防城港市十万大山森林旅游区开发

以区域旅游区位决定模式对防城港市十万大山森林旅游区的区位优劣进行了分析,认为其客源区位有利,交通区位不佳,资源区位在省市尺度上较优,但在全国处于不利地位。同时,依据最新似定的风景资源普查评价的分类分级系统,十万大山旅游区旅游资源可分为2个景系,5个景类,共14个景型,旅游资源丰富。在对旅游资源特征及其评价作了初步探讨的基础上,提出了十万大山森林旅游区进一步开发的对策构想。     

HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: UNPREDICTABILITY AND THE PRIMACY OF PLACE

Landscapes, environments, and ecosystems (i.e., places) are historically and spatially contingent and therefore unique. Generalizations and laws are based on “all other things being equal.” Owing to historical and spatial contingency, all other things are never completely equal and often do not approach that ideal closely enough to allow for reliable prediction. The problem is illustrated by examining effects of grazing and fire suppression on transitions between grass and woody vegetation communities. In three different environments in the southern United States (central Texas, southwestern Virginia, and eastern North Carolina), three different relationships exist between grazing and fire regime, and vegetation. Other examples are common in the geographic and environmental literature. This suggests that the search for a single applicable generalization or predictive model of a given human-induced environmental change that can be applied without accounting for the particular characteristics of places may be futile. Several general ways to address this issue are suggested. First is the recognition that place matters. Conditions specific to a location or region will influence what, how, or even if generalizations apply. Second is the adoption of a “demographic” approach. This is based on the idea that for places, like people, it is possible to make aggregate or probabilistic generalizations or predictions, but these cannot be applied to deterministic prediction of individuals. Third is a synoptic approach based on forecasting not via simple cause-effect relationships, but based on a typology of situations that recognizes and incorporates the unique characteristics of site and situation. Several converging threads of inquiry in geography and geosciences explicitly or implicitly address the issue of historical and spatial contingency. [Key words: landscape, environment, place, prediction.]     

门槛理论与珠江三角洲区域发展

应用门槛理论,对珠江三角洲的持续发展提出诊断,分析在该地区发展中的种种限制因素,并提出解决这些问题,促进珠江三角洲可持续发展的一些设想：充分利用珠江三角洲的地理区位,加强内外辐射和聚集功能;以人为本,实现人口、资源与环境的协调发展;深化产权制度改革,加快产业结构调整和升级换代,提高企业经济效益;加强生态环境保护,实现经济、社会和环境效益的统一。     

试论工业区工业企业成组布局的经济效果和最佳规模的确定

分析了工业区工业企业成组布局与分散布局相比较的经济效果,并采用年费用指标作为评价成组布局经济效果的基本指标。本文还分析了工业成组布局的经济效果与工业区规模之间的关系。本文以年费用最小为目标函数,以成组布局工业区的一些主要企业(基本企业)和与其相应的具有替代关系的分散布局企业(对比企业)为变量,建立了工业成组布局经济效果及最佳规模优化模型。     

梭梭柴林地蒸散量估算模型的研究

在前人工作的基础上选用Prietley和Taylor的湿润表面蒸发量与相对土壤湿度, 对1992~1994年新疆莫索湾治沙站蒸渗仪的实测资料, 用数理统计方法建立了梭梭柴林地蒸散量的估算模型, 并且检验了该模型的效果。该模型只需常规气象资料和土壤湿度资料, 计算简便, 具有较高的精度, 适应于干旱地区使用。     

ADJUSTMENTS TO NATURAL HAZARDS: FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF CROP-HAIL INSURANCE*

As crop losses from hail continue to rise, farmers increasingly rely on crop-hail insurance to mitigate the effects of hail damage. This paper examines a series of socio-economic and psycho-dynamic factors that affect the adoption decision in a relatively homogeneous agricultural region in central Illinois. The very high rates of insurance adoption found in the area indicate that adoption is based on the perceived existence of a hazard, satisfaction with insurance and its availability at acceptable costs, and the perceived lack of alternative adjustments.     

市场经济导向下肇庆地区土地资源合理开发利用

市场经济的基本模式，是以效率为特色，兼顾市场，政府和社会作用“三位一体”的模式，本文从这一角度出发，分析了肇庆地区在市场经济导向下，尤其在珠江三角洲市场的作用下区域土地资源的开发利用优势，在此基础上探讨了区域土地资源的开发利用原则，方向与途径，并提出相应的实施措施。     

信息技术影响下服务业区位研究述评与展望

20世纪50年代以来,世界信息技术的快速发展及广泛应用对服务业的区位选择产生了深刻影响。首先,总结了国内外学术界对于信息技术影响下的服务业区位研究主要领域及其进展,指出西方相关研究主要集中在信息技术影响下的办公活动区位的区位演变及区位影响因素等方面;与国外相比较,国内研究起步较晚,研究集中在信息产业、办公活动、商业等领域的区位研究。其次,概括了国内外学术界对信息技术影响下服务业区位研究存在的问题,如研究范围较窄且不平衡,研究成果缺乏系统性,理论研究薄弱等问题。最后,指出随着信息技术应用越来越广泛,其对服务业区位影响更加深刻,应加强信息技术影响下的服务业区位系统研究,发展服务业地理学。     

THE ALBERTA OIL SANDS FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE BORDER*

ABSTRACT. The United States produces less than half of the oil it consumes, a dependence unlikely to subside without drastic improvements in domestic production, development of renewable resources, and greater energy efficiency. All three of these actions, even if ultimately meaningful, will take time to produce results, so the United States is likely to continue to depend on outside suppliers. The most tempting of these suppliers is Canada, especially its massive oil sands in northeastern Alberta Province. In this article I ask why that is true and, more important whether the arrangement is mutually beneficial. The answers are strongly related to location; that is, the location of supply and the location of demand. The view from the south favors Canada above all other countries as a likely source for meeting the growing U.S. oil needs, yet not without accompanying unintended consequences. When viewed from the north, the monetary attraction of the oil sands is weakened by the environmental costs that are likely if their development expands as expected. Weighing these perspectives, the question is whether the combination of demand and environmental concerns leads to, accelerates, or discourages development. Viewing such a prospect from both sides of the border challenges the view that development of natural resources is always inevitable or wise, regardless of apparent profitability and need. Much depends on location.     

Factors influencing adoption and continued use of long-term soil and water conservation measures in five developing countries

Many regions in the world are affected by land degradation. Successive development projects have promoted a variety of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures to prevent further land degradation. However, these measures have seldom been adopted on a large scale. This paper deals with the adoption process of investments in SWC measures, and with the factors influencing adoption and continued use of these measures. After a theoretical introduction, whereby three phases in the adoption process are distinguished, it presents and compares some results of independent empirical research projects on adoption of SWC measures in five developing countries. Some general conclusions are drawn from these diverse research results.     

Financial efficiency of major soil and water conservation measures in West Usambara highlands, Tanzania

Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) measures are needed to control soil erosion and sustain agricultural production on steep slopes of West Usambara mountains. However, the adoption by farmers of the recommended soil and water conservation measures is low and soil erosion continues to be a problem. It could well be that the reason for the low adoption is that the costs to invest in soil and water conservation are higher than the eventual benefits. This research assessed the costs and benefits of bench terraces, grass strips and fanya juu, which are major SWC measures. Financial Cost Benefit Analysis (FCBA) was undertaken for farmers with low, moderate and high opportunity costs of labour at different slopes and soil types. The results show that labour is the major cost item in implementing SWC measures and is higher with bench terraces than with fanya juu and grass strips. The results also show that the costs of establishing the three SWC measures exceed the returns in the initial 2 years. However, in the long term, the three SWC measures are profitable to farmers with low to medium opportunity costs of labour on gentle to moderate slopes. It was also found that SWC measures are not financially attractive to most farmers with off-farm activities and other sources of income. It is concluded that high investment costs and initial negative returns are the major hindrances to the adoption of SWC measures by smallholder farmers in West Usambara mountains. Options to overcome the initial investment costs include the gradual investment in SWC measures, introduction of high value crops and small credit facilities. The promotion of dairy cattle under zero grazing system can also increase the adoption of SWC measures because of the high benefits from grasses used to stabilise SWC measures.     

WAGE RATES,OCCUPATION STAFFING PATTERNS,AND THE LOCATION OF THE COMPUTER AND SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRIES: SOME TESTS OF A CITY-SIZE,INDUSTRIAL LOCATION SORTING MODEL

This research first develops a paradigm relating technology adoption, plant function, and location in different areas. It then examines empirically some of the paradigm's postulates dealing with occupation staffing patterns and wage rates in headquarters and production plants in different size cities and regions of the country using survey data. The research found that plants in large cities, headquarters plants, and plants in innovative regions paid higher wages than plants in small cities, production plants, and those in innovation-lagging regions. Headquarters plants and plants in large cities and innovative regions had a significantly larger number of scientists, engineers, and technicians on their staffs but few production workers. Production plants and those in small cities and towns and lagging regions had few professional workers but a significant number of production workers. For all types of plants an inverse relationship existed between plant size and city size. The postulated direct relationship between plant size and wage rates was not clearly evident in the survey data except for low skilled occupations. Neither was the relationship clearly evident in the U.S. Census data for the computer and semiconductor industries, as it was for total U.S. manufacturing.     

论澜沧江下游地区外向型热区工业的发展与布局

分析论证了澜沧江下游地区发展外向型热区工业的可行性与必要性,认为在建设中的老缅泰国际经济合作区的宏观背景下,澜沧江下游地区应充分利用其独特而又丰富的热区生物资源和显著的边疆优势,发现和建立一个以糖、茶、橡胶、南药与香料、林等热区资源加工基地为主体,进出口加工为指向,地域功能分工明确的外币型热区工业体系,以带动和促进区域经济全面发展。     

大珠江三角洲产业结构升级问题探讨

大珠江三角洲正处于后工业社会向高科技、服务型社会转型的时期,面临着产业升级缺乏动力的问题.通过与发达国家产业升级两个阶段不同特征的对比,指出大珠江三角洲的工业化是一种较低层次的工业化,其不足之处是缺乏核心技术和内生型大型企业,并由此带来后工业时代产业升级之艰难.最后提出了大珠江三角洲产业顺利升级的若干对策.     

适用于旅游地理学的一种概念模型

米切尔以反映旅游业特征的需求、供给、联系为列，目的、结构、区位三大层面为行，建立起概念矩阵模型。本文阐释这一模型，并将其具体化为旅游地理学研究体系。最后给出应用实例，指出这个模型对一些命题单一、针对性强、又很具体的旅游业可以提供一种有益的系统思维方式。     

论湘西旅游"金三角"的开发

随着"大三峡"旅游圈的形成,湘西旅游业面临巨大的挑战,开发湘西旅游"金三角",打造湖南旅游航母,是保证湘西旅游产业快速持续发展的根本出路.充分挖掘大湘西的旅游区位条件和旅游资源优势,营造张家界、吉首凤凰、沅陵3地旅游联动,实现三位一体,实施形象战略、精品战略和可持续发展战略,从内核到外缘打造整体的湘西旅游"金三角",是实现湘西旅游可持续发展的重要途径.在战略实施过程中,选择从旅游通道、开发序位、市场培育和旅游网络等方面逐步构建湘西旅游"金三角",使大湘西成为大三峡地区一个强大的旅游目的地.     

新世纪广西的区域开发与可持续发展

分析了广西的基本区情条件，揭示了广西区域开发格局的空间变动趋势，提出了广西新世纪实施可持续发展战略的举措，即加强以交通为主的基础设施建设，开发以洪水河为主的水能资源，加快建设成为南中国西南东输的枢纽；调整和优化产业结构，确立主导产业的市场地位，提升优势产业的市场竞争力；加快城乡转型的进程，提高城镇化的水平和质量，控制人口增长、提高人口质量，治理环境污染；制度创新， 优化经济布局的区域结构。     

Worldwide Diffusion of the Cellular Telephone, 1995–2005

The mobile telephone is one of the most widely adopted innovations of the late twentieth century. We examine the worldwide diffusion of the cellular telephone during a decade of explosive growth. We evaluate the influences of competition, location, and wealth on global and regional variations in cell phone penetration and address the role that cultural differences play in technology adoption and use. Telephony measures in the analysis vary significantly by competition type and by region, although gross national product per capita explains more than 75 percent of variation in cell phone penetration rates globally and nearly 90 percent in Asia.     

从经济地理学角度对区域经济学理论体系的理解

从区域经济学的内容结构出发,重点对传统区位论、空间结构理论和区域发展理论等理论体系问题进行了探讨。就主要理论研究范畴和它们之间的区别、在我国目前的应用问题、以及经济地理学同区域经济学的学科建设关系等阐述了基本观点。     

THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL TERRORISM ON THE RESIDENTIAL LOCATION OF THE POOR IN THE KINGSTON URBAN REGION,JAMAICA, WEST INDIES

Political terrorism is endemic in many large cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. From 1976 to the present, and particularly in 1979–1982, armed conflict between and within the two major political parties in Jamaica has profoundly affected residential location patterns of the urban poor. The Kingston Urban Region (population 719,000) has experienced dramatic movements in residential location. Between 1970 and 1985, out of a total exodus of 63,000 people from deteriorating war zones in the inner-city ghettos, at least 35,000 can be attributed directly to political terrorism. Such terrorism has also led to loss of housing and places of employment, overcrowding of other ghettos that have been spared or less seriously damaged, and a massive movement to locations up to 50 kilometers distant from the city center, in many cases to shanty and squatter settlements. The conflict has followed the exodus to the shanty towns, which are decreasingly secure and increasingly politicized. Transportation costs for some shanty town dwellers have reached as high as 44% of takehome pay. It is illogical that large areas of empty, blighted wasteland should exist within a kilometer of downtown while tens of thousands spend an ever increasing portion of their low incomes on commuting.