大气应急响应模拟中城市冠层风廓线参数化方法检验

城市冠层内风场的准确模拟或预报是突发性大气污染应急响应措施制定和实施的重要前提和基础。为了合理反映城市冠层的影响, 并满足应急响应时效性的要求, 将MacDonald(2000)提出的城市冠层内风廓线参数化方法耦合于中尺度气象模式MM5, 并利用2010年7月18日至8月6日北京325 m气象塔垂直观测资料进行验证。试验结果表明:(1)城市冠层参数化方法能够较好的模拟各种稳定度条件下冠层内风速廓线垂直变化, 中性、稳定和不稳定层结时的标准平均偏差分别为78%、12%、4%, 标准平均误差分别为78%、52%、21%。(2)城市冠层参数化方法能够较好的模拟冠层内实际风速变化情况, 虽然随高度增加模拟偏差增大, 但8、15、32、47 m高度的模拟风速与观测值依然十分接近, 标准平均偏差分别为2%、-26%、25%、60%, 标准平均误差分别为54%、46%、52%、73%。(3)与传统的Monin-Obukhov相似性边界层参数化方法相比, 城市冠层参数化方法明显提高了冠层风速的模拟能力。中性、稳定、不稳定层结时, Monin-Obukhov相似性边界层参数化方法的标准平均误差高达420%、176%、184%, 城市冠层参数化方法的标准平均误差减小至78%、52%、21%;冠层内8、15、32、47 m高度, Monin-Obukhov相似性边界层参数化方法的标准平均误差分别为283%、184%、227%、167%, 城市冠层参数化方法的标准平均误差减小至54%、46%、52%、73%。     

近20年我国气候监测诊断业务技术的主要进展

气候监测诊断是了解气候系统变化及其成因的重要手段。经过二十多年的发展,目前国家气候中心建立了一套多时间、多空间尺度的气候系统监测诊断业务系统,并且在业务应用中不断发展和完善。同时,加强了关键异常信号及其对我国气候异常的影响机理的研究,在海温、冰雪、土壤温湿度、大气低频振动、北极涛动、季风、平流层异常等对我国气候影响的监测诊断等方面提出一些新理论、新技术和新方法,并在业务中得以应用。本文回顾了近20年来我国气候监测诊断业务的发展历程,介绍了我国气候监测诊断业务的技术现状,重点总结了近些年来在实时气候监测诊断业务中发展和应用的一些新技术和气候异常机理。     

基于GIS的闪电参数查询系统设计与实现

基于.NET4.0开发环境、MapX5.0组件技术和SQL Server数据库开发与应用技术,利用C#编程语言,设计了闪电参数可视化查询系统.该系统将闪电定位资料与地理信息相结合,实现了地理信息的查询和编辑、原始闪电数据的存储和管理、闪电参数的查询和分析、专题图绘制和输出等功能.以武汉"1+8"城市圈（武汉市、孝感市、天门市、潜江市、仙桃市、咸宁市、鄂州市、黄石市、黄冈市）为例,展示了闪电参数查询、专题图绘制、测量工具和闪电发生位置以及雷电流强度分布查询的应用结果.     

Regional and Global Land Data Assimilation Systems: Innovations,Challenges, and Prospects

Since the North American and Global Land Data Assimilation Systems(NLDAS and GLDAS) were established in2004, significant progress has been made in development of regional and global LDASs. National, regional, projectbased, and global LDASs are widely developed across the world. This paper summarizes and overviews the development, current status, applications, challenges, and future prospects of these LDASs. We first introduce various regional and global LDASs including their development history and innovations, and then discuss the evaluation, validation, and applications(from numerical model prediction to water resources management) of these LDASs. More importantly, we document in detail some specific challenges that the LDASs are facing: quality of the in-situ observations, satellite retrievals, reanalysis data, surface meteorological forcing data, and soil and vegetation databases; land surface model physical process treatment and parameter calibration; land data assimilation difficulties; and spatial scale incompatibility problems. Finally, some prospects such as the use of land information system software, the unified global LDAS system with nesting concept and hyper-resolution, and uncertainty estimates for model structure,parameters, and forcing are discussed.     

基于多源数据融合的云南省雷电灾害风险综合评价与区划

根据自然灾害风险理论,结合气象数据、地理信息、人口与经济资料等开展雷电灾害风险综合评价,研究致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体等因子与风险的定量化关系,建立评价指标和层次分析模型,运用模糊综合判断和聚类分析等方法计算综合评价指数并划分风险等级.结果 表明:雷电灾害高风险区主要集中在滇中、滇西南及滇西北的丽江东南部等地区;次高风...     

全国综合气象信息共享系统的设计与实现

为满足对海量气象数据管理和服务的需求,国家气象信息中心设计开发了全国综合气象信息共享系统 (CIMISS)。该文描述了系统基本设计思路、功能结构、基础平台体系结构、信息流程,阐述了系统为用户提供的基础数据使用环境。系统由数据收集与分发系统、数据加工处理系统、数据存储管理系统、数据共享服务系统、业务监控系统5个业务子系统组成,承担数据收集、加工处理、存储管理、共享服务和业务监控任务。系统设计和开发采用了一系列现代信息技术,包括基于消息和文件共享的平台内信息交换、气象数据标准化分类、数据处理作业调度和算法的动态扩展、元数据的设计和应用、公共配置信息管理、全流程业务监视和调度控制、面向服务的多维度数据存储策略、全局数据访问视图和统一访问接口设计等。该系统为我国国家级和省级气象业务提供了统一规范的气象数据使用环境。     

台风及海洋气象一体化预报平台的开发与应用

台风及海洋气象一体化预报平台为面向台风和海洋气象业务的预报预警服务的支撑系统,集数据采集、转换、预报、分析、产品制作、发布等功能于一体。该平台基于人机交互气象信息处理和天气预报制作系统MICAPS4（Meteorological Information Comprehensive Analysis and Processing System Version 4）框架开发,结合台风、海洋气象新型的观测和预报数据,实现台风、海洋气象数据的集约化检索与显示、精细化格点编辑、台风和海洋气象产品制作、产品发布等功能。台风及海洋气象一体化预报平台设计基于面向服务和分层体系结构,采用组件化设计方法,涵盖数据解析、分析处理、产品制作、交互工具、配置管理等核心组件,形成可扩展的业务功能模块和二次开发接口,目前已作为中央气象台台风海洋气象预报预警业务的主要平台投入使用。     

宁夏灾害性天气短时临近监测预警平台简介

根据完善气象预报预测系统的规划和需求,在继承和改进短时临近预报业务工作多年成果的基础上,宁夏气象台建立了灾害性天气短时临近监测预警平台。该平台设计为B／S和C／S架构有机结合,由数据运算程序集、数据库和网站3个部分交互协作的业务系统。本文从平台设计思路、结构特点、各模块主要功能等对宁夏灾害性天气短时临近监测预警平台作一简单介绍。该平台根据宁夏气象业务发展和防灾减灾实际需要研发,评估、优化、更新、整合了已有研究成果,融合多种探测资料与方法,突出短时临近灾害性天气实时监测预警和多模式预报产品检验评估与综合集成预报技术,建成以集成预报、国家指导预报、中尺度数值预报等定量化预报产品为基础,集“实时监测预警与综合分析、强对流灾害天气预报方法、检验评估与集成预报、预报预警快速制作分发”等为一体的业务平台。     

西北地区沙尘暴天气监测预警服务业务系统

西北地区沙尘暴天气监测预警服务业务系统由沙尘天气资料库、沙尘天气监测、沙尘天气预报和沙尘天气服务4个子系统构成,是一个具有较好物理基础、较强监测预报服务能力、较高自动化程度并具有西北区域沙尘暴气候特色的综合业务系统,业务试运行期间,在2003、2004年春季几次沙尘暴天气的预报服务中发挥了重大作用,并取得了良好的社会经济效益。该系统为西部大开发气象服务提供了有力的技术保障,为西部地区环境保护和环境监测奠定了基础。     

鼎湖山森林地区臭氧及其前体物的变化特征和分析

通过对鼎湖山森林地区近地面O3和NOx浓度、太阳辐射、气象参数等为期一年的观测和资料分析,给出了地面O3和NOx浓度、太阳辐射的变化规律及其相互之间的关系.地面O3、NOx、CO、SO2浓度以及紫外辐射、太阳总辐射等有明显的日变化和季节变化.不同因子对O3的敏感性试验结果表明,晴天和实际天气,O3浓度对NO、NO2浓度的变化最为敏感,其次是水汽、气溶胶,最后是紫外辐射.所有因子的变化均引起O3在湿季比干季更大的变化率,因此在研究臭氧化学和光化学时,应该考虑水汽以及OH自由基的重要作用.对于晴天和实际天气的逐时值和日平均值而言,O3浓度与NO2/NO之间存在很好的正相关关系,比值NO2/NO可以作为判断O3峰值出现的一个指标.O3极值的出现既受NO和NOx影响,也受气象因素(温湿度、云、风、雾、降雨)和辐射的影响.周末O3、NOx浓度及NO2/NO有规律的增大,表明实验地点的大气受到人为污染源的影响.     

气象灾害风险管理系统设计与应用

为满足我国气象灾害风险管理业务体系建立和发展的需求,有效支撑防灾减灾决策服务,设计并建设了气象灾害风险管理系统。该系统包括大数据应用、模型算法、在线分析与产品制作、综合运维等分系统,面向暴雨、台风、干旱、高温、低温等主要气象灾害,覆盖气象灾害风险管理业务的主要环节,实现灾害监测识别、影响评估、风险评估、风险预估和风险区划等功能。系统探索应用时空匹配的大数据融合、Web-GIS、空间数据分布式存储、微服务和多租户等技术。目前,系统可实现实时发布灾情监测、灾害事件识别、影响评估、风险评估、风险预估、风险区划等多类业务产品。在国家级气象业务部门的应用显示,该系统具有良好的业务能力与发展前景,有助于推进客观化、定量化、精细化气象灾害风险管理业务发展,提升防灾减灾决策服务能力。     

Climate change and mental health: an exploratory case study from Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Canada

As the impacts from anthropogenic climate change are increasing globally, people are experiencing dramatic shifts in weather, temperature, wildlife and vegetation patterns, and water and food quality and availability. These changes impact human health and well-being, and resultantly, climate change has been identified as the biggest global health threat of the 21st Century. Recently, research is beginning to indicate that changes in climate, and the subsequent disruption to the social, economic, and environmental determinants of health, may cause increased incidences and prevalence of mental health issues, emotional responses, and large-scale sociopsychological changes. Through a multi-year, community-led, exploratory case study conducted in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada, this research qualitatively explores the impacts of climate change on mental health and well-being in an Inuit context. Drawing from 67 in-depth interviews conducted between January 2010 and October 2010 with community members and local and regional health professionals, participants reported that changes in weather, snow and ice stability and extent, and wildlife and vegetation patterns attributed to climate change were negatively impacting mental health and well-being due to disruptions in land-based activities and a loss of place-based solace and cultural identity. Participants reported that changes in climate and environment increased family stress, enhanced the possibility of increased drug and alcohol usage, amplified previous traumas and mental health stressors, and were implicated in increased potential for suicide ideation. While a preliminary case study, these exploratory findings indicate that climate change is becoming an additional mental health stressor for resource-dependent communities and provide a baseline for further research.     

2007—2013年浙江省雷电灾害特征统计分析

In order to provide scientific references for lightning protection, the spatial and temporal distribution of lightning disasters and the characteristics in different industries are analyzed based on the lightning disaster data during 2007-2013 and specifications for statistic of lightning disaster state(QX/T 1912013) in Zhejiang province, from aspects of grade, time, space, casualty, damaged industry and facility, etc. The result shows that there are 3395 lightning disasters in Zhejiang province during 2007-2013, and June to August is the peak time. Besides, lightning disasters have strong regional characteristics, which are higher in Hangzhou, Jinhua and Lishui, and the lowest in Zhoushan. The injuries and deaths caused by lightning shows decreasing tendency from 2007 to 2013, and the number is higher in the rural than in city. The dangerous regions where injuries and deaths may caused by lightning are buildings without lightning protection systems, temporary buildings and structures, open area, or under trees. Lightning disaster are most harmful to the industries of manufacturing, rural residences, production and supply industries of electric power, gas and water, and telecommunication, while the greatest loss of economy is in the industries of manufacturing, rural residences, production and supply industries of electric power, gas and water.     

农作物主要生长参数自动观测技术综述

农作物生长参数是描述作物生长和评价环境条件（包括农业气象灾害）对作物生长影响的重要数据,也是预测产量、指导农田管理的重要依据。介绍作物覆盖度、发育期、株高等主要生长参数国内外自动观测技术的研究进展及应用,探讨相关技术的原理、方法、可行性及局限性。分析表明：利用CCD图像传感器实时获取作物图像,采用计算机视觉及图像处理技术能更精准、快速、直观、动态获得作物覆盖度、发育期、形态、叶面颜色等实况特征,还可作为卫星遥感大面积作物长势地面验证及更进一步开展作物病虫害、作物营养供给情况自动监测的基础,具有广阔的推广前景。     

极地系统变化及其影响与适应新认识

地球北极和南极部分地区正在经历着以变暖和冰冻圈退缩为主要特征的显著变化,不仅深刻影响着当地生态环境和社会经济,而且具有半球乃至全球效应。IPCC在2019年9月发布的《气候变化中的海洋和冰冻圈特别报告》（SROCC）第三章对极地系统变化及其影响与适应做了系统评估,主要呈现了IPCC第五次评估报告（AR5）之后极地冰冻圈、海洋、生态和社会系统相互作用的最新科学认知,探讨了降低脆弱性和风险、增强适应性和恢复力的路径。文中对SROCC第三章进行扼要解读,主要内容包括：(1)极地海洋、海冰、积雪/冻土/淡水冰、冰盖与冰川等极地系统要素过去和未来变化及其影响以及极地与中低纬度天气气候之间的关联;(2)人类响应极地系统变化的策略和不足以及应对未来变化的不确定性;(3)当前加强极地恢复力建设的主要行动及其实施进展。     

Explaining the stickiness of supply chain relations in the Brazilian soybean trade

The global trade of agricultural commodities has profound social-ecological impacts, from potentially increasing food availability and agricultural efficiency, to displacing local communities, and to incentivizing environmental destruction. Supply chain stickiness, understood as the stability in trading relationships between supply chain actors, moderates the impacts of agricultural commodity production and the possibilities for supply-chain interventions. However, what factors determine stickiness, that is, how and why farmers, traders, food processors, and consumer countries, develop and maintain trading relationships with specific producing regions, remains unclear. Here, we use data on the Brazilian soy supply chain, a mixed methods approach based on extensive actor-based fieldwork, and an explanatory regression model, to identify and explore the factors that influence stickiness between places of production and supply chain actors. We find four groups of factors to be important: economic incentives, institutional enablers and constraints, social and power dimensions, and biophysical and technological conditions. Among the factors we explore, surplus capacity in soy processing infrastructure, (i.e., crushing and storage facilities) is important in increasing stickiness, as is export-oriented production. Conversely, volatility in market demand expressed by farm-gate soy prices and lower land-tenure security are key factors reducing stickiness. Importantly, we uncover heterogeneity and context-specificity in the factors determining stickiness, suggesting tailored supply-chain interventions are beneficial. Understanding supply chain stickiness does not, in itself, provide silver-bullet solutions to stopping deforestation, but it is a crucial prerequisite to understanding the relationships between supply chain actors and producing regions, identifying entry points for supply chain sustainability interventions, assessing the effectiveness of such interventions, forecasting the restructuring of trade flows, and considering sourcing patterns of supply chain actors in territorial planning.     

Changing environment and development institutions to enable payments for ecosystem services: The role of institutional work

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are increasingly promoted as nature-based solutions to climate, environmental, and business challenges. While participation in PES schemes is mandated in countries such as China, Costa Rica, and Vietnam, it remains unclear how PES schemes emerge in countries devoid of national mandates. This article investigates how actors have attempted institutional change to enable PES, by reinterpreting or adapting national laws, policies, and plans. We present an analytical framework theorising how geographical variations in (1) institutional frameworks, and (2) actor capabilities, dictate which institutions actors attempt to change. We then apply this framework to multi-scalar actors and institutions in Thailand and the Philippines. Our empirics reveal the types of institutional work that actors perform such as advocacy, education, mimicry, and networking, and demonstrate how this creates legal and discursive support, and improves stakeholder awareness and acceptance of PES as an environmental management strategy. Eight formal institutions are shown to have undergone change to enable PES across these countries, including those related to indigenous people, energy production, protected areas, pollution control, carbon offsetting, and decentralised governance. We show institutional change to be a geographical and contextual process that requires actors to match the right types of institutional work, with the right mechanism of institutional change, and a suitable target institution if they are to be successful in effecting change. Yet, we also report failed attempts, and explain how informal cultural norms act as challenges to formal institutional change. Through our comparative analysis of multiple institutions, actors, and national settings, we identify trends and make recommendations with global relevance to PES scholars and practitioners, and that can aid other initiatives that seek to address climate change and promote environmental sustainability.     

湖南省近46年雾霾天气时空分布特征分析

挑选出1971～2016年湖南省97个气象站出现大雾和霾的日期,然后对其时间、空间分布特征进行分析,得出以下结论：湖南省大雾天气先升后降再急速上升,霾天气前期稍下降后期迅速上升;雾霾天气均霾天气12月最多,7月最少,季节从多到少以此为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季;大雾天气湘西北、湘西南、湘东北多,湘南少,霾天气湘西北、湘中多,湘南、湘东北少;持续3日及以上雾霾天气过程分别为349次、551次,持续天气最多分别为15天、57天,11月最多,7月最少。     

边界层参数化方案对“莫兰蒂”台风（1614）登陆阶段影响的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度数值模式WRF v3.8中的YSU、MYJ、QNSE、ACM2、UW、GBM、Boulac七种不同边界层参数化方案,采用高分辨率（1.33 km）数值试验的方法研究了不同边界层方案对模拟台风“莫兰蒂”（1614）登陆减弱阶段的移动路径、强度、结构、降水量、近地层有关物理量场分布等方面的影响,结果表明:（1）“莫兰蒂”台风登陆减弱阶段,不同边界层方案对台风路径、强度、降水量模拟影响显著,24 h内模拟台风路径、最低气压、最大风速及24 h累积降水量极值的最大差异分别达80 km、11 hPa、27 m s?1及241 mm;（2）Boulac方案模拟台风路径与实况最为接近,GBM、YSU和MYJ方案分别次之,ACM2和UW方案再次之,而QNSE方案最差;UW和QNSE方案模拟的最低气压以及MYJ和QNSE方案模拟的最大风速与观测最为接近;不同边界层方案均模拟出台风登陆阶段最低气压逐渐升高以及其升高速率在台风登陆后大于登陆前的特征,这与实况一致,但台风登陆前各方案模拟最低气压升高速度均大于实况,而台风登陆后却又不及实况;（3）Boulac方案模拟的24 h降水分布、强降水落区、结构、强度和各量级降水TS评分均最优,MYJ方案次之;而QNSE、UW和ACM2方案雨带向西北方向推进过快,各量级降水TS评分均较差;（4）综合台风路径、强度和降水模拟,Boulac和MYJ方案相对最优,其中Boulac方案在台风路径和降水模拟上更优,而MYJ方案在台风强度模拟上更优;YSU和GBM方案次之,而QNSE、UW和ACM2方案相对较差;（5）不同边界层方案计算的近地层潜热通量、感热通量显著不同,进而影响台风路径、强度、降水量模拟存在显著差异。比较而言,QNSE方案潜热通量相对异常偏高,MYJ和Boulac方案量值适中,其余方案相对偏低;QNSE方案感热通量相对略偏高,MYJ方案适中,其他方案则相对显著偏低;（6）不同边界层方案模拟降水区边界层热、动力结构显著不同,其中Boulac方案具有较明显优势,尤其是对日间边界层结构的模拟。     

3种光温指标在模拟设施黄瓜生长发育中的应用与比较

2011年9～12月间,以黄瓜“津优1号”（ Cucumis sativus linn. cv. Jingyoul ） 为试材,在南京信息工程大学试验温室进行分批栽培试验,测定温室气象要素和作物数据,分别用活动积温（AAT,Ac-tive accumulated temperature ）、有效积温（ EAT, Effective accumulated temperature） 和辐热积（TEP,Thermal effectiveness and photosynthesis active radiation）3种光温指标模拟温室黄瓜植株叶面积、株高和生育期,并利用独立试验数据对各个模型进行验证。结果表明：用辐热积指标分别模拟黄瓜各生育期（出苗期、开花期、坐果期、果实膨大期、成熟期）距播种日期的天数,其相对标准误差（RMSE）分别为0d,3d,4d,5d,4d,小于活动积温法（1d,6d,8d,11d,11d）和有效积温法（0d,4d,3d,8d,10d）。利用辐热积指标模拟叶面积和株高的相对标准误差（RMSE）分别为43．0cm^2和4．3cm,决定系数（R^2）分别为0．98和0．98,而用活动积温和有效积温指标模拟黄瓜单株叶面积的相对标准误差（RMSE）分别为61．3cm^2和54．6cm^2,模拟株高的相对标准误差（RMSE）分别为9．8cm和7．5cm。比较结果显示利用辐热积指标模拟温室黄瓜生育期、株高和叶面积的精度明显高于活动积温和有效积温,该研究为温室黄瓜生长指标和各生育期的预测以及环境调控提供参考。