区域性极端骤发干旱与传统干旱事件形成过程的对比

2009/2010年云贵地区（YGR）和2013年夏季中南地区（CSC）发生了近几十年以来最严重的干旱事件。文中对比了两次干旱事件的发展速度,基于水分收支原理,诊断影响干旱发展的物理过程。结果显示,CSC干旱发展前,温度升高,蒸散发增加,土壤湿度减少,高温和降水减少对干旱有触发作用;而YGR的降水减少使干旱开始发展。CSC干旱事件发展迅速,YGR干旱事件发展缓慢,同时前者干旱的维持和恢复时间也短于后者,这些差异与蒸散发过程强弱有关。CSC干旱事件发展阶段,蒸散发过程强,平均为4.7 mm/d,8 d时间,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%,促使干旱快速形成（典型骤发干旱）。YGR干旱发展阶段,蒸散发过程弱,平均为1.7 mm/d,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%历时2个多月（传统干旱）。蒸散发的强弱主要与区域大气柱的水汽净辐散有关。CSC干旱发展阶段,其大气柱水汽净辐散达每天3.1 kg/m²,增强了陆气水分交换,使蒸散发远大于降水,土壤湿度快速下降,加快干旱发展速度。YGR的区域大气柱水汽净辐散为每天1.1 kg/m²,只有CSC的1/3,使干旱发展缓慢。两个干旱事件的大气柱水汽净辐散主要发生在经向方向,即由区域北界相对较强的经向水汽输送引起。     

Application of relative drought indices in assessing climate-change impacts on drought conditions in Czechia

The common versions (referred to as self-calibrated here) of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) are calibrated and then applied to the same weather series. Therefore, the distribution of the index values is about the same for any weather series. We introduce here the relative SPI and PDSI, abbreviated as rSPI and rPDSI. These are calibrated using a reference weather series as a first step, which is then applied to the tested series. The reference series may result from either a different station to allow for the inter-station comparison or from a different period to allow for climate-change impact assessments. The PDSI and 1–24 month aggregations of the SPI are used here. In the first part, the relationships between the self-calibrated and relative indices are studied. The relative drought indices are then used to assess drought conditions for 45 Czech stations under present (1961–2000) and future (2060–2099) climates. In the present climate experiment, the drought indices are calibrated by using the reference station weather series. Of all drought indices, the PDSI exhibits the widest spectrum of drought conditions across Czechia, in part because it depends not only on precipitation (as does the SPI) but also on temperature. In our climate-change impact experiments, the future climate is represented by modifying the observed series according to scenarios based on five Global Climate Models (GCMs). Changes in the SPI-based drought risk closely follow the modeled changes in precipitation, which is predicted to decrease in summer and increase in both winter and spring. Changes in the PDSI indicate an increased drought risk at all stations under all climate-change scenarios, which relates to temperature increases predicted by all of the GCMs throughout the whole year. As drought depends on both precipitation and temperature, we conclude that the PDSI is more appropriate (when compared to the SPI) for use in assessing the potential impact of climate change on future droughts.     

Comparison of two drought indices in studying regional meteorological drought events in China

The composite-drought index (CI), improved weighted average of precipitation index (IWAP), and the objective identification technique for regional extreme events (OITREE) were employed to detect China's regional meteorological drought events (CRMDEs) during 1961–2010. Compared with existing references, CI and IWAP both showed strong ability in identifying CRMDEs. Generally, the results of CI and IWAP were consistent, especially for extreme and severe CRMDEs. During 1961–2010, although the frequencies of extreme and severe CRMDEs based on CI and IWAP both showed weak decreasing trends, the two mean-integrated indices both showed increasing but not significant trends. However, the results of IWAP were more reasonable than CI’s in two aspects. Firstly, the monthly frequency of extreme and severe CRMDEs based on IWAP showed a clear seasonal variation, which coincided with the seasonal variation of the East Asian monsoon over central–eastern China, whereas the frequency based on CI presented a much weaker seasonal variation. Secondly, the two sets of results were sometimes inconsistent with respect to the start and end times of a CRMDE, and CRMDEs based on CI generally showed two unreasonable phenomena: (1) under non-drought conditions, a severe drought stage could suddenly occur in a large area; and (2) during the following period, drought could alleviate gradually in cases of non-precipitation. Comparative analysis suggested that the IWAP drought index possesses obvious advantages in detecting and monitoring regional drought events.     

基于大气-土壤-植被系统干旱发生发展过程的综合干旱指标构建与应用

适宜的干旱指标和高分辨率数据是准确监测干旱的基础.本研究从气象干旱和土壤干旱以及植被对干旱的响应出发,整合中国国家气象观测站、中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)土壤湿度(0.0625°×0.0625°)和MODIS叶面积指数(500?m×500?m)等多源数据信息,构建了基于气象干旱指数(标准化降水蒸散指数)、土...     

基于MCI指数的福建省干旱气候特征

采用目前国家干旱监测业务实行的MCI指数,利用Morlet小波、经验正交函数（EOF）等方法,分析了福建省1961—2019年全省66个气象站MCI指数表征的干湿状况和干旱变化特征。结果表明：福建省存在明显的干湿气候特征,具有显著的6—8 a和22 a的周期振荡,内陆山区干湿变化周期比沿海长,在季节尺度上各季均存在多时间尺度和地域差异化的特点;其空间变化具有3种典型模态,反映了季风降水多寡和地形差异。MCI表征的干旱过程时空分布与历史干旱事件相吻合,秋季和冬季是福建省干旱发生频率最高的季节,春季和夏季是干旱强度最强的季节;闽江口以南沿海地区干旱发生率明显高于内陆地区,全省出现同步干旱的机率较小（12%）。     

基于WOFOST模型的辽西地区典型旱年不同播期玉米干旱损失评估

针对干旱灾害频发的辽西地区, 以春玉米为研究对象, 选取WOFOST作物模型, 利用干旱胁迫控制试验数据、田间试验数据和气象数据驱动模型, 进行典型旱年的模型适用性及不同播期的干旱损失评估研究。结果表明: 经过参数校准后的WOFOST模型能够较好的模拟辽西地区典型旱年春玉米产量及损失。辽西地区不同播期受干旱的影响程度不同, 因旱减产风险随播期推迟而减小, 2015年(中旱)干旱导致的平均减产率可达59%—61%, 2018年(轻旱)可达20%—39%, 2020年(中旱)可达36%—62%。不同生育期内干旱对产量的影响程度不同, 总体上拔节期—抽雄期和抽雄期—乳熟期持续重旱对产量的影响最大, 其次是抽雄期—乳熟期、拔节期—抽雄期。玉米各生育期受干旱影响程度, 朝阳站最大, 其次是黑山站和阜新站。辽西地区在旱年, 拔节期—抽雄期发生中旱和重旱风险随播期推迟而增加, 抽雄期—乳熟期发生中旱和重旱风险随播期推迟而减少, 当拔节期—抽雄期和抽雄期—乳熟期连续发生重旱, 干旱灾损程度随播期推迟而加重, 减产率可高达46%—84%。     

5种干旱指数在西藏高原地区的适用性评估

为了解不同干旱指标在西藏高原地区的适用性,本文通过利用Pa、MI、SPI、CI和FAO P-M干旱指数对西藏高原月尺度旱情等级进行评估,分析了各指标在描述旱情时的异同,并统计出各种指数的一致性及等级差异。结果表明:近20 a干旱过程中,MI、FAO P-M指数未监测出轻旱等级,而对于中旱、重旱等级,FAO P-M指数表现较好。从空间分布来看,FAO P-M指数在各个地区表现较好。从时间分布来看,FAO P-M指数在不同干旱过程期间,描述的干旱强度和中心位置与实际情况更接近;其次是Pa指数,其他指数综合表现相对较差。5种干旱指数在衡量西藏地区干旱程度上的一致性并不好;从两两指数之间反映干旱程度上出现一致性频次上看出,Pa-FAO P-M指数出现的次数最多,其次是Pa-SPI-CI指数的出现次数,MI-CI指数的出现次数最少。通过差异性分析得出,全区干旱指数不一致率平均大于20%,阿里地区和林芝地区的干旱指数整体不一致率最高,拉萨地区的干旱指数整体不一致率最低。     

四种气象干旱指数在新疆区域适用性研究

利用降水量距平百分率(PA)、标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)、自适应帕默尔干旱指数(scPDSI)和气象干旱综合指数(MCI)四种气象干旱指数，进行变化趋势、相关性和干旱频率的分析，并与历史灾情进行对比，来研究1961—2020年新疆不同区域干旱指数适用性。结果表明，scPDSI和MCI指数显著上升，干旱程度呈减轻趋势，其干旱监测结果一致率高。PA指数变化趋势均平稳，但与其他三种干旱指数在全频域和高频域干旱监测结果一致率较好。SPEI指数在东疆和南疆东部区域显著下降，干旱程度呈加重趋势，与其它三种指数低频域干旱监测结果存在显著负相关。干旱频率分析结果显示，PA指数的特旱等级判定存在异常情况，特别是南疆和东疆。与历史灾情对比结果显示，MCI指数是对干旱灾害反映最好的。总体上，MCI指数在新疆地区的适用性要优于其它三种干旱指数。近60年来，全疆不同区域的MCI指数均呈上升趋势，各区域的干旱程度均有所减轻。空间上，新疆西北部发生干旱显著比南疆和东疆区域概率大。全疆不同区域在1962—1967年、1974—1977年、1989—1991年、1997年、2020年均发生干旱，并且主要集中在春夏两季较多，其中北疆西部和伊犁河谷区域易出现干旱灾情。     

Analysis of meteorological drought episodes in Paraguay

This paper analyzes the meteorological drought events in Paraguay in the period of 1964 to 2011, using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The objective is to determine if the frequency and/or severity of droughts has increased or decreased in the last years, in response of climate change. They The southernmost parts of the country are affected by severe droughts producing damage to soybean and corn crop during the rainy season (October–March) especially during the summer of 2008–2009. The years of 1967, 1968, 1978, 1979, 2000 and 2008 was identified as severe to extreme drought events and coincides with La Niña event. However, the relationship between all drought events, especially those agricultural droughts and La Niña is not clear, suggesting the necessity of new research, focusing on new drivers to explain the cause of the droughts. The economy of Paraguay, based for good part on agriculture, is clearly vulnerable to droughts. Even though no undeniable increasing trend in drought frequency/severity was detected, contingency plans to diminish drought impacts ought to be elaborated.     

梧州市夏季干旱对水稻产量影响分析

利用梧州市5个代表站1961～2008年的气温、降水资料,用降水距平百分率（R指标）的干旱等级划分方法,并引入考虑气温的P指标对干旱等级进行划分,揭示区域内夏旱发生的基本特征。结果表明：梧州夏旱频次高,夏旱存在自身的周期性和连续发生的规律,在地理分布上为中南部重于北部。并据此初步探讨夏季干旱的成因及对水稻产量的影响。     

棉田干旱指标研究进展

干旱是影响作物生长发育的主要非生物胁迫因素之一,水分亏缺所造成的危害超过了一切逆境因子的总和,严重影响作物产量及农业生产。作为全国重要优质棉区之一的新疆,干旱及水资源缺乏也成为棉花产业发展的重大限制因素之一,棉花种植几乎完全依赖灌溉,而棉花或棉田是否需要灌溉,可根据土壤含水量以及植株本身受旱程度特征等指标来判断。本文从棉花干旱形态变化、生长发育进程、生理生态特征、产量结构差异、土壤水分变化、气象干旱等不同方面对绿洲棉田干旱指标研究的现状和进展进行总结,并对进一步开展滴灌模式下棉田干旱发生发展过程以及干旱敏感性指标研究提出建议。     

Recent drought and precipitation tendencies in Ethiopia

In 2011, drought in the Horn of Africa again made news headlines. This study aims to quantify the meteorological component of this and other drought episodes in Ethiopia since 1971. A monthly precipitation data set for 14 homogeneous rainfall zones was constructed based on 174 gauges, and the standardized precipitation index was calculated on seasonal, annual, and biannual time scales. The results point to 2009 as a year of exceptionally widespread drought. All zones experienced drought at the annual scale, although in most zones, previous droughts were more extreme. Nationally, 2009 was the second driest year, surpassed only by the historic year 1984. Linear regression analysis indicates a precipitation decline in southern Ethiopia, during both February–May and June–September. In central and northern Ethiopia, the analysis did not provide evidence of similar tendencies. However, spring droughts have occurred more frequently in all parts of Ethiopia during the last 10–15 years.     

The day-to-day monitoring of the 2011 severe drought in China

Dry/wet condition has a large interannual variability. Decision-makers need to know the onset, duration, and intensity of drought, and require droughts be monitored at a daily to weekly scale. However, previous tools cannot monitor drought well at this short timescale. The Palmer Drought Severity Index has been found dissatisfactory in monitoring because of its complexity and numerous limitations. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) always asks for a timescale, and precipitation is averaged over the period of the scale. Because of this, the SPI cannot be used for short scales, e.g., several days, and what it tells is the overall drought situation of the period. The weighted average of precipitation (WAP) developed by Lu (Geophys Res Lett 36:L12707, 2009) overcomes the deficiency of the SPI; it does not require a timescale, and can provide the drought (and flood) extent of each day. Therefore, the WAP can monitor drought at scales from daily to weekly, monthly, and any longer scale, and is really “flexible and versatile for all timescales”. In this study, the standardized WAP (SWAP) is used to monitor the 2011 drought over China. Drought swept the country during the year from north to south and from east to west. In spring, a once-in-a-fifty-year drought occurred over the Yangtze River basin and the southern region, causing serious shortage of drinking water for people and livestock, as well as tremendous losses in agriculture and the shipping industry. Results show that the SWAP, with its monthly mean plots, can well reproduce the seasonal shift of the 2011 drought across the country. The animation of daily plots demonstrates that the SWAP would have been able to monitor the day-to-day variation of the spring drought around the Yangtze River basin. It can provide the details of the drought, such as when the drought emerged over the region, how long it maintained there (though drought area may move back and forth with extension and contraction of the area), and when the drought relieved over the basin.     

关于骤旱研究的一些思考

骤旱是一类特殊的干旱现象,以快速发展为主要特征。在全球变暖背景下,骤旱可能会成为干旱的一种"新常态",亟须开展深入研究。针对目前存在的骤旱定义争论,本文指出其本质为如何理解骤旱与传统干旱之间的区别与联系,并从骤发性、持续性、爆发和消亡过程等方面进行阐述,指出骤旱的典型时间尺度为次季节尺度,应纳入多尺度干旱体系中。在此基础上,回顾了极端个例诊断分析、人类活动检测与归因、生态环境效应等方面的研究进展。认为：未来应加强骤旱驱动机制（包括内部变率和外部强迫）、骤旱与生态系统之间的相互作用、骤旱可预报性来源以及预测方法等方面的研究;应从全球变化的视角,利用地球系统科学的研究方法,发展先进的监测和模拟预测技术,以应对日益增加的骤旱风险。     

田阳干旱指数对早玉米产量影响的农业气候评价

利用田阳1987年至2012年早玉米产量与其生育前期易旱的3月上旬至5月中旬的旬干旱指数,釆用数理相关统计法,计算旬干旱指数与早玉米产量的相关系数及多元回归方程模式的建立,评价干旱指数对早玉米生产利蔽的影响。结果表明：干旱主要影响早玉米生理需水敏感的抽雄吐丝期,俗称＂卡脖子旱＂,其次干旱影响早玉米播种后全苗齐苗。这对充分开发利用当地农业气候资源,科学规避干旱的影响,趋利避害,夺取早玉米高产稳产意义重大。     

新疆塔城地区1961—2021年季节性干旱演变特征

利用塔城地区9个国家气象观测站1961—2021年逐月降水资料,基于标准化降水量指数(SPI)运用最小二乘法和Mann-Kendall检验等方法分析塔城地区干旱时空分布特征。结果表明：(1)年尺度上,塔城地区干旱发生频率为30.37%,轻旱发生最多,中旱次之；2/3站点SPI呈显著增大趋势,年站次比和干旱强度呈显著减小趋势,干旱程度有所减轻,在1987年之后塔城干旱程度整体偏轻。(2)季节尺度上,夏、秋、冬季在1980年代中期发生干旱减轻的突变,且秋季和冬季分别在2002年和1997年达到显著。(3)在影响范围方面,各季以局域性和全域性干旱为主,全域性干旱发生频率介于20～30%之间；在干旱强度方面,各季轻度干旱发生频率最高,中度以上干旱发生频率介于33～38%之间。(4)近60a塔城地区季节性干旱呈现影响范围缩小,强度减弱的变化趋势,尤其是冬季干旱站次比和干旱强度分别以-7.79%.(10a)-1^和-0.11.(10a)-1^的倾向率显著减小,干旱减轻趋势在四季中最为显著。     

我国2000年干旱情况分析及发展趋势展望

重点分析了２０００年２￣７月份我国北方高温少雨的时空分布特征,并与国外及我国历史上的干旱特征进行了对比;从大气环流、海洋、天气气候及全球变化的角度初步探讨了干旱的成因;回顾了今年春、夏季北方少雨（干旱）的预报服务情况,并初步展望了未来秋、冬、春季降水趋势;建议在制订相应应急政策、加强保护生态环境及水资源的同时,加强气象部门对人工影响天气、干旱预警系统及干旱机理等方面的业务建设和科学研究。     

中国区域性骤发干旱特征分析

基于国家气象信息中心2 400多个观测站的候平均日最高气温、GLDAS 2.0/2.1的土壤湿度、蒸散发资料和ERA5的500 hPa位势高度、925 hPa风场再分析资料,定义了格点骤发干旱指数,在分析1979-2017年4-9月中国区域骤发干旱气候特征和骤发干旱指数的经验正交展开空间模态的基础上,确定骤发干旱发生频...     

应用NOAA-AVHRR资料监测四川干旱

重点阐述用ＡＶＨＲＲ的ＣＨ４反演的下垫面温度监测四川中部旱情的方法，结果表明，遥感下垫面温度与干旱指数线性相关很好，其空间分布与地面旱情分布基本一致，用遥感下垫面温度结合地面气象，农气，灾情等实时资料可快速，实时监测大面积夏旱动态。