地震孕育体源流变模型(二)——应变场及其应用.

在弹性包体理论的基础上，建立了流变介质包体模型理论的应变场的理论解，导出流变介质中的包体在任意一点产生的正应变、剪应变及体应变的粘弹性解析解，即正应变、剪应变和体应变的表达式. 通过计算三维粘弹性介质中球形硬包体与软包体在地面引起的体应变场的时空演化过程，得到了一些非常有意义的结果，即球形硬包体在地面产生的体应变随时间的变化曲线出现了特征不同的3个阶段(, , )，它与大量地形变资料出现的, , 阶段相似，而球形软包体却没有这个特征. 这些结果对地震前兆的形态特征、前兆的象限性、前兆时空演化的阶段性、短临前兆突发性以及前兆异常时间的地区性等的解释具有启示意义. 这为地震前兆物理模式的建立提供了理论基础，并将为实现地震的物理预测发挥作用.      

地震孕育体源流变模型(三)--前兆场

在三维流变介质体源孕震模型的粘弹性位移场与应变场理论基础上,建立了流变介质体源孕震模型的前兆场理论解,导出了流变介质中任意一点（x,y,z）的地倾斜、地下水位、电阻率的粘弹性解析解,并对地电阻率的应用作了初步分析,为地震孕育过程中前兆分析提供了一定的理论基础.      

包体流变模型体应变场时空演变的理论分析

基于包体流变模型的理论解,计算了三维粘弹性介质中球形硬包体与软包体在地面引起的体应变．结果表明,球形硬包体的地面体应变随时间的变化曲线表现出特征不同的３个阶段（,,）．它与大量地形变资料出现的,,阶段相似;而球形软包体却没有此特征．其中,阶段的前兆在近源区和远源区都向外扩展;阶段的前兆在近源区和远源区都处于极值状态;阶段前兆在远源区表现为向近源区收缩,而在近源区表现为向外扩展．这些结果对地震前兆的时空演化过程阶段性的解释具有一定的启示．      

地震孕育体源流变模型--位移与应变场

由于岩石介质在温度较低、压力不大、外力作用时间不长的情况下,主要显示为弹性性质;但在温度高、压力大、作用力时间长的情况下,则显示出流变性质.对于持续数十秒的快速错动的地震发生过程,用弹性理论处理发震过程是恰当的,但对于持续数百年乃至上千年的孕震过程,岩石的流变性是必须考虑的问题(张国民,1987;尹祥础,郑天愉,1982;梅世蓉等,1993).     

2022年青海杂多Ms5.9地震震源机制中心解及位移场和应变场特征分析

通过建立目标函数和Levenber-Marquardt迭代等数学方法求出杂多地震的多个震源机制解的中心解,并用Wells和Coppersmith的统计公式估算出断层面大小和滑动量,进一步计算出主震所产生的同震位移场及应变场。结果表明：(1)推断节面II(走向342.12°,倾角70.62°,滑动角是-175.99°)是本次地震的主断层面。(2)在水平位移场方面,震中东北物质向震中涌入,西北、东南物质向外涌出;在垂直位移场方面,震中东北部为沉降,东南部为隆升。综合分析认为,水平位移大于垂直位移,判断此次地震为走滑型。(3)体应变在震中东北侧呈现压缩,在震中西北、东南两侧呈现伸张,北向应变、东向应变、北东向应变在震中均呈现八花瓣样式分布。(4)体应变形态与面应变分布大体相同,表现在面应变继承体应变。本研究可为地震对周围的影响,地震发生原因提供分析依据。     

三度体（均质模型）位场波谱的正演计算

本文给出任意指向的均质直线段、多边形面和多面体的重磁异常谱的解析表达式。利用它们可以进行不规则三度体的重磁异常谱的数值计算。此外,尚导出任意指向的斜平行六面体重磁异常谱的解析表达式。这些表达式结构简单,易于计算,用作位场的正演反演计算都十分方便。     

三度体（均质模型）位场波谱的正演计算

本文给出任意指向的均质直线段、多边形面和多面体的重磁异常谱的解析表达式。利用它们可以进行不规则三度体的重磁异常谱的数值计算。此外,尚导出任意指向的斜平行六面体重磁异常谱的解析表达式。这些表达式结构简单,易于计算,用作位场的正演反演计算都十分方便。     

河西走廊西段及邻区主要断裂（一）-晚新生代逆断层与走滑断层的地震剖面解释

基于地震剖面解释的构造分析表明，河西走廊西段及邻区发育有许多晚第三纪-第四纪的逆断层与走滑断层. 其主要类型有两种:一是与北祁连逆冲推覆作用有关的南倾逆断层，其走向北西，主要分布于北祁连山东北缘及河西走廊西南部地区；二是与阿尔金断裂活动有关的逆断层与走滑断层，主要分布于红柳峡、宽台山——合黎山地区. 这些断层与新生代始新世末期以来印-藏碰撞的远距离效应有关. 它们于晚第三纪开始活动，主要活动于第四纪时期，而且大多目前仍在活动，属于活动性断层，是河西走廊地区地震的潜发因素. 此外，它们还造成了地层的强烈变形，形成了一系列的地貌阶地和河流的水平错移.      

雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究（一）

在双轴压缩条件下对挤压型和拉张型雁列式断层变形破坏过程中声发射、断层位移及应变场的时空演化进行了实验研究。研究表明，两类雁列式断层具有类似的变形破坏过程，即前期以雁列区的破裂贯通为主，后期以沿断层的滑动为主。但挤压型雁列区内可积累较高的应变能，有较强的应变释放和声发射活动，雁列区对滑动始终起着阻碍作用；而拉张型雁列区内难以产生快速的应变释放和较强的声发射活动，雁列区对后期的滑动也无明显的阻碍作用。两类雁列区贯通所引起的失稳均有明显的前兆，而在随后滑动过程中失稳前兆的出现，取决于断层不同部位或段落之间是否有应变传递     

地震前兆场物理模式与前兆时空分布机制研究（二）──强震孕育时应力、应变场的演化与地震活动、地震前兆的关系

分别研究构造块体内有多个震源体和单个震源体孕育时．应力集中过程、时空分布规律及其与地震活动、地震前兆的关系．结果表明：①当区域应力场增强到相当水平时，破裂开始在某个或某些块体内发生，区域应力场将随着时间而变化，强震的成组性是这个动态应力场演变的结果．在此过程中，多个高应力集中区的存在与发展，有可能导致震前异常与地震关系的多样性；②孕震块体的应力变化过程一般显示出非线性，在经历了长期弹性变形后，从进入非弹性变形阶段到主破裂前，可能经历不止一次的非弹性变形与断层软化过程；与此相应，孕震块体中的应力、应变场要表现出复杂的时空演化图象；受应力、应变控制的地震前兆场必然表现出多方面的复杂性．     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (Ⅰ)--Displacement field

Based on the three-dimensional elastic inclusion model proposed by Dobrovolskii, we developed athree-dimensional rheologic inclusion model and theory to study the earthquake preparation process. By usingcorrespondence principle in the theory of rheologic mechanics, we derived the analytic expression of the viscoe-lastic displacement at an arbitrary point (x, y, z) in three directions of x, y and z-axes (i. e., U(r, t), V*(r, t) and W(r,t)) produced by a three-dimension inclusion in the semi-infinite rheologic medium defined by the standard linearrheologic model.     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (I) — Displacement field

Based on the three-dimensional ela stic inclusion model proposed by Dobrovolskii, we developed a three-dimensional rheologic inclusion model and theory to study the earthquake preparation process. By using correspondence principle in the theory of rheologic mechanics, we derived the analytic expression of the viscoelastic displacement at an arbitrary point (x, y, z) in three directions of x, y and z-axes (i.e., U(r, t), V*(r, t) and W(r, t)) produced by a three-dimension inclusion in the semi-infinite rheologic medium defined by the standard linear rheologic model. Foundation item: Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (101105)     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (I)—Displacement field

Introduction The rock medium shows mainly elastic character under low-temperature, low-pressure and external force for short duration, yet it shows rheologic property under high-temperature, high-pressure and long-time external force. It is reasonable that the rapid earthquake generating process lasted for tens seconds is analyzed by the elastic theory. As for the earthquake generating process for hundreds or thousand years, nevertheless, the rheologic property of rock must be taken into accou…     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation （Ⅲ）： Precursor field

On the basis of the theory of viscoelastic displacement and strain field for the three-dimensional rheologic model of earthquake preparation, this paper mainly studies the theoretical solution of precursor field for the three-dimensional rheologic model of earthquake preparation. We derive the viscoelastic analytical expressions of the ground tilt, underground water level, earth resistivity at an arbitrary point （x, y, z） in the rheologic medium, and analyzed the earth resistivity preliminarily, providing a certain theoretical basis for the precursor analysis of seismogenic process.     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake prepa-ration (III): Precursor field

Introduction Based on the elastic theory of hard inclusion model proposed by Dobrovolskii (1991), we developed a rheologic inclusion model to study the spatial-temporal variation of earthquake pre-cursor by using the bulk-strain field resulted from rheologic inclusion model (SONG et al, 2000). Based on the elastic inclusion theory, the analytical expressions for the viscoelastic displacement field and strain field of rheologic inclusion model are derived (SONG et al, 2003, 2004). Further-m…     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (Ⅲ): Precursor field

On the basis of the theory of viscoelastic displacement and strain field for the three-dimensional rheologic model of earthquake preparation, this paper mainly studies the theoretical solution of precursor field for the three-dimensional rheologic model of earthquake preparation. We derive the viscoelastic analytical expressions of the ground tilt, underground water level, earth resistivity at an arbitrary point (x, y, z) in the rheologic medium, and analyzed the earth resistivity preliminarily, providing a certain theoretical basis for the precursor analysis of seismogenic process.     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (II): Strain field and its applications

Introduction Based on the elastic theory of the hard inclusion (Dobrovolskii, 1991), we developed an inclusion theory of rheologic medium, and applied the results of bulk-strain field of a rheologic inclusion model to explain the spatial-temporal evolution process of earthquake precursors (SONG, et al, 2000). In the former paper (SONG, et al, 2003), we derived the viscoelastic displacement field of the rheologic inclusion model on the basis of the analytic expression of displacement field o…