宁夏典型沙尘天气条件下气溶胶分布特征研究

利用2006-2010年期间云—大气气溶胶激光雷达红外探索卫星(CALIPSO)星载激光雷达(CALIOP)数据和宁夏地区常规气象观测资料,分析研究了典型沙尘天气条件下宁夏地区大气气溶胶光学性质的分布特征。结果表明:CALIPSO资料能有效地反映宁夏地区沙尘气溶胶相关特性的垂直分布特征。在沙尘天气下,处于贺兰山背风坡海拔较高区域的沙尘可以被抬升到对流层中层以上,近地层大气中主要以粗粒子为主,不规则的非球形气溶胶随着高度的增加而增加,高层大气中以波长比在0.4~2.0之间的粗粒子为主、退偏比在0.4以上的不规则非球形气溶胶在7 km、10 km左右高度出现极大值,这与沙尘天气下湿度垂直分布廓线相一致。在晴空天气条件下,退偏比均在0.2以下,波长比主要在0.2~0.4之间,且两者出现频率随高度的变化较小。在沙尘天气下宁夏地区气溶胶光学厚度主要分布在0.60~2.00之间,晴空天气下主要分布在0.33~0.43之间。     

敦煌沙尘气溶胶质量浓度垂直特征个例分析

针对兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站在敦煌地区的沙尘气溶胶加强观测试验,选取2012年春季自然和污染沙尘两种典型天气个例,利用激光雷达退偏观测的优势分离粗(沙尘)、细(背景气溶胶)粒子,反演并对比分析了沙尘气溶胶消光系数及质量浓度的垂直分布特征。研究发现,以4月26日为代表的自然沙尘,粒子退偏比垂直廓线均大于30%,质量浓度呈现单峰结构,1.5 km出现最大值(1 070μg·m~(-3));以4月6日为代表的污染沙尘,有明显的气溶胶分层现象,粒子退偏比介于5%～20%,沙尘质量浓度介于2～45μg·m-3;由于局地污染的影响,污染沙尘的质量消光系数(0.79m~2·g~(-1))明显大于自然沙尘(0. 48 m~2·g~(-1))。因此,为了准确评估沙尘气溶胶的质量浓度,对沙尘天气进行分类,并利用粒子退偏比有效分离沙尘气溶胶尤为重要。     

EOS/MODIS资料在陕西自然灾害监测中的应用

1　沙尘天气监测　　在形成沙尘暴的各种主要沙尘微粒中,粒径大于11μm的是小于1μm的3～5倍。在利用卫星遥感监测沙尘暴中,主要应考虑大粒子沙尘的光学和辐射传输特性。沙尘粒子在不同光谱区间有不同的尺度参数,而且粒子半径越大,其尺度参数越大,散射能量越向前集中,吸收消光也同时增加,散射比下降;天空中大粒子浮尘增多时,光线被强烈吸收,能见度则急剧下降。根据沙尘和大粒子气溶胶的散射和辐射特性,以及MODIS数据较宽的光谱范围和空间覆盖度以及随时间变化的资料连续覆盖的特点,可以看出MODIS更适合对地球大气、海洋和陆地进行表面特…     

非球形气溶胶粒子散射特性及其等效Mie散射误差分析

为分析形状对气溶胶粒子散射特性的影响,采用T矩阵法计算了0.633μm波段(自然光)不同种类、形状的气溶胶单粒子与体散射的散射相函数,并讨论了气溶胶粒子形状畸变与等效Mie散射误差的变化规律。结果表明:粒子形状畸变对气溶胶粒子散射能量空间分布影响较大。对于单粒子,各散射角上的等效Mie散射误差并不随粒子形状畸变程度单调变化。从相对误差量级上看,形状畸变对180°散射的影响强于0°,对35°的散射影响相对较弱。对于两种非球形粒子等效方法,等表面积法优于等体积法。不同类型的非球形气溶胶粒子体散射存在显著差异,沙尘性与海洋性的等效Mie散射误差明显大于煤烟性与可溶性粒子;对于同一种气溶胶,形状的改变对侧向与后向散射影响显著,对前向散射影响不大。     

基于CALIPSO卫星资料的华东地区气溶胶垂直分布特征

基于2010年12月1日—2011年11月30日美国国家航空航天局云—气溶胶激光雷达与红外探测者卫星搭载的激光雷达CALIPSO的监测数据,通过分析消光后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,得到了华东地区垂直方向上气溶胶粒子的散射能力、尺度、规则程度随高度的变化及其季节变化特征。结果表明:随着高度的增加华东地区大气的散射能力减弱。整层大气不同季节粒子的形状大小不同,春季不规则、大粒径粒子所占比例与其他季节相比较大。夏季较规则、小粒径的粒子较多。各高度层的后向散射系数值分布范围为5×10-4~20×10-4 km-1·sr-1。对不同高度消光后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比随时间变化的研究表明,春季受沙尘输送的影响,0~4 km大气层中不规则大粒径粒子较多;4~8 km大气层由于所含气溶胶粒子较少,大气散射能力随季节变化不明显;而8~10 km大气层中粒子含量最少,导致大粒径粒子所占比例较高,此外该高度层在秋季不规则、大粒径粒子相对较多,冬季规则、小粒径粒子相对较多。     

华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征的观测与分析

利用2006 2013年CALIOP激光雷达Level 1B数据的气溶胶衰减后向散射系数、退偏比和色比观测,分析了华北地区大气气溶胶光学特性的垂直分布特征。统计结果显示:2010-2013年,华北地区4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈减小的趋势,而0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈增长趋势。说明2010年以后近地面层(0-2 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐增强,高层(4-8 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐降低,这与近年华北地区霾天气(颗粒物主要聚集在近地层)日趋增加、沙尘天气(沙尘气溶胶层经常存在于4-8 km的范围)有所减少相吻合。20062013年,华北地区冬季0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值最大,近地面层气溶胶散射作用最大,这与该地区冬季取暖燃烧排放增加有关。春、秋两季4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值较大,夏季0-8 km各高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均最小,说明春、秋季节的气溶胶散射贡献主要来自4-8 km的对流层上部大气。春季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北地区春季频发的沙尘天气有关,秋季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北收获季节的生物质燃烧有关。2008年以后,华北地区2-8 km范围内各高度层的退偏比均值逐年减小,这说明规则的球形气溶胶粒子在近几年有所增加。0-4 km范围的低层大气,2009年后色比均值缓慢增加。而6-8 km范围内的色比均值从2008年后一直都是减小的,说明2008年后对流层上部大气(4-8 km)气溶胶粒子的尺度在减小,这也与近几年沙尘天气减少、霾天数增加的现象是一致的。0-8 km各个高度范围内的退偏比和色比均值春季最大,且退偏比随着高度的增加而增加,再次证明春季华北受沙尘天气影响,不规则的粗粒子气溶胶最多。夏、冬季节近地面层(0-2km)退偏比和色比均值略大于2-4 km高度层的,夏、冬两季近地面主要以人为活动排放的气溶胶为主,冬季除了汽车尾气排放和工业排放外,还有取暖增加的排放。近地面层易受人为活动影响混合一些不规则气溶胶。     

小椭球雨滴后向散射STOKES矩阵的计算

云和降水粒子的非球形性质是引起雷达散射信号产生退偏振的主要因素。下落雨滴的形状可以近似地用旋转椭球体来处理。本文系统地推导出了小旋转椭球体的STOKES散射矩阵的表达式,并分析了矩阵各元素的物理含意,说明可以用统一的方式来描述各种偏振波的散射过程。     

六角形冰晶的94 GHz毫米波后向散射特性的模拟计算分析

利用离散偶极子近似法(DDA),研究了等效半径Re在0.8 mm范围内的柱状和片状冰晶在不同空间取向、温度和尺度比时,对94 GHz雷达发射的水平偏振波产生的后向散射,并讨论了等效雷达反射率因子Ze随粒子谱中值直径及冰水含量的变化。结果表明,温度对后向散射效率的影响较低,空间取向对后向散射效率的影响与粒子大小和形状有关。当雷达波垂直指向天顶,在冰晶粒子等效半径Re0.8 mm时,水平取向冰晶的后向散射效率比随机取向大,粒子越偏离球形,差别基本上越大;在同一取向时,粒子越偏离球形,后向散射效率基本上越大。在一定冰水含量下,取向、形状和冰晶谱的形状参数对Ze的影响和粒子谱中值直径有关;对于垂直指向的雷达,如果将六角形冰晶等效为等体积球形冰晶,当粒子较大(0.4 mmRe0.8 mm)时,其Ze将被低估。     

我国西北半干旱区气溶胶类型的地基激光雷达判别

气溶胶类型的准确识别是进一步研究其气候与环境效应的重要前提。基于兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站2009年10月至2012年11月地基双波长偏振激光雷达观测资料,分别在清洁天、人为污染物、沙尘事件和强沙尘暴事件4种典型情形下挑选若干个例,对其气溶胶消光系数、体积线性退偏比、气溶胶退偏比等进行统计分析,明确不同气溶胶类型的判定阈值。结果表明：清洁天该区域气溶胶消光系数小于0.085 km^-1。在消光系数大于该阈值的污染情形下,人为污染物的体积线性退偏比小于0.07,相应的气溶胶退偏比小于0.09;污染沙尘的体积线性退偏比介于0.07和0.22之间,气溶胶退偏比为0.09～0.31;纯沙尘的体积线性退偏比大于0.22,气溶胶退偏比大于0.31。当出现强沙尘暴时,体积线性退偏比大于0.35,气溶胶退偏比大于0.49。     

东亚沙尘源区与下游地区气溶胶光学特性比较

利用AERONET观测资料从气候学的角度比较分析了2001-2011年东亚地区沙尘天气发生时沙尘源区和下游区大气气溶胶光学特性。结果表明：沙尘期间沙尘源区气溶胶光学厚度明显大于下游区,而Angstr?m波长指数却小于下游区,当沙尘暴出现时会降至零甚至负值。气溶胶粒子尺度体积谱分布除敦煌为单峰外,其余各站均呈双峰分布,香河和北京的细粒子浓度明显大于西北地区,这可能是由细的沙尘粒子和污染气溶胶共同造成。在440-1020 nm范围内,中国地区气溶胶单次散射反照率平均值为0.93,韩国和日本站分别为0.93和0.94。沙尘源区与下游区相比,复折射指数实部偏大,虚部偏小。总体来说,沙尘天气下东亚地区在4个波段内平均不对称因子为0.70。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted