2005年夏季中国东部气候异常分析--中国科学院大气物理研究所短期气候预测检验

简要比较了中国科学院大气物理研究所对2005年夏季中国降水跨季度预测与实况的异同,并对2005年夏季我国主要雨带及降水偏少区的形成与东亚热带、副热带以及中高纬度大气环流系统的配置进行了分析。对2005年夏季西太平洋副高的异常活动预测不好,这是造成跨季度降水预测有失误之处的主要原因之一。2005年夏季在亚洲对流层中高层,沿着副热带急流轴准静止Rossby波有几次能量传播过程,西太平洋副高的北抬与西伸与副热带急流中Rossby波的活动强度有一定的对应关系,因而产生了亚洲不同地区高影响性的灾害性天气。     

测量NO气体吸收截面的方法

差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS)已经被广泛用于各种污染气体浓度的测量,其中影响其测量精度的主要因素就是气体吸收截面的测量.利用Lambert Beer 吸收定律以及自主设计的测量装置对大气的主要污染气体NO的吸收截面进行了测量,并采用多项式拟合的方法提高了测量的精度,根据所测得的吸收截面反演了NO气体的浓度值,取得了良好的效果.     

Dynamic model of accumulation of total biomass of agricultural crops

Issues concerning the growth and biological time of agricultural crops are under consideration. A closed system of equations is derived for calculating total dry biomass and biological time of plants. The model parameters are given, and the model is verified based on the experimental data of observations of the sunflower in the southern conditions of the Ukraine.     

Evaluation of different versions of NCUM global model for simulation of track and intensity of tropical cyclones over Bay of Bengal

The global UK Met office Unified Model (UM) is currently operational at National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), the global model named as NCUM. An inter-comparison of two different versions of NCUM has been carried out for simulating the track and intensity of Tropical Cyclones (TCs), which formed over the Bay of Bengal (BoB). For this purpose, two series of numerical experiments named as NCUM25 (New Dynamical core with NCUM N512 resolution) and NCUM17 (ENDGame core with NCUM N768 resolution and upgraded physics and data assimilation scheme) are carried out with seven different initial conditions (ICs) for two TCs. The results suggested that the location, intensity, and vertical structure of the TCs are reasonably well predicted by the NCUM17 over the NCUM25. The Direct Position Error (DPE) and landfall error of TCs are reduced in the NCUM17 in comparison to the NCUM25 for all initial conditions. The mean DPEs and intensity error are reduced by 21–41% and 18–21% in NCUM17 over NCUM25 in both the cases respectively. Improvements in mean landfall position errors are shown to range from 43 to 65% in the NCUM17 as compared to the NCUM25. The mean statistical skill scores for rainfall are considerably improved in NCUM17.     

Review of measurements of the RF spectrum of radiation from lightning

Summary A review is presented of the measurements reported in the literature of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation from lightning in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 1 GHz. Measurements have been made either by monitoring the power received at inidividual frequencies using a narrow bandwidth recording device or by recording the transient (time dependent) radiation with a wide bandwidth device and then Fourier transforming the waveform to obtain a spectrum. Measurements of the first type were made extensively in the 1950's and 1960's and several composite spectra have been deduced by normalizing the data of different investigators to common units of bandwidth and distance. The composite spectra tend to peak near 5 kHz and then decrease roughly as 1/(frequency) up to nearly 100 MHz where scatter in the data make the behaviour uncertain. The spectrum obtained with measurements of the second type is similar. Recent experiments have extended the frequency range covered to several 10's of MHz and include spectra for return strokes, the stepped leader and for some intracloud processes. The spectrum of first return strokes obtained in this manner is very similar to the spectrum of the composite flash obtained from the narrowband measurements.With 9 Figures     

Estimation of the error of lidar determination of the transparency of low-turbidity atmosphere

Considered is the method of determination of atmospheric turbidity using weak lidar signals when the problem is mathematically incorrect due to the presence of the background noise. An accuracy of the method can be increased by means of using the procedure of effective averaging and linear approximation of the transmission in the case of the low attenuation coefficient.     

Analysis of Basic Features of the Onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon

In this paper,a relatively systematic climatological research on the onset of the Asian tropical summer monsoon(ATSM)was carried out.Based on a unified index of the ATSM onset,the advance of the whole ATSM was newly made and then the view that the ATSM firstly breaks out over the tropical eastern Indian Ocean and the middle and southern Indo-China Peninsula was further documented,which was in the 26th pentad(about May 10),then over the South China Sea(SCS)in the 28th pentad.It seems that the ATSM onset over the two regions belongs to the different stages of the same monsoon system.Then,the onset mechanism of ATSM was further investigated by the comprehensive analysis on the land-sea thermodynamic contrast,intraseasonal oscillation,and so on,and the several key factors which influence the ATSM onset were put forward.Based on these results,a possible climatological schematic map that the ATSM firstly breaks out over the tropical eastern Indian Ocean,the Indo-China Peninsula,and the SCS was also presented, namely seasonal evolution of the atmospheric circulation was the background of the monsoon onset;the enhancement and northward advance of the convections,the sensible heating and latent heating over the Indo-China Peninsula and its neighboring areas,the dramatic deepening of the India-Burma trough,and the westerly warm advection over the eastern Tibetan Plateau were the major driving forces of the summer monsoon onset,which made the meridional gradient of the temperature firstly reverse over this region and ascending motion develop.Then the tropical monsoon and precipitation rapidly developed and enhanced. The phase-lock of the 30-60-day and 10-20-day low frequency oscillations originated from different sources was another triggering factor for the summer monsoon onset.It was just the common effect of these factors that induced the ATSM earliest onset over this region.     

热带气旋远距离对西南涡加强作用的个例研究

利用地面观测资料、NCEP再分析资料对2018年7月10～11日一次热带气旋远距离对西南涡加强作用的个例分析。结果表明:南海的热带气旋和西太平洋上的热带气旋对西南涡的发展和维持有远距离的加强作用。热带气旋外围偏南、偏东气流向西伸展与四川盆地东南气流贯通，将南海和西太平洋上的水汽向四川盆地输送。热带气旋通过外围气流远距离改变西南涡周围的风压场分布、暖湿结构、动量特征，从而改变和加强西南涡及其邻域的大气斜压性和非平衡性。      

Problems of exploration level of hydrometeorological regime of the Northern Caucasus territory

The main problems of the study of the meteorological regime, climate, hydrology, snow avalanches, mudflows, and glaciers are considered. It is demonstrated that the level of their exploration on the plain territory is sufficient on the whole, however, the mountain territories are poorly studied. The opening of new stations including the automatic ones and the organization of snow-route observations are required. It is necessary to carry out the preparation and publishing of new handbooks on the climate and surface water resources and to create the catalogs of glaciers, snow avalanches, and mudflows on the basis of the modern topographic maps and satellite images.     

热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的研究综述

热带气旋的眼墙非对称结构与其发展过程密切相关。在热带气旋移动过程中,非对称风场伴随着边界层内非对称摩擦而引起的辐合,影响着热带气旋眼墙内的对流分布。此外,风垂直切变作为影响热带气旋强度的重要因子,将上层暖心吹离表层环流,引起眼墙垂直运动的非对称,导致云、降水在方位角方向的非均匀分布。当存在平均涡度的径向梯度时,罗斯贝类型的波动可以存在于涡旋内核区域,影响眼墙非对称结构。海洋为热带气旋提供潜热和感热形式的能量,是热带气旋发展的重要能量来源,关于海洋如何影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的相关研究较少。文中着重回顾了热带气旋与海洋相互作用的研究成果,并提出海洋影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的机制。海洋对热带气旋最显著的响应特征是冷尾效应,该效应通过降低海表温度,减少海洋向大气输送的潜热和感热,从而影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构。此外,海浪改变海表粗糙度,通过边界层影响移动热带气旋的眼墙结构。     

西风带南支槽对云南天气的影响

利用1980-2008年近30年逐日地面、高空观测资料,统计了影响云南的西风带南支槽个例,并分析了南支槽的时空分布和对云南降水的影响。结果表明,影响云南的南支槽平均每年出现18.76次,11月-次年5月平均每月出现次数相当(6-10月西风带北撤,转换为孟加拉湾槽);约5.88%的南支槽过程对云南产生大到暴雨天气,54.83%的南支槽产生小到中雨,另有17.28%的南支槽产生冰雹天气过程。南支槽的进退与西风带环流形势、副热带高压位置和高原大地形等关系密切,南支槽位置、水汽输送、湿度锋区、低空急流和冷空气强弱等条件的不同决定了降水的强弱或是否有强对流天气出现。     

贵阳地区人体舒适度指数变化特征及分析

本文利用贵阳市8区县国家级地面观测站1987-2016年的逐日地面观测资料,运用统计分析、相关分析、通径分析等方法来分析了贵阳地区的气温、相对湿度、风速等气象要素的气候特征,并对人体舒适度指数的时空分布特征进行了分析,探讨了各气象要素与人体舒适度指数之间的相关关系。结果表明：(1)贵阳地区的气温分布存在南北差异,南部最高,中部次之,北部最低;贵阳各地每月的平均相对湿度都很大,均在75%以上;月平均风速在1.5-2.5m/s之间,空间分布差异不大。(2)4月到10月,来贵阳各地旅游都较为舒适,尤其是在夏季(6-9月),最为舒适。从空间分布来看,人体舒适度指数分布为南部＞中部＞北部。(3)人体舒适度指数和气温为明显的正相关关系,与相对湿度、风速为负相关关系。其中气温对人体舒适度指数的影响最为显著。     

Interdecadal change of interannual variability and predictability of two types of ENSO

A significant interdecadal climate shift of interannual variability and predictability of two types of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), namely the canonical or eastern Pacific (EP)-type and Modoki or central Pacific (CP) type, are investigated. Using the retrospective forecasts of six-state-of-the-art coupled models and their multi-model ensemble (MME) for December–January–February during the period of 1972–2005 along with corresponding observed and reanalyzed data, we examine the climate regime shift that occurred in the winter of 1988/1989 and how the shift affected interannual variability and predictability of two types of ENSO for the two periods of 1972–1988 (hereafter PRE) and 1989–2005 (hereafter POST). The result first shows substantial interdecadal changes of observed sea surface temperature (SST) in mean state and variability over the western and central Pacific attributable to the significant warming trend in the POST period. In the POST period, the SST variability increased (decreased) significantly over the western (eastern) Pacific. The MME realistically reproduces the observed interdecadal changes with 1- and 4-month forecast lead time. It is found that the CP-type ENSO was more prominent and predictable during the POST than the PRE period while there was no apparent difference in the variability and predictability of the EP-type ENSO between two periods. Note that the second empirical orthogonal function mode of the Pacific SST during the POST period represents the CP-type ENSO but that during the PRE period captures the ENSO transition phase. The MME better predicts the former than the latter. We also investigate distinctive regional impacts associated with the two types of ENSO during the two periods.     

阿留申低压四种环流指数的分析和比较

分析和比较了20世纪90年代以来不同学者提出的阿留申低压（AleutianLow,AL）四种强度指数（Ii,i=1,4）、两种中心位置指数（λi、φi,i=3、4）的时频特征及其与同期北半球太平洋海面温度、气温、降水的相关联系。结果表明：1）强度指数Ii、i=2,4演变特征最相似;20世纪70年代中期之前AL偏弱,之后AL偏强;近年来又出现AL偏弱趋势。因I1为5个月平均场中AL的强度指数,故它与Ii、i=2,4差别较大。2）两种中心位置指数地理分布区域（λc3,φc3）大于（λc4,φc4）,这与平均时段长短及中心位置指数定义差别有关。λc4由偏西转向偏东较λc3提早约5a,它与Ii、i=2,4的一致性更好。3）在强ElNin～o事件中,AL加强、中心位置偏东,强LaNin～a事件则相反。强度指数I2、I4和位置指数λc4反映上述关系较好。4）AL偏强、偏东年,中纬北太平洋区域低温、少雨,北太平洋东北部至北美西北部气温偏高、降水偏多,而北美南部气温偏低、降水偏少;反之亦然。     

T106数值预报产品在赣南温度预报中的释用

利用1995年7～9月、1996年7～8月24～144h、1000～500hPa的T106格点资料与赣南17个县（市）的最高、最低、平均温度作相关分析;用逐步回归方法建立了分县逐日滚动预报方程。并用1996年9月份T106格点资料对方法进行检验,同时对预报方法及T106产品在温度预报中的释用能力作了初步分析。     

台风杜鹃的特点及成因分析

台风杜鹃是继7908号台风后正面袭击珠江三角洲最强的台风,对其观测事实进行分析发现,台风杜鹃的路径和强度及其造成的天气分布等具有明显特点,这些特点与大气环流演变、影响台风的天气系统、相关物理量分布、“杜鹃”的结构及结构变化等密切相关。     

葡萄越冬防寒技术研究综述

葡萄冻害严重影响着我国北方葡萄的正常生产和品质,采取适宜的越冬防寒技术是确保葡萄产业健康发展的关键。通过查阅我国北方地区有关葡萄防寒越冬的相关方法和技术,以葡萄冻害入手,分别从覆盖保温被、保温膜、草帘等保温材料,埋土覆盖越冬防寒措施以及积雪覆盖的保温作用等多方面,分析对比了各防寒越冬技术的材料、原理、效果及优缺点。提出了以下建议:(1)葡萄安全越冬应采取因地制宜的措施,对于葡萄本身来说应采用综合的葡萄抗寒性锻炼,提高葡萄抗寒能力。(2)在探索不同地区切实有效、经济实惠的防寒越冬措施时,需要充分注重细节;不同覆膜技术和埋土技术应因地制宜,选择适合的安全越冬方式;在温度不是太寒冷的地区可采用机械埋土技术。(3)应该继续开发机械覆膜技术,以节约经济和劳力投入。(4)基于双层膜技术的保温效果及经济投入状况,以及自身在环保、耐磨以及人力投入较大等自身不足等特点,建议选择双层膜环保耐磨新材料,结合机械化覆膜新技术,在寒冷且风沙强烈的地区加以大力推广,这可能是未来葡萄防寒越冬措施的发展趋势。     

RG13型雨量传感器测量结果的不确定度评定

国内民航机场主要使用的雨量观测设备为芬兰维萨拉公司生产的RG13型雨量传感器,为保证雨量测量数据的真实可靠,对其测量结果的不确定度分析很有必要。根据自动气象站现场校准方法,分别进行大雨强和小雨强的重复测试,并依据JJF1059.1-2012测量不确定度的评定与表示要求,进行A类不确定度评定。分析测量过程中的B类不确定度来源,进行B类评定,最终给出扩展不确定度。结果表明：在小雨强下,测量不确定度为U95=0.17mm,包含因子k=2。在大雨强下,测量不确定度为U95=0.16mm,包含因子k=2。该研究完善了雨量传感器的现场校准工作流程,对雨量传感器测量结果的可信度评定具有参考价值。     

广西2004年7月降水量异常偏多成因及预测分析

介绍了广西2004年7月降水的概况;分析了广西2004年7月降水异常多雨的成因;给出了2004年7月降水短期气候预测基本思路及各种预测方法;并进一步讨论了该月降水量预测决策中有关的经验及教训。     

毛发湿度表(计)测量不确定度评定实例

介绍湿度测量不确定度评定的一般方法和基本模式,以及评定过程中所应注意的一些问题。