一种新型小型化宽带平面全向天线

在传统圆形单极子平面天线的基础上引入了Wilkinson功分器、渐变型微带馈线和瓶状接地板结构，设计了一款3.4~7.4 GHz频段的新型小型化宽带平面全向天线.通过引入Wilkinson功分器来改善天线方向图不圆度，较好地实现全向辐射；天线背面采用瓶状结构的金属接地板，达到了良好的阻抗匹配效果.结果表明：该平面全向天线驻波比小于2的阻抗带宽为4 GHz，中心频点5.4 GHz处的增益为3.35 dB，中心频点5.4 GHz在天线辐射方向的不圆度小于3.50 dB，整个阻抗带宽内的增益为2.3~3.35 dB，仿真结果与实测结果基本吻合.     

基于特征模理论的低剖面MIMO立方体天线

基于特征模理论,给出了一种适用于室内环境的16端口多输入多输出（MIMO）立方体天线设计.首先利用特征模理论在对一个矩形金属片进行模式分析的基础上,同时激励金属片的不同模式,设计了一款工作于5.150~5.875 GHz的高隔离度的4端口MIMO天线单元,并引入人工磁导体（AMC）表面代替原天线的地板,大大降低了天线的剖面.进一步地,围绕立方体环绕一周组成4×4端口的MIMO立方体天线,在较小的空间内实现了天线的多端口与多极化.仿真和测试结果表明：天线在5.150~5.875 GHz频段内端口反射系数S_ii<-10 dB,端口间隔离度|S_ij|>20 dB.     

全向及定向圆极化天线的小型化研究

本文提出了两种分别应用于全向以及定向圆极化天线的小型化设计.这两种天线设计方案是基于电偶极子与磁偶极子的有机结合.全向圆极化方向图具有很广的覆盖范围及避免极化失配的特点,非常适合应用于移动物联网以及卫星间通信等.对于两组水平放置的电磁偶极子,如果采用等幅激励且相位相差90°,会产生全向的圆极化方向图.本文介绍了一种工作在下一代移动通信28 GHz频率的呈车轮形的紧凑全向圆极化天线.整个天线印刷在直径仅4 mm的圆形介质板上,且具有宽带高效率等良好电器特性,非常适合应用于5G小型化移动通信终端.定向圆极化天线具有高增益且避免极化失配的特点,广泛应用于卫星移动通信终端中.两组正交放置的电磁偶极子如果等幅且同向激励,会产生定向呈心形的辐射方向图.本文还介绍了一种电小且高辐射效率的惠更斯天线,该天线有机结合了两个电小的辐射单元,形成结构紧凑的定向圆极化天线,非常适合卫星通信以及无线能量传输等应用.     

一种用于GPS的小型化全向圆极化天线设计

圆极化天线在卫星导航通信、雷达及信息对抗上有非常重要的作用.本文提出了一种工作在GPS L1频段（1.575 GHz）上的小型圆极化天线,它具有较低的剖面和较小的尺寸,结构紧凑、馈电简单,并呈现良好的全向圆极化特性.天线的辐射结构由一个4轴弧形贴片和直接馈电的金属柱组成,同时,贴片内环引入额外的弧形枝节,外环枝节的末端引入4个短路探针来实现天线的小型化.通过Ansoft HFSS 16.1对该天线进行仿真验证,结果表明,该圆极化天线在1.575 GHz频段上具有良好的驻波特性,且工作频带内的轴比<3 dB,最高增益达到0.2 dBic.     

线性天线阵列空间相关性函数的分析

推导了在线性天线阵列中的9 种典 型角能量分布的空间相关性方程&即高 斯分布%高斯空间分布和均匀分布''其中 高斯分布是由高斯空间分布推导得到 的''空间相关性方程是空间天线&阵列几 何以及角能量分布的一个函数''分别对 在高斯角能量分布和均匀角能量分布下 的空间相关性方程进行了分析&将天线 间的距离和角能量分布的标准差作为参 数在^S3TS. 环境下进行了仿真''结果表 明,在一定范围内增大天线间的距离以 及角能量分布标准差可以减小天线阵列 空间相关性&改善系统性能-同时&在中 长距离内&高斯角能量分布更有利于提 高系能的性能''     

基于负μ传输线的电偶极子和环天线设计

负μ传输线是一种通过串联电容加载来获得等效负磁导率的人工电磁材料,利用其零传播常数的性质,可以设计具有无限大波长且谐振频率与尺寸无关的谐振器,从而实现天线的小型化和宽带化.本文以基于分段线结构的负μ传输线为例,分别设计了具有宽带特性的电偶极子和环天线.测试结果表明长度为107 mm（1.03λ₀@2.9 GHz）的电偶极子可获得的阻抗带宽约为1.4 GHz（2.2~3.6 GHz,48%）,并且该天线在工作带宽内具有稳定的E面方向图.直径为52 mm（0.5λ₀@2.9 GHz）的环天线可获得的阻抗带宽约为1 GHz（2.4~3.4 GHz,34%）,并且环上具有均匀的电流分布,从而具有磁偶极子的辐射特性.测试和仿真结果吻合较好.     

整流天线研究进展及设计方法概述

微波输能（MPT）技术通过微波波束在两点之间进行能量的无线传输,可用于太阳能卫星、近空间飞行器、无线传感器等.整流天线将微波能量捕获并转换为直流,是MPT系统的关键部件.首先,从拓展工作频带、输入功率范围和负载范围等方面对整流天线最新研究进展进行概述,然后分析了其核心器件整流电路的拓扑结构及相应适用场合,对有效设计整流天线的步骤进行综合,最后分析了整流天线技术存在的问题,并指出了MPT技术未来的发展方向.     

广州高建筑物地闪水平磁场频谱特征分析

该文利用广州高建筑物雷电观测站架设完成的一套正交磁环天线,对广州珠江新城高建筑物群进行地闪水平磁场观测。采用小波软阈值去噪法和基础噪声归零法对合成的磁场数据进行质量控制。对处理后的水平磁场波形进行频谱特征分析,得到水平磁场在不同频段内的能量分布情况,为高建筑物雷电强电磁脉冲屏蔽防护技术提供数据参考。     

基于互补源的紧凑型圆极化倾斜波束天线

本文提出一种结构紧凑且固有倾斜辐射波束的圆极化天线.通过使用一对正交的互补源,将在俯仰面的倾角方向上产生圆极化波.为了验证方法的可行性,该天线主要由扇形的单极子、短路钉和L型的接地板组成.短路钉一端连接单极子天线,另一端连接接地板的水平部分,从而形成一个环路辐射单元.研究结果表明：该天线的最大辐射增益在θ=60°,φ=90°的方向上,具有6.2%左右的3 dB轴比工作带宽.同时,相较于现有的倾斜波束圆极化天线,它的结构更加紧凑,适用于小型化的设计需求.     

多界面匹配高效微波整流天线设计方法

整流天线效率对远距离微波能量传输的整体效率至关重要.针对传输系统接收整流端效率提升的需求,提出了一种多界面匹配高效微波整流天线的设计方法.首先对整流天线的效率给出了数学描述,并据此在能量波束入射界面、能量转移界面、能量转换界面、直流合成界面提出了匹配原理和方法.多界面匹配联合就形成了高效整流天线设计方法.最后,根据相关匹配原理进行了实验验证,证实了对波阻抗匹配和输入阻抗匹配的分析.     

Energy Fluxes of an Open Water Area in a mid-Latitude Prairie Wetland

Concurrent measurements of the surface energy balance components (net radiation, heat storage, and sensible and latent heat fluxes) were made in three communities (open water, Phragmites australis, Scirpus acutus) in a wetland in north-central Nebraska, U.S.A., during May-October, 1994. The Bowen ratio – energy balance method was used to calculate latent and sensible heat fluxes. This paper presents results from the open water area. The heat stored in water (G) was found to play a major role in the energy exchange over the water surface. During daytime, G consumed 45–60% of R _n , the net radiation (seasonally averaged daytime G was about 127 W m^–2). At night, G was a significant source of energy (seasonally averaged nighttime G was about -135 Wm^–). The diurnal pattern of latent heat flux ( E) did not follow that of R _n . On some days, E was near zero during midday periods with large R _n . The diurnal variability in E seemed to be significantly affected by temperature inversions formed over the cool water surface. The daily evaporation rate (E) ranged from 2 to 8 mm during the measurement period, and was generally between 70 and 135% of the equilibrium rate.     

Observations of precipitating convective systems at 92 and 183 GHz: Aircraft results

Summary High spatial resolution data from an airborne microwave imaging radiometer operating at 92 and 183 GHz (0.32 and 0.16 cm wavelengths) are compared with ground-based radar data for a series of observations of precipitating convective systems. An inverse relationship between microwave brightness temperature (T _B ) and radar-derived rain rate (RR) is observed. Differences in the empirical curves between midlatitude and tropical cloud systems are related to the differing microphysical and dynamical environments.ColdT _B features in the aircraft images are collocated with high reflectivity values in the radar data. Over a water back-ground, which has a low surface emissivity at these frequencies, small convection produces an increase inT _B at 92 GHz due to emission by liquid water in the cloud. As the convection deepens and ice forms,T _B at both frequencies decreases rapidly with increasing rain rate. The large decrease inT _B with increasing storm intensity is due to scattering of upwelling radiation by precipitation-sized ice particles within the clouds. With high rain rates, there is little difference betweenT _B observed over both land and water backgrounds.TheT _B features in the aircraft imagery are qualitatively similar to radar echoes in plan position indicator (PPI) images. Areas of extremely coldT _B (<150 K) coincide with high radar reflectivities. The highest correlations between microwave and radar features with regard to location, intensity, and shape occur more frequently with mid-to upperlevel echoes rather than low-level reflectivity features.With 12 Figures     

Carbon dioxide,water vapor and sensible heat fluxes over a tallgrass prairie

Fluxes of CO₂, water vapor and sensible heat were measured in a grassland ecosystem near Manhattan, Kansas, employing the eddy correlation technique. The vegetation at this site is dominated by big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans). Diurnal patterns of the energy budget components and CO₂ fluxes are evaluated on a few selected days. Influence of high atmospheric evaporative demand and low availability of soil water are examined on (a) energy partitioning, and (b) the magnitudes and patterns of atmospheric carbon dioxide exchange.Published as Paper No. 8470, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Research Division.     

A Model to Estimate Global Radiation in Complex Terrain

Global radiation is an important parameter necessary for most ecological models. However, in situ data barely meets the needs of modelling mountainous ecosystems since most field stations are located in flat areas. Consequently, it is usually necessary to extrapolate radiation measurements obtained from an adjacent flat area to the complex terrain of concern. The distribution of radiation in complex terrain depends upon two factors: the local atmospheric conditions, which determine the radiation potentially available to a supposed flat surface in a given location, and the topographic effects on this possible radiation. The latter have been included in detail in most radiation models for complex terrain, but the former are often only simply treated as constant or estimated by over-simplified empirical algorithms. In this paper we propose a novel model that uses a parametric atmospheric model to calculate the potential radiation for a supposed flat surface in a given location, and then account for topographic effects. Direct radiation, diffuse radiation and reflected radiation are calculated separately in the model due to the distinctive characteristics of and the effects by topography. Based on the parametric model, this paper has investigated the relationship between radiation transmittance, clearness indices and altitude under a series of water vapour content and turbidity conditions. This combines three ratios, R _b, R _d, and R _r, defined as the direct radiation, diffuse radiation and reflected radiation received by the arbitrary surface, respectively, to their counterparts in the horizontal surface, to estimate the global radiation for any given location. The model has been validated with data from measurements in National Park Berchtesgaden, Germany, where six measurement sites with various altitudes and topographic characteristics have been deployed. The r ² of modelled and measured hourly global radiation are greater than 0.90 in all six sites, with RMSE varies from 16 to 100 W m⁻². Sensitivity analysis revealed that the model was not sensitive to change in water vapour content, which suggests the possibility to use an exponential algorithm of water vapour content when there is no in situ water vapour content information in complex terrains. The NRMSE was only reduced by 0.04, on average, in five of the six sites when water vapour content information was calculated from the in situ air temperature and relative humidity measurements.     

用微气象方法估算淮河流域能量平衡(HUBEX/IOP 1998/99)的统计分析和比较研究

In order to study energy and water cycles in the Huaihe River Basin, micrometeorological measurements were carried out in Shouxian County, Anhui Province, during HUBEX/IOP (May to August 1998 and June to July 1999). The employed techniques included Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance (BREB) and Eddy Covariance (EC) methods. In this paper, the basic characteristics of the energy balance components in the district are analyzed. Furthermore, the results are compared with those from other regions of China.The main results are as follows: (1) There was a consistency between the available energy (Rn-G) and the sum of sensible (H) and latent (E) heat fluxes measured by the EC method (H+E)ec, but Ebr was slightly larger (about 10%) than Eec; (2) Most of the net radiation (Rn) was used to evaporate water from the surface. During HUBEX/IOP in 1998 and 1999, the mean daily amounts of Rn were 13.89 MJ m-2 d-1 and 11.83 MJ m-2 d-1, and the mean Bowen Ratios (β) were 0.14 (over ruderal) and 0.06 (over paddy) respectively; (3) The diurnal variation characteristic of β was larger and unsteady at sunrise and sunset, and smaller and steady during the rest of the daytime. Local advection appeared in the afternoon over paddy areas in 1999; (4) In comparison with the results from other regions of China, the nean β was the lowest (0.06) over paddy areas in the Huaihe River Basin and the highest (0.57) during June-August 1998 in Inner Mongolia grassland. The Bowen Ratio β is mainly related to the soil humidity.     

UV-B辐射增强对不同品种花生结荚期生理特性日变化的影响

以3个花生品种（开农49号、64号和69号）为材料,通过大田模拟试验,研究UV-B辐射增强对花生结荚期叶片的净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和水分利用效率（E_wu）日变化的影响,为筛选高产、抗旱、抗UV-B辐射花生品种提供依据.UV-B辐射设2个水平即自然光（CK,1.5 kJ·m^-2）和UV-B增强20%（T,1.8 kJ·m^-2）.结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制花生的光合作用和蒸腾作用,与对照相比,UV-B增强条件下,开农49号、64号和69号P_n日均值分别降低19.4%、27.8%、24.7%;G_s日均值降低26.7%、42.9%、28.6%;C_i日均值降低27.2%、20.4%、23.1%;T_r日均值降低17.8%、23.3%、25.1%;E_wu日均值降低16.6%、23.2%、23.9%.UV-B辐射增强对3个品种生长都具有抑制效应,但品种间存在一定的敏感性差异,其中开农49号最不敏感,因此,开农49号在抗UV-B辐射方面比其他2个品种具有更大的优势.     

A model for predicting actual evapotranspiration under soil water stress in a Mediterranean region

Summary In this paper a model for estimating actual evapotranspiration is developed and tested for field crops (grain sorghum and sunflower) maintained under water stress conditions. The model is based on the Penman-Monteith formulation of ET in which canopy resistance (r _c) is modeled with respect to the crop water status and local climatological conditions. The model was previously tested on reference grass; in this last case no reference was made to soil water conditions andr _c was modeled only as a function of climatological parameters. Herer _c is expressed as a function of available energy, vapour pressure deficit, aerodynamic resistance and crop water status by means of predawn leaf water potential. Results, obtained with various crop water stress intensities, show that, on a daily scale, calculated ET is 98% and 95% of the measured ET for sorghum and sunflower respectively. The correlation between daily calculated and measured ET is very high (r ² = 0.95 for sorghum andr ² = 0.98 for sunflower). On an hourly scale, the model works very well when the crops were not stressed and during the senescence stage. In case of weak and strong stress the model has to be used with some precautions.With 9 Figures     

Energy balance and transpiration from tussock grassland in New Zealand

The energy balance was measured for the dry canopy of narrow-leaved snow tussock (Chionochloa rigida), and measurements of transpiration were obtained from a large weighing lysimeter.Typical maximum summer transpiration rates of 0.21–0.43 mmhr^-1 (140–290 W m^-2) were recorded. The latent heat flux accounted for less than 40% of net radiation. The estimated value of the bulk stomatal resistance (r _ST) for 29 days was 158 s m^-1, and the decoupling parameter () was 0.17. Transpiration rates were not driven directly by net radiation, but were closely linked to the size of the regional saturation deficit imposed at the level of the canopy by efficient overhead mixing, and were constrained by a large bulk stomatal resistance. A linear relationship between r _ST and the saturation deficit is proposed as a realistic method for estimating transpiration for water yield studies of tussock catchments.     

Energy Balance Closure Using Eddy Covariance Above Two Different Land Surfaces and Implications for CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Flux Measurements

Components of the surface energy balance of a mature boreal jack pine forest and a jack pine clearcut were analysed to determine the causes of the imbalance that is commonly observed in micrometeorological measurements. At the clearcut site (HJP02), a significant portion of the imbalance was caused by: (i) the overestimation of net radiation (R _n ) due to the inclusion of the tower in the field of view of the downward facing radiometers, and (ii) the underestimation of the latent heat flux (λE) due to the damping of high frequency fluctuations in the water vapour mixing ratio by the sample tube of the closed-path infrared gas analyzer. Loss of low-frequency covariance induced by insufficient averaging time as well as systematic advection of fluxes away from the eddy-covariance (EC) tower were discounted as significant issues. Spatial and temporal distributions of the total surface-layer heat flux (T), i.e. the sum of sensible heat flux (H) and λE, were well behaved and differences between the relative magnitudes of the turbulent fluxes for several investigated energy balance closure (C) classes were observed. Therefore, it can be assumed that micrometeorological processes that affected all turbulent fluxes similarly did not cause the variation in C. Turbulent fluxes measured at the clearcut site should not be forced to close the energy balance. However, at the mature forest site (OJP), loss of low-frequency covariance contributed significantly to the systematic imbalance when a 30-min averaging time was used, but the application of averaging times that were long enough to capture all of the low-frequency covariance was inadequate to resolve all of the high-frequency covariance. Although we found qualitative similarity between T and the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO₂), forcing T to closure while retaining the Bowen ratio and applying the same factor to CO₂ fluxes (F _C ) cannot be generally recommended since it remains uncertain to what extent long wavelength contributions affect the relationship between T, F _C and C.     

Error analysis of backscatter from discrete dipole approximation for different ice particle shapes

Ice sphere backscatter has been calculated using both Mie theory and the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) at a wavelength of 3.2 mm (94 GHz). The electric dipole, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole contributions to spherical particle backscatter have been analyzed. The results show that there is a resonance area around particle size parameter of 1.5, where the calculated backscatter errors are very large due to the neglect of the magnetic dipole, and this is confirmed by applying Mie theory to 8.66 mm (35 GHz) and 3.21 cm (X-band) wavelengths. Based on the backscatter calculation using a cube and a hexagon column randomly oriented in space, it was found that the backscatter error from the inaccurate representation of the particle surface shape is much smaller than that from the neglect of the magnetic dipole, and the resonance occurs at different particle sizes depending upon the exact particle shapes. At a wavelength of 3.2 mm, the particle shape has little effect on backscatter when volume-equivalent spherical particle radius r_v < 500 μm, and Rayleigh backscatter can be used as a reasonable approximation for r_v < 300 μm.