地形辐射校正模型研究进展

从经验模型、物理模型及半经验模型3个方面综述了地形辐射校正模型研究的主要进展,并从模型的输入参数、前提假设条件和评价方法3个方面讨论了现有模型存在的一些问题.最后,对地形辐射校正模型的研究前景进行了展望,认为可以从多源或多时相数据、图像增强或信息填充等方面恢复阴影区域信息,提高模型的校正精度,考虑引入新的数理统计方法进行精确的定量评价,并建议地形辐射校正模型研究应该更加重视阴影区域光谱信息的恢复,尤其是在地形复杂的山区.     

利用DEM进行SAR图像模拟及地形辐射校正

在山区获取地面控制点比较困难,运用模拟SAR进行配准、校正,具有较大的优势。本文在分析SAR成像几何结构及ALOS PALSAR卫星轨道参数特征的基础上,运用RD定位模型对DEM的每个网格点进行雷达成像点的位置计算,模拟SAR图像,并提取当地入射角、投影角及规则化因子等;模拟出的SAR图像与真实SAR图像纹理吻合,有利于控制点的自动配准。在此基础上对ALOS PALSAR进行编码,构建基于规则化因子及入射角的地形辐射校正模型,消除面积效应及地形起伏造成的畸变问题,从结果中分析,校正后的图像明暗差异明显减少,这对雷达定量反演研究具有一定的现实意义。     

像元二分模型在土地利用现状更新调查中反演植被盖度的研究

以内蒙古奈曼旗地区为试验地,选用TM数据,对遥感影像进行了几何精校正、大气校正、地形校正等预处理,根据混合像元分解的理论,确定出NDVISsoil和NDVISveg,建立了反演植被盖度的像元二分模型。并根据大量的外业调查数据对所建立的模型进行了精度验证,为土地利用更新调查中依据混合像元分解理论反演植被盖度提供了理论依据。     

基于土地覆盖分类的植被覆盖率估算亚像元模型与应用

如何利用遥感资料估算植被覆盖率已成为建立全球及区域气候、生态模型的基础工作之一。重点探讨了利用TM资料从植被指数（NDVI）中提取植被覆盖率的方法。根据TM像元为非均一混合像元的特点,提出了基于土地覆盖分类的综合运用“等密度模型”和“非密度模型”计算植被覆盖率的方法,通过对北京市海淀市区的植被覆盖率计算表明,该方法的估算精度可达75.4%,比单纯使用等密度亚像元模型在估算精度上可提高5.8%。可以认为,该方法为大面积植被覆盖率估算提供了一种有效的途径。     

星载SAR地形辐射校正模型及其效果评价

根据合成孔径雷达(SAR)严格成像几何模型和辐射定标公式建立了地形辐射校正(TRC)模型。通过实验,从定性和定量两个方面评价了TRC模型的有效性。比较了基于投影角和基于当地入射角两种计算有效散射单元面积的方法,对根据初始定位模型计算有效散射单元面积的合理性进行了分析。     

草原植被覆盖度遥感估算模型的适用性比较

植被覆盖度及其变化对区域生态系统的稳定性具有直接影响,且这种影响在草原地区更加明显。为探寻草原植被覆盖度的最佳遥感估算方法,本文对像元二分模型、Carlson模型和Baret模型的估算精度和适用性进行了比较,优化了Baret模型的参数,以提高其在草原地区的估算精度。内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区的草地计算结果表明：像元二分模型有高估植被覆盖度的现象;Carlson模型在低植被覆盖区低估了植被覆盖度,而在高植被覆盖区高估了植被覆盖度;Baret模型在草原地区的估算精度最高。对Baret模型进行参数优化后,其在高植被覆盖度区域的估算精度提升了4.9%。     

数字高程模型格网间距对提取地形因子的影响研究

数字高程模型(DEM)作为地面高程信息的数字表示形式,在地学研究领域得到了广泛应用.本文通过对DEM基本原理及其现有表示形式进行分析,提出了数字等高线也是DEM表示形式的观点.随后通过选取4种不同地貌类型的规则格网DEM作为实验区,分析研究了DEM格网间距对坡度、坡面曲率、地表切割深度、地表粗糙度和沟谷密度等地形因子提取的影响,为人们根据地貌类型和应用需求合理选择DEM分辨率提供了参考.     

几何校正后的三维地形可视化及应用

三维可视化技术的发展日益成熟,本文以ERDAS IMAGINE软件为基础,利用Arc GIS软件将该地形图的高程数据转换为高精度的数字高程模型,通过影像的几何校正后,将DEM影像与该区域的多光谱影像图进行叠加,从而实现了三维地形的可视化。几何校正后的三维地形真实感更强,并在此基础上分析了三维地形可视化的应用,对于虚拟现实技术的迅速发展有着重要的意义。     

大连市河岸带植被覆盖度监测

利用遥感数据,采用NDVI像元二分模型对大连市河流河岸带植被覆盖度进行监测。结果表明,2000年、2007年、2011年和2016年全市河岸带平均植被覆盖度分别为0.55、0.55、0.52和0.52,处于0.4～0.6间的河岸带面积超过河岸带总面积的60%。在研究时间范围内,碧流河水系、大沙河水系、英那河水系、庄河水系河岸带植被覆盖度逐渐降低,登沙河水系、复州河水系河岸带植被覆盖度呈升高趋势。除复州河水系外,其他水系干流河岸带植被覆盖度的变化趋势与整个水系基本相同。河岸带植被覆盖度变化主要受河流水利工程建设影响,与降水量和平均温度无关。     

阴影区提取对高分辨率影像地形辐射校正的影响与分析

利用辐射传输机理对复杂山区进行地形辐射校正,可以全面地考虑太阳直接辐射亮度、天空散射辐射亮度及邻近地表反射辐射亮度3部分因素,从而取得较好的校正结果。遮蔽因子的准确提取是决定地形校正结果的关键因素。本文使用同一个辐射传输模型,针对同一片地表裸露山区的SPOT-5全色影像,分别使用对应的DEM和直方图阈值分割法计算遮蔽因子,并将得到的校正结果进行对比发现：在DEM精度不够高的情况下,使用直方图阈值分割法计算遮蔽因子,可以得到更好的地形校正效果,充分证明了直方图阈值分割法计算遮蔽因子的优势及使用价值。     

利用端元光谱内插的青海植被覆盖度估算研究

针对利用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度的精度不高的问题,该文基于OSAVI,提出了选定模型参数(OSAVIs和OSAVIv)的方法,并将该方法应用于青海省植被覆盖度估算。该方法通过高分辨率影像在研究区内选取纯裸地和纯植被样点,并将纯裸地样点的OSAVI作为纯裸地样点像元的OSAVIs,将纯植被样点的OSAVI作为纯植被样点像元的OSAVIv,利用样点像元的OSAVIs和OSAVIv值,通过普通克里金内插法,求得研究区每个像元对应的OSAVIs和OSAVIv。经精度验证结果表明:此方法较常规的参数选取方法,RMSE由0.170降至0.156,MAE由0.137降至0.124。经进一步分析表明,此方法对边缘验证点和非边缘验证点的估算精度都有所提高,由于配准误差和周围地表漫反射的影响,边缘验证点的估算精度低于对非边缘验证点的估算精度。     

南方丘陵区植被覆盖度遥感估算的地形效应评估

植被覆盖变化是生态环境领域的核心研究内容之一,但其估算精度常受到地形效应、土壤背景、大气效应等各种因素影响。以Landsat 8 OLI为遥感数据源,基于像元二分模型,分别利用归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)、经Cosine-C校正的归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)和归一化差值山地植被指数(NDMVI)建立植被覆盖度估算模型,以评估南方丘陵区植被覆盖度的地形效应。结果表明,3种植被覆盖度估算模型均能削弱地形效应,但消除或抑制地形效应影响的能力不同。比较而言,基于NDMVI指数构建的植被覆盖度估算模型的地形效应最小,更适合地形复杂区域的植被覆盖度遥感估算;基于Cosine-C校正的NDVI植被指数构建的植被覆盖度估算模型的地形效应次之,但存在一定的过度校正现象;基于NDVI植被指数构建的植被覆盖度估算模型的地形效应最大,尤其当坡度≥10°时,阴坡植被覆盖度比阳坡明显偏低。     

光学遥感影像表观辐亮度地形效应纠正物理模型

针对已有地形纠正方法的不足, 在山区辐射传输模型简化的基础上, 提出了水平地面上接收到的漫射辐射与垂直于太阳方向表面接收的直射辐射比例因子的概念, 建立了仅需要太阳角度信息和大气模式作为输入参数, 主要针对地形效应本身进行纠正的简单纠正模型, 可以将复杂地形区光学遥感影像表观辐亮度纠正为无地形影响的水平地表辐亮度, 并以TM影像为例进行了实验验证。     

中国北方地区植被覆盖度遥感估算及其变化分析

为了分析中国北方地区2000年之后植被覆盖度的时空分布及其变化,利用MODIS光谱反射率数据计算归一化植被指数,采用像元二分模型对中国北方地区2000—2012年植被覆盖度进行定量估算,分析研究区13 a间植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:植被覆盖度年内变化特征体现在最大植被覆盖度一般出现在7和8月份,与中国北方地区植被的生长季相一致;整个中国北方地区年最大植被覆盖度呈现缓慢增长的趋势,其增长速率为每年0.2%;年最大植被覆盖度变化的空间分布具有较大差异,其中东北、华北和黄土高原等三北防护林工程建设区的年最大植被覆盖度有较明显的增长。     

GF-2支持下的干旱区稀疏植被区植被覆盖度估算

现有像元二分模型MODIS植被覆盖度模型因其形式简单、适用性较强的特点被广泛应用于区域植被覆盖度（FVC）的估算。然而,研究表明在沙漠和低植被覆盖的西部干旱区,从250 m的影像上很难精准地获取NDVI_veg（全植被覆盖植被指数）和NDVI_soil（全裸土区植被指数）参数。利用常用的直方图累计法获取模型所需参数NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil,估算结果存在普遍高估现象。为此,本文首先引入同期获取的GF-2号卫星数据,从GF-2号影像上提取植被覆盖像元;然后,利用Pixel Aggregate方法重采样至250 m分辨率,获取250 m空间分辨率下纯植被和纯裸土像元;最后,将纯植被和纯裸土像元各自空间位置相对应的MODIS NDVI数据最大值作为模型所需NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil参数,实现研究区内植被覆盖度的估算。试验通过与线性回归法、多项式回归法和直方图累计像元二分模型法估算结果进行精度对比,结果表明：利用GF-2影像辅助的像元二分模型,精准地获取了低植被覆盖区NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil模型参数,提高了干旱区植被覆盖度的估算精度,并有效地抑制了受稀疏植被影响NDVI在干旱区普遍偏高问题导致的FVC高估的现象。     

Estimating fractional green vegetation cover of Mongolian grasslands using digital camera images and MODIS satellite vegetation indices

ABSTRACT

Fractional green vegetation cover (FVC) is a useful indicator for monitoring grassland status. Satellite imagery with coarse spatial but high temporal resolutions has been preferred to monitor seasonal and inter-annual FVC dynamics in wide geographic area such as Mongolian steppe. However, the coarse spatial resolution can cause a certain uncertainty in the satellite-based FVC estimation, which calls attention to develop a robust statistical test for the relationship between field FVC and satellite-derived vegetation indices. In the arid and semi-arid Mongolian steppe, nadir pointing digital camera images (DCI) were collected and used to produce a FVC dataset to support the evaluation of satellite-based FVC retrievals. An optimal DCI processing method was determined with respect to three color spaces (RGB, HIS, L*a*b*) and six green pixel classification algorithms, from which a country-wide dataset of DCI-FVC was produced and used for evaluating the accuracy of satellite-based FVC estimates from MODIS vegetation indices. We applied three empirical and three semi-empirical MODIS-FVC retrieval models. DCI data were collected from 96 sites across the Mongolian steppe from 2012 to 2014. The histogram algorithm using the hue (H) value of the HIS color space was the optimal DCI method (r² = 0.94, percent root-mean-square-error (RMSE) = 7.1%). For MODIS-FVC retrievals, semi-empirical Baret model was the best-performing model with the highest r² (0.69) and the lowest RMSE (49.7%), while the lowest MB (+1.1%) was found for the regression model with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The high RMSE (>50% or so) is an issue requiring further enhancement of satellite-based FVC retrievals accounting for key plant and soil parameters relevant to the Mongolian steppe and for scale mismatch between sampling and MODIS data.     

Fractional vegetation cover estimation in heterogeneous areas by combining a radiative transfer model and a dynamic vegetation model

ABSTRACT

A fractional vegetation cover (FVC) estimation method incorporating a vegetation growth model and a radiative transfer model was previously developed, which was suitable for FVC estimation in homogeneous areas because the finer-resolution pixels corresponding to one coarse-resolution FVC pixel were all assumed to have the same vegetation growth model. However, this assumption does not hold over heterogeneous areas, meaning that the method cannot be applied to large regions. Therefore, this study proposes a finer spatial resolution FVC estimation method applicable to heterogeneous areas using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager reflectance data and Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) FVC product. The FVC product was first decomposed according to the normalized difference vegetation index from the Landsat 8 OLI data. Then, independent dynamic vegetation models were built for each finer-resolution pixel. Finally, the dynamic vegetation model and a radiative transfer model were combined to estimate FVC at the Landsat 8 scale. Validation results indicated that the proposed method (R²?=?0.7757, RMSE?=?0.0881) performed better than either the previous method (R²?=?0.7038, RMSE?=?0.1125) or a commonly used method involving look-up table inversions of the PROSAIL model (R²?=?0.7457, RMSE?=?0.1249).     

Dynamics of vegetation indices in tropical and subtropical savannas defined by ecoregions and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover

In this study, we explored the capacity of vegetation indices derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance products to characterize global savannas in Australia, Africa and South America. The savannas were spatially defined and subdivided using the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) global ecoregions and MODIS land cover classes. Average annual profiles of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, shortwave infrared ratio (SWIR32), White Sky Albedo (WSA) and the Structural Scattering Index (SSI) were created. Metrics derived from average annual profiles of vegetation indices were used to classify savanna ecoregions. The response spaces between vegetation indices were used to examine the potential to derive structural and fractional cover measures. The ecoregions showed distinct temporal profiles and formed groups with similar structural properties, including higher levels of woody vegetation, similar forest–savanna mixtures and similar grassland predominance. The potential benefits from the use of combinations of indices to characterize savannas are discussed.     

Estimating fractional vegetation cover and the vegetation index of bare soil and highly dense vegetation with a physically based method

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of highly dense vegetation (NDVI_v) and bare soil (NDVI_s), identified as the key parameters for Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) estimation, are usually obtained with empirical statistical methods However, it is often difficult to obtain reasonable values of NDVI_v and NDVI_s at a coarse resolution (e.g., 1 km), or in arid, semiarid, and evergreen areas. The uncertainty of estimated NDVI_s and NDVI_v can cause substantial errors in FVC estimations when a simple linear mixture model is used. To address this problem, this paper proposes a physically based method. The leaf area index (LAI) and directional NDVI are introduced in a gap fraction model and a linear mixture model for FVC estimation to calculate NDVI_v and NDVI_s. The model incorporates the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model parameters product (MCD43B1) and LAI product, which are convenient to acquire. Two types of evaluation experiments are designed 1) with data simulated by a canopy radiative transfer model and 2) with satellite observations. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) for simulated data is less than 0.117, depending on the type of noise added on the data. In the real data experiment, the RMSD for cropland is 0.127, for grassland is 0.075, and for forest is 0.107. The experimental areas respectively lack fully vegetated and non-vegetated pixels at 1 km resolution. Consequently, a relatively large uncertainty is found while using the statistical methods and the RMSD ranges from 0.110 to 0.363 based on the real data. The proposed method is convenient to produce NDVI_v and NDVI_s maps for FVC estimation on regional and global scales.     

利用线性融合方法进行金花茶自然保护区植被覆盖度时空变化研究

在利用高空间分辨率影像研究小区域植被覆盖度（FVC）变化时,传感器、成像条件及云量的影响会导致连续的长时序影像数据缺失或数据质量较差,同时影像的低时间分辨率也限制了对小区域连续时序FVC变化的研究。针对该问题,本文采用线性融合方法融合出连续的长时序FVC影像,解决了在研究FVC时空变化时云量和条带影响导致的Landsat影像连续时序数据缺失和低时间分辨率问题;利用Sen+Mann-Kendall进行趋势分析发现,金花茶自然保护区的FVC在2000-2016年整体呈增加趋势,FVC显著增加的区域约占37.32%,不显著增加的区域约占58.56%。线性融合方法得到的FVC影像可以精细地表征地表FVC的变化,较好地解决了高空间分辨率影像FVC连续时序数据缺失的限制,有利于小区域FVC的长时序时空变化研究。