温度递减率对加权平均温度的影响

引入温度递减率,和地表温度一起作为独立参数对加权平均温度进行拟合,并根据所建立的温度递减率模型,分析其对加权平均温度的影响。研究表明,高精度的温度递减率有利于改善加权平均温度模型拟合值的分布,使其不再与地表温度呈现简单的线性关系,即使不同探空站的地表温度相同,它们计算的加权平均温度也不相同,从而提高GPS气象学中PWV的转换精度。     

成都城市热岛效应研究

木文通过成都城市气温的水平测量及多点低层探空测量的资料,分析了在不同条件下的热岛强度、中心位置及垂直方向上的伸展高度等变化规律、在考虑到热岛强度非周期性变化时,建立了适用于成都城市的热岛强度△Tμ-γ的回归计算公式。     

PM2.5对地表温度的影响及其应用

采用线性最小二乘原理对从对流层顶10 km至地表0.8 km的温度探空廓线进行拟合,外插地表温度,讨论外插地表温度与实测温度的统计特性。将其应用于GPS气象中的加权平均温度模型发现,基于外插的地表温度能显著提高模型精度,提高约1.2~1.7 K。     

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND Ca^2＋ ON THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE DECAPODA CRUSTACEAN ： ERIOCHEIR SINENSIS

With increasing demand in China for the mitten crab larvae, understanding its survival mechanism gets more important. This research focused on the effects of temperature and Ca^2 on the larval growth and development. Eriocheir sinensis larvae were reared in laboratory under 21 different combinations of temperature (15, 20, 25℃) and Ca^2 content (120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180mg/l) and constant salinity (20) and pH (8), The results suggested that the survival rate increases with temperature and Ca^2 content. These combinations of temperature and Ca2 content maximized survival rate inour study and it may be the optimum water environmental conditions for culturing the larvae. To predict surviving larvae number under different water environmental conditions, 21 dynamic mathematical models were developed. This for the first time observation of the zoeal Ⅵ larvae of the Changjiang River E.sinensis population showed that they occurred under stressed water environmental conditions: temperature of 15℃ and Ca^2 content of 120,130mg/l.     

顾及季节性变化的日本区域加权平均温度建模

利用2014~2018年的ERA-Interim数据建立适用于日本区域的加权平均温度模型,分析其误差并进行季节性改正。结果表明：1）建立的线性加权平均温度模型精度比Bevis模型提高约16%;2）线性模型的残差时间序列存在季节性变化,因此对模型进行季节性改正,改正后的模型精度比Bevis模型和线性模型提高约37%和25%;3）将3种模型与探空站积分Tm进行比较,进一步说明季节性改正后模型的优越性。     

Starvation metabolism of two common species of chironomids in Biandantang Lake

1 INTRODUCTION Chironomid larvae are main groups in most aquatic ecosystems, playing a crucial ecological role in decomposition of detritus and material ex- changes between water column and the sediment (Liang et al., 1995a, b; Chen, et al., 1982). They a…     

Events of decadal thermocline variations in the South Pacific Ocean

1 INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that interior thermal anomalies that subduct into the subtropics of the North Pacific may propagate to the equatorial region of the Pacific (Russell, 1994; Deser et al., 1996; Gu and Philander, 1997; Huang and Huang an…     

Study on changes of plasmalemma permeability and some primary inorganic ions of Antarctic ice microalgae （Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L） in the low-temperature stress

The changes of plasmalemma permeability and some primary inorganic ions of Antarctic ice microalgae （ Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L） in the low-temperature stress were examined. The plasmalemma of 1CE-L could maintain the stability at the freezing condition of -6 ℃. That signifies that it could maintain the proper function of plasmalemma and stability of the intracellular environment during sea ice formation. The function of inorganic ions on low-temperature adaptation of ICE-L was investigated by using the X-ray microanalysis method. Low temperature （0 - -6 ℃ ） induces Ca^2 ＋ concentration increment of cytoplasm, but after 24 h the content decrease quickly to normal value. As a matter of fact, Ca^2 ＋ plays an important role as the second messenger in the low temperature adaptation of ICE-L. In addition, low temperature also influences on the other primary inorganic ions transfer and the cell maintains activity by keeping ratio balance among different ions. Above all, it is necessary for Antarctic ice microalgae to survive and breed by maintaining the stability of K^ ＋ content and the balance of Na^ ＋/Cl^ -.     

温度对禾谷缢管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

在人工气候室不同温度下研究了禾谷缢管蚜（RhopqlosiphumPadi（Linnaeus））的生长发育和繁殖。结果表明在10～30℃范围内．随着温度的升高,禾谷缢管蚜的发育速率加快,到一定温度之后又随温度升高而减慢;在25．4℃时,rm值最大为0．4196;在25℃时的种群出生率最高。当种群达稳定状态后,若蚜的比例在25℃时最小,占73．5％,而成蚜的比例最大,达26．4％;随着温度的升高,禾谷缢管蚜的产仔期变短,产仔量减少．但产仔峰值加大,峰值来临时间提前。同时还对极端温度对禾谷缢管蚜存活的影响进行了系统测定。     

Evaluation and classification of seawater corrosiveness by environmental factors

According to the data of main environmental factors and the depth of localized corrosion of carbon steel and low alloy steels in China seas, combined with the result of grey interrelation analysis, double-factor method was proposed to evaluate and classify seawater corrosiveness. According to the temperature of seawater and the biologically adhesive area on steels, the corrosiveness of seawater from low to high level is classified into five levels （C l-C5）, which was identified by the data of corrosion depth of carbon steel immersed in water for one year.     

Meteorological Features at 6523 m of Mt.Qomolangma （Everest） between 1 May and 22 July 2005

Introduction Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) (27°54'N, 86°54'E) (Hereafter Mt. Qomolangma) lies between China and Nepal (Figure 1), and is the highest peak in the world, 8844.43 m asl (As promulgated by News Of-fice of the Chinese State Council in October 2005…     

Interdecadal oscillations of temperatures in 1903 - 2002 over the Antarctic Peninula

In the paper, by use of the monthly mean temperature data of 12 stations in the vicinity of Antarctic Peninsula, the temperature series during 1903 - 2000 is founded and the interdecadal oscillation of the temperature are discussed. The results indicate that 1） There are three jumps during 1919 - 1923, 1947 - 1953 and 1976 - 1982 in recent hundred years and the stable climate step between two jump points lasted about 30 years. 2） Annual mean temperature is increased by 0. 730℃ in an echelon during 1903 -2000, the warming extent is dissimilarity in each season, the maximum of warming is in the winter and the minimum of warming is in summer. 3） The ice decline trend is presented in the index of Ice concentration in the vicinity sea of Antarctic Peninsula, which shows a -0. 2053/10a drop, and the decrease trend of the ice concentration index in summer half year （Dee-May） is found much more obviously than that in winter half year （Jun-Nov）. 4） There is better negative relationship between the temperature and the Ice concentration index in Antarctic Peninsula and its vicinity sea, which correlation coefficient of is exceed the significance level of 5% in summer, autumn and annual.     

松辽盆地现今地温场特征及控制因素

沉积盆地现今地温场反映了地球内部各种动力学过程之间的能量平衡状态,既是了解大陆岩石圈构造变形及演化等大陆动力学问题的重要窗口,也是开展区域地热资源潜力评价的基础。通过收集松辽盆地826口钻孔试油温度数据,结合150个岩心样品热导率测试结果,系统刻画了全盆地现今地温场特征,基于深部温度预测技术计算了4 000 m深度内地层温度。结果表明,松辽盆地现今地温梯度介于22.5～69.0℃/km之间,平均值为44.0℃/km。中央坳陷区岩石热导率值比较集中,大多介于1.60～2.40 W/(m·K)之间,平均值为1.84 W/(m·K),其中泥岩热导率最低,平均值为1.77 W/(m·K);粉砂岩热导率居中,平均值为1.87 W/(m·K);细砂岩热导率最高,平均值为2.12 W/(m·K)。大地热流值介于35.0～98.8 mW/m²,平均值为76.9 mW/m²,为典型的“热盆”,平面上呈中部高、边部低的环带状展布特征。松辽盆地1 000 m深度的地层温度介于26.9～72.3℃,平均值为47.9℃;2 000 m深度的地层温度介于49.4～141...     

Impacts of global warming on patterns of temperature change in China

Global climate change has a wide range of impacts, and this paper presents an investigation on how global warming has changed the relationship between air temperature and latitude ＆ altitude using the meteorological data obtained from 160 stations in China. The investigation indicates that there are very distinct seasonal differences in patterns of temperature variation as a function of latitude and altitude： a very significant latitude effect in winter and a very significant altitude effect in summer. However, with global warming, the latitude effect in winter is weakening and the altitude effect in summer is strengthening. This pattern of change in the relationship between temperature and latitude ＆ altitude is helpful in efforts to reconstruct and explain the past temperature patterns and variations.     

养殖场苗池温度的计算机监控系统

通过对苗池和锅炉温度检测与控制单元、模拟信号处理单元、数据采集单元等硬件监控系统的研制，并在此基础上对计算机与数据采集单元的接口、苗池与锅炉温度动态显示和采集数据处理等软件模块进行开发，实现了先进的信息技术、自动控制技术和传感测量技术在养殖场的成功应用。     

Effect of Landform on Seasonal Temperature Structures across China in the Past 52 Years

Introduction The temperature in the Northern Hemisphere increased by 0.4℃ between the 1960s and the 1980s, and in the same period the temperature of the Tibetan Plateau increased by 0.5℃ (IPCC 2001). The temperature in China increased by 0.3 ℃ between 1951 and 1990 (DING and DAI 1994). Using 15 different general circulation models, Jones and Moberg (2003) estimated that the rate of annual warming over the continents between 1901 and 2000 was 0.078℃ decade–1 (significant at the 99.9…     

Oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of Meretrix meretrix in different temperature and salinity

Effects of temperatures and salinities on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rate of clam Meretrix meretrix were studied in laboratory from Oct. 2003 to Jan. 2004. Two schemes were designed in incremented temperature at 10, 15, 20, 25℃ at 31.5 salinity and in incremented salinity at16.0, 21.0, 26.0, 31.5, 36.0, and 41.0 at 20℃, all for 8-10 days. From 10 to 25℃, both respiration and excretion rate were increased. One-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated significant difference （P〈0.01） in physiological parameters in this temperature range except between 15 and 20℃. The highest Q10 thermal coefficient value （12.27） was acquired between 10 and 15℃, and about 1 between 15 and 20℃, indicating M. meretrix could well acclimate to temperature changes in this range. Salinity also had significant effects on respiration and excretion rate （P〈0.05）. The highest values of respiration and excretion rate of M. meretrix were recorded at 16.0 salinity （20℃）. These two physiological parameters decreased as salinity increased until reached the minimum Q10 value at 31.5 （20℃）, then again, these parameters increased with increasing salinity from 31.5 to 41.0. M. meretrix can catabolize body protein to cope with osmotic pressure stress when environmental salinity is away from its optimal range. No significant difference was observed between 26.0 and 36.0 in salinity （P〉0.05）, suggesting that a best metabolic salinity range for this species is between 26.0 and 36.0.     

Earthquake, strong tide and global low temperature

＂La Madre＂ is a kind of upper atmospheric air current, and occurs as ＂warm phase＂ and ＂cold phase＂ in the sky of Pacific Ocean alternately. There exists this phenomenon, called ＂Oscillation Decade in the Pacific＂ （ODP）, for 20 - 30 years. It is concerned with 60 year cycle of the tides. Lunar oscillations explain an intriguing 60-year cycle in the world＇s temperature. Strong tides increase the vertical mixing of water in the oceans, drawing cold ocean water from the depths to surface, where it cools the atmosphere above. The first strong seismic episode in China was from 1897 to 1912; the second to the fifth was the in 1920-1937, 1946-1957, 1966-1980, 1991-2002, tsrectruely. The alternative boundaries of＂La Madre＂ warm phase and cold phase were in 1890, 1924, 1946 and 2000, which were near the boundaries of four strong earthquakes. It indicated the strong earthquakes closedly related with the substances＇ motion of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, the change of gravity potential, and the exchange of angular momentum. The strong earthquakes in the ocean bottom can bring the cool waters at the deep ocean up to the ocean surface and make the global climate cold. the earthquake, strong tide and global low temperature are close inrelntion for each othen.     

A probe heat flow value of the East China Sea shelf

Bottom temperature variation (BTV) is a serious problem in determining the thermal gradient and heart flow of the sediments in shallow seas. The water depth of the East China Sea shelf is mostly below 150m, and the heat flow measurement is strongly affected by BTV. Following a statistical algorithm, we rechecked the temperature and thermal conductivity data of the cruises KX90-1 and KX91-1, carried out by a cooperation program of China and Japan, and calculate the heat flow in a site without long-term temperature record. The calculated heat flow in the site was 58.6±3.6 mW/m², being just within the range of the drill heat flow value of East China Sea shelf. The inversed amplitude spectrum of BTV has a peak in frequency of 1/10 per year, and the annual component is also an important part. Comparison with two lakes of Lake Greifensee and Lac Leman (i.e. Lake Geneva), which are in different water depth, revealed that with increasing water depth, the peak of amplitude spectrum moved towards low frequency components. The heat flow values calculated in this paper and from petroleum bore hole in East China Sea shelf are much more close to that in southeast China than in Okinawa Trough. Supported by the National High Technology R&D Program of China (2004 AA616060)     

Effects of temperature, pH and NaC1 on protease activity in digestive tract of young turbot, Scophthalmus maximus

The protease activity in digestive tract of young turbot Scophthalmus maximum was studied, and the optimal pH, temperature and NaCl concentration were determined for different portions of the fish＇s internal organs. The optimal activity in the fish＇s stomach was at pH of 2.2, while that in the intestinal extracts was within the alkaline range from 9.5 to 10.0. In hepatopancreas, the optimal pH was in low alkalinity at 8.5. The optimal reaction temperature was above 40℃ in stomach, intestine and hepatopancreas. With increasing temperature, the pH value increased in stomach, while in the intestine, an opposite tendency was observed due to combined effect of pH and temperature. NaCl concentration showed inhibitory impact on protein digestion in hepatopancreas. The main protease for protein digestion in turbot seemed to be pepsin. Moreover, the maximum protease activity in different segments of intestine existed in the hindgut.