省土地生态安全的主要因素包括农业经济比重、建设占用耕地面积量、自然灾害受灾面积比重、人均建设用地面积、第三产业比重、自然保护区面积比重等, 是今后调控的重点。     

上海都市农业生态安全定量综合评价

构建都市农业生态安全评价指标体系,选用相关数学方法与计量模型,对上海都市农业生态安全进行定量综合评价.结果表明:(1)1993～1998年,上海市农业资源安全指数处于平稳状态,上海农业环境安全指数波浪式交替增减,农业经济社会发展指数持续小幅下降,农业生态安全综合指数交互升降.(2)1999～2008年,农业资源安全指数...     

基于熵权TOPSIS法的内江市耕地生态安全评价及障碍因子诊断

以位于四川盆地丘陵区的内江市为例,在界定耕地生态安全内涵的基础上,构建了基于PSR模型的评价指标体系,采用熵权TOPSIS法和障碍度模型,对内江市耕地生态安全进行了评价。研究结果表明:(1)2004~2014年内江是耕地生态安全水平总体不断提高,综合指数从0.209 7增加到了0.788 5,安全等级经历了"风险级—比较安全级"的演变历程;(2)压力指数总体上呈阶段下降趋势,状态指数和响应指数总体上呈现上升趋势;(3)2004~2014年除系统压力障碍度呈"S"型曲线上升外,系统状态以及系统响应的障碍度都呈下降的趋势。且从长远来看,系统压力是影响耕地生态安全的首要因素;(4)影响耕地生态安全的主要障碍因子包括农村财政支出、单位耕地面积化肥施用量、第一产业占GDP比重、农民人均纯收入等。     

2000—2009年重庆市土地资源生态安全评价及趋势分析

针对重庆市土地资源的特点及问题,在国内关于区域土地生态安全研究成果的基础上,基于压力-状态-响应框架模型,构建了一套土地资源生态安全评价指标体系,采用熵权赋权法确定指标权重,运用土地资源生态安全综合模型对该区域2000—2009年的土地生态安全综合指数进行了计算。结果表明,区域土地生态安全综合指数由2000年的0.160升高至2009年的0.695,2000年土地生态安全属于敏感级,2009年则进入良好级,整体生态安全状态呈好转趋势,但土地所受的生态压力整体上有所加大。土地生态安全状况的改善主要依赖于对土地生态环境的治理,现阶段土地的生态压力依然严峻。对2000—2009年的土地生态安全变化进行趋势拟合,显示土地生态安全综合状况已进入快速改善阶段。     

基于惩罚型变权的农地生态安全预警评价——以新疆生产建设兵团为例

将变权理论引入土地生态安全预警研究,结合熵值分析法得到的静态权和预警指标值的动态发展趋势,构建了农地生态安全预警的惩罚型变权模型并进行了实证研究。惩罚型变权评价模型更符合农地生态安全预警的动态性要求,评价结果更接近实际。1982—2012年间,新疆生产建设兵团农地的生态安全呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,但总体上位于轻警区间。通过预测,在未来的5年间,其安全状况会较现状年有一定程度退化,有向中警区间延伸的趋势。     

中国省域能源消耗碳排放安全评价

碳排放安全评价和预测在应对全球气候变化、实现区域可持续发展方面有重要意义。根据1996-2012年统计数据,基于压力—响应模型,从经济、社会、环境3个层面构建省域能源消费碳排放安全评价指标体系,分析了中国能源消费碳排放安全的时空分异,并运用GM(1, 1)方法进行预测。结果表明：1996-2012年,中国碳排放安全综合指数在临界安全区间内呈现波动下降趋势。其中,压力系统指数与综合指数变化态势趋于一致,响应系统指数表现为上升趋势;多数省区处于临界安全状态,亚安全状态省区逐渐消失,安全等级差的省区出现南移现象;大部分省区压力系统恶化的同时响应系统好转;区域间碳排放安全差距逐渐缩小,高压力低响应的区域大量减少。预测发现,2020年全国大部分省区处于临界安全或以下状态,碳排放安全情况不容乐观。     

广州市土地安全预警系统与RBF评估模型的构建

土地资源安全预警是区域资源安全研究的重点,通过构建具有实际操作意义的土地资源安全预警系统,可以进行土地资源安全的综合分析,以此来判断城市土地资源安全变化趋势。以广州市为例,应用人工神经网络改进模型(RBF)进行土地资源安全的综合评价,表明广州市土地资源安全已由轻警转为中警状态。实践证明RBF模型对土地资源安全综合评价具有较高的客观性和准确性。     

基于ANP-PRS-SENCE框架的崇明岛生态安全评价

将复杂系统的网络分析法(ANP)作为生态安全评价指标体系构建的基本方法,综合复合生态系统理论(SENCE)和"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型,提出ANP-PRS-SENCE框架体系,并以崇明岛为例进行实证研究.结果表明,近十余年崇明岛综合得分呈现逐渐提高的趋势,2007年综合得分为0.513,处于中等偏上水平,反映了崇明岛长期交通阻隔、相对落后的经济发展状况导致生态压力和环境污染较小;随着越江隧桥工程的建成通车,未来跨越式发展将使生态安全面临巨大压力.二级综合指数中,生态风险和生态保障指数较低,因此加强生态建设,完善管理和保障措施,降低生态风险对崇明岛生态系统的影响,应是提高生态安全综合指数等级的主要途径.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,