基于内力的卫星编队飞行动力学建模

基于内力的卫星编队飞行凭借良好的性能正日益受到重视,但由于该类编队的控制力对卫星间的相对位置和相对姿态均高度敏感,并且控制力和控制力矩之间存在耦合,给动力学建模带来了很大的挑战.首先,建立了六自由度的内力编队姿轨耦合动力学模型,该动力学模型利用了控制力和控制力矩的耦合效应,可以同时针对编队卫星的相对位置和相应姿态设计相应的控制律,从而实现编队的六自由度协同控制.最后,通过采用伪谱法求解编队构型的重构问题,对该动力学模型进行了验证.     

基于在线加权式多模型方法的磁控立方星姿态机动控制

针对一类低轨道磁控立方星,提出一种在线加权式多模型自适应跟踪控制方法,使得卫星姿态能够根据指令实现较大角度的机动,并将误差保持在容许的范围内,达到满意的动态性能.首先,在卫星的几个姿态平衡点处建立控制系统模型,通过模型匹配度指标值,在线调整加权式多模型控制算法;其次,在多模型控制回路中引入动态自适应神经网络,充分利用其结构和参数均可以在线自适应调节的特点,以消除卫星在轨运行时受到的地球磁场变化的影响,并抑制不确定的外部干扰,提高系统鲁棒性能;最后,以某立方星为对象,进行仿真验证,结果表明所提方法是有效的.     

通信受限下基于终端滑模和指对数滑模方法的编队航天器姿态协同控制

针对星间通信时延和信号量化情形下编队航天器,研究对应的姿态协同控制器设计问题.首先,为节省编队航天器星间通信的带宽资源,提出基于信号量化的星间数据通信策略,并设计了一种终端滑模姿态协同控制器以保证航天器编队姿态同步系统的渐近稳定;其次,考虑到航天器间可能存在通信时延,考虑基于信号量化的通信策略,提出一种基于指对数滑模面的编队航天器协同控制器设计方法,能保证编队航天器在有限时间内达到期望姿态;最后基于包含4个航天器的编队系统,通过仿真验证了所提出的协同控制方法的有效性.     

雷达和卫星资料对江淮暴雨数值模拟的影响

将"713”测雨雷达和GMS卫星云图资料引入PSU/NCAR中尺度模式,以改变初始湿度场,对两个不同类型的江淮暴雨过程进行了数值模拟敏感试验,并与控制试验作了比较分析.结果表明加入雷达和卫星资料,能通过水汽和辐合上升运动的调整有效地提高24h降水预报的模拟效果雨区范围和雨量更接近实况;对于不同类型的降水过程,引入雷达和(或)卫星资料所产生的影响有所不同.     

基于双幂次滑模的多机器人编队控制

本文研究了基于领航跟随法的多机器人系统编队控制问题.首先,基于队形约束,给出跟随者期望的轨迹,将编队问题转化为单个跟随者的轨迹跟踪问题.在此基础上,基于双幂次滑模趋近律,设计了跟随者的线速度和角速度控制器,保证了跟踪误差能够快速收敛到零,从而保证了编队队形的稳定.最后,通过仿真验证了所提方法的有效性.     

分布式GEO SAR:编队构型设计及性能分析

地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达（GEO SAR）具有短重访周期、大覆盖范围的优势,在防灾减灾方面具有重大潜力.本文提出包含远近编队的伴随分布式GEO SAR系统,在单星GEO SAR基础上,通过增加仅接收信号的从星伴随飞行,形成多个相位中心,具有功能丰富、成本低的优点;但不同功能对编队的空间基线要求不同.本文针对近距编队构型,提出基于坐标旋转的相对运动方程修正方法,可获得地球自转影响下空间基线解析计算方法;进一步提出基于半长轴修正的线性时变基线设计方法,可应用于SAR层析任务.针对远距编队,提出全局可测约束下最小定位精度系数准则,可实现具有最佳视角组合的远距编队设计,实现三维形变反演任务.最后,仿真并分析了伴随分布式GEO SAR编队各功能的系统性能,包括基线的日变化、高度向分辨率和典型观测区域的三维形变反演精度等.     

雷达和卫星资料对江淮暴雨数值模拟的影响

将“713”测雨雷达和GMS卫星云图资料引入PSU／NCAR中尺度模型，以改变初始湿度场，对两个不同类型的江淮暴雨过程进行了数值模拟敏感试验，并与控制试验作了比较分析。结果表明：加入雷达和卫星资料，能通过水汽和辐合上升运动的调整有效降水过程，引入雷达和（或）卫星资料所产生的影响有所不同。     

卫星信号源在信道检测中的应用与方法

卫星信号源又称卫星信号发生器,在卫星通信领域被广泛使用.并在对卫星地面数据接收系统信道分系统进行检修维护方面发挥着重要作用.本文以FY-3A极轨气象卫星如何使用卫星信号源(以HMT-720M型信号源)为例,阐述了卫星信号源在信道分系统各环节测试维护中的应用方法.     

全向及定向圆极化天线的小型化研究

本文提出了两种分别应用于全向以及定向圆极化天线的小型化设计.这两种天线设计方案是基于电偶极子与磁偶极子的有机结合.全向圆极化方向图具有很广的覆盖范围及避免极化失配的特点,非常适合应用于移动物联网以及卫星间通信等.对于两组水平放置的电磁偶极子,如果采用等幅激励且相位相差90°,会产生全向的圆极化方向图.本文介绍了一种工作在下一代移动通信28 GHz频率的呈车轮形的紧凑全向圆极化天线.整个天线印刷在直径仅4 mm的圆形介质板上,且具有宽带高效率等良好电器特性,非常适合应用于5G小型化移动通信终端.定向圆极化天线具有高增益且避免极化失配的特点,广泛应用于卫星移动通信终端中.两组正交放置的电磁偶极子如果等幅且同向激励,会产生定向呈心形的辐射方向图.本文还介绍了一种电小且高辐射效率的惠更斯天线,该天线有机结合了两个电小的辐射单元,形成结构紧凑的定向圆极化天线,非常适合卫星通信以及无线能量传输等应用.     

远程教育系统中卫星小站的防雷电设计

分析了雷电引入卫星小站系统的途径,阐述了卫星小站系统的防雷电措施,提出了构筑完整防雷体系保护系统设备的方法.     

Testing the Effect of Life on Earth's Functioning: How Gaian Is the Earth System?

The Gaia hypothesis of Lovelock states that life regulates Earth's functioning for its own benefit, maintaining habitable, or even optimum conditions for life. But what is beneficial? What is good for one species, may be bad for another. Problems associated with this important, but ill-defined hypothesis make it difficult to test. In order to address these problems and make the concept of Gaia testable, I give a precise definition of terms. Based on these definitions, I put forward four null hypotheses, describing increasing beneficial effects of life on the conditions of Earth, ranging from an ‘Antigaian’ to an ‘optimising Gaian’ null hypothesis. I list some indications for rejection of all but one hypothesis, and conclude that life has indeed a strong tendency to affect Earth in a way which enhances the overall benefit (that is, carbon uptake). However, this does not imply that the biota regulates Earth's environment for its own benefit.     

Nonlinearities, Feedbacks and Critical Thresholds within the Earth's Climate System

The Earth's climate system is highly nonlinear: inputs and outputs are not proportional, change is often episodic and abrupt, rather than slow and gradual, and multiple equilibria are the norm. While this is widely accepted, there is a relatively poor understanding of the different types of nonlinearities, how they manifest under various conditions, and whether they reflect a climate system driven by astronomical forcings, by internal feedbacks, or by a combination of both. In this paper, after a brief tutorial on the basics of climate nonlinearity, we provide a number of illustrative examples and highlight key mechanisms that give rise to nonlinear behavior, address scale and methodological issues, suggest a robust alternative to prediction that is based on using integrated assessments within the framework of vulnerability studies and, lastly, recommend a number of research priorities and the establishment of education programs in Earth Systems Science. It is imperative that the Earth's climate system research community embraces this nonlinear paradigm if we are to move forward in the assessment of the human influence on climate.     

A new one-dimensional simple energy balance and carbon cycle coupled model for global warming simulation

Global warming and accompanying climate change may be caused by an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gasses generated by anthropogenic activities. In order to supply such a mechanism of global warming with a quantitative underpinning, we need to understand the multifaceted roles of the Earth's energy balance and material cycles. In this study, we propose a new one-dimensional simple Earth system model. The model consists of carbon and energy balance submodels with a north–south zonal structure. The two submodels are coupled by interactive feedback processes such as CO₂ fertilization of net primary production (NPP) and temperature dependencies of NPP, soil respiration, and ocean surface chemistry. The most important characteristics of the model are not only that the model requires a relatively short calculation time for carbon and energy simulation compared with a General Circulation Model (GCM) and an Earth system Model of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC), but also that the model can simulate average latitudinal variations. In order to analyze the response of the Earth system due to increasing greenhouse gasses, several simulations were conducted in one dimension from the years 1750 to 2000. Evaluating terrestrial and oceanic carbon uptake output of the model in the meridional direction through comparison with observations and satellite data, we analyzed the time variation patterns of air temperature in low- and middle-latitude belts. The model successfully reproduced the temporal variation in each latitude belt and the latitudinal distribution pattern of carbon uptake. Therefore, this model could more accurately demonstrate a difference in the latitudinal response of air temperature than existing models. As a result of the model evaluations, we concluded that this new one-dimensional simple Earth system model is a good tool for conducting global warming simulations. From future projections using various emission scenarios, we showed that the spatial distribution of terrestrial carbon uptake may vary greatly, not only among models used for climate change simulations, but also amongst emission scenarios.     

风云二号卫星地球观域修正算法

风云二号静止气象卫星在获取图像时, 必须使扫描辐射计的观域对准地球。卫星在轨道上受到各种摄动力的作用, 使轨道和姿态改变, 扫描辐射计的地球观域随之发生变化。卫星扫描辐射计对地球观域的偏差会影响图像定位的精度, 因此对准观域的工作是日常业务工作的一部分, 不仅在卫星定点之初启动观测时, 而且在业务运行的过程中, 都需要通过地面遥控指令进行修正。该文提出了一种风云二号静止气象卫星扫描辐射计地球观域修正量和调整方向的算法, 以替代人工目测卫星原始云图进行的卫星观域调整控制决策。这种算法的实施可以提高风云二号气象卫星云图获取作业的可靠性。     

舟曲泥石流天气过程中云团合并的卫星观测

利用极轨和静止气象卫星红外云图资料,对2010年8月7日甘肃舟曲发生的特大泥石流天气过程中出现的对流云合并现象进行分析。从卫星监测结果来看,多个对流单体合并而成的中尺度对流系统,在发展过程中产生了局地强降水,从而引发了特大泥石流灾害。整个过程中有5个阶段出现了合并现象:首先,多个对流单体合并形成中尺度对流系统; 在中尺度对流系统的发展和维持过程中,3个阶段出现了新旧对流系统的合并; 在系统即将消散的阶段又出现了两个强中心的合并。合并过程不仅促成中尺度对流系统的生成,使得云体增强发展,而且为对流系统维持补充了能量,使系统生命史延长。另外,在5个阶段的合并过程中,合并机制可以归结为内部动力结构变化和外致碰撞合并两大类。其中,在系统形成阶段,外致碰撞合并是主要机制; 而在发展维持阶段,包括气压梯度力、辐合抬升、下沉-上升环流加强等在内的内部动力结构变化影响是发生合并的主要原因。     

Preface to the Special Issue on Fengyun Meteorological Satellites:Data,Application and Assessment

正1Fengyun Meteorological Satellite Innovation Center, National Satellite Meteorological Center,China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China2China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China     

The representation of tropical upper tropospheric water in EC Earth V2

Tropical upper tropospheric humidity, clouds, and ice water content, as well as outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), are evaluated in the climate model EC Earth with the aid of satellite retrievals. The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and Microwave Limb Sounder together provide good coverage of relative humidity. EC Earth’s relative humidity is in fair agreement with these observations. CloudSat and CALIPSO data are combined to provide cloud fractions estimates throughout the altitude region considered (500–100?hPa). EC Earth is found to overestimate the degree of cloud cover above 200?hPa and underestimate it below. Precipitating and non-precipitating EC Earth ice definitions are combined to form a complete ice water content. EC Earth’s ice water content is below the uncertainty range of CloudSat above 250?hPa, but can be twice as high as CloudSat’s estimate in the melting layer. CERES data show that the model underestimates the impact of clouds on OLR, on average with about 9?W?m^?2. Regionally, EC Earth’s outgoing longwave radiation can be ～20?W?m^?2 higher than the observation. A comparison to ERA-Interim provides further perspectives on the model’s performance. Limitations of the satellite observations are emphasised and their uncertainties are, throughout, considered in the analysis. Evaluating multiple model variables in parallel is a more ambitious approach than is customary.     

不同云重叠参数对全球和东亚地区模拟总云量的影响

在国家气候中心全球大气环流模式BCC_AGCM2.0中引入一组基于CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测的、能够体现真实时空变化特征的云垂直重叠参数（抗相关厚度,L_cf）数据,以减小由云的重叠描述造成的辐射场的不确定性。对比了采用时空变化的云重叠参数和采用恒定云重叠参数的气候模拟结果,发现无论在全球还是东亚区域,采用基于卫星观测的云重叠参数对模拟的总云量都有一定程度的改进。采用时空变化的云重叠参数后,冬、夏两季全球平均总云量与云和地球的辐射能量系统（CERES）卫星资料的误差都减少了1.6%,其中热带对流区域总云量的正偏差和副热带地区总云量的负偏差都明显减少,这些有助于正确模拟不同区域间的能量收支差异。在东亚区域,采用时空变化的云重叠参数后,冬、夏两季的东亚区域平均总云量与CERES卫星资料的误差分别减少了1.8%和1.4%。综上所述,基于CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星资料计算得到的L_cf有助于改进大气环流模式对总云量的模拟,从而提高模式对辐射场的模拟精度。