辽河三角洲地貌演化(英文)

This paper mainly analyzes the geomorphological changes of the tidal deposition in the Liaohe Estuary based on the multi-year bathymetric charts in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2005 and Landsat TM images in 1987, 1994, 2002 and 2005. Evolution of the tidal depositional system during the past 20 years in the Liaohe River was studied on the basis of 50 boreholes drilling and 30 km shallow stratigraphic exploration from 2002 to 2005. The main tidal depositional body of the modern Liaohe River delta is located in the Shuangtaizihe Estuary. The stratum within the depth of 10 m includes tidal bank facies, tidal channel facies and neritic facies with paleo-delta facies underlying them. The sediments of tidal bank facies are mainly composed of sand and silt with siltation load and suspended load of about 50% respectively in proportion. The sediment of tidal channel facies and neritic facies is composed of clayey silt and silty clay which belongs to suspended load. The study area was a small bay between the old Daliaohe River, the old Dalinghe River and the Raoyanghe River complex delta since the Holocene to 1896. Many tidal banks formed and expanded rapidly after the Shuangtaizihe River was excavated by labor in 1896. The runoff and sediment discharge have decreased since the construction of brake at the Shuangtaizihe River in 1958.The Shuangtaizihe Estuary is in the state of deposition as a whole whose tidal bank is increasing and expanding southward, westward and northward. The maximum expansion speed is 87 to 683 m/a and the mean depositional rate is 0.189 m/a. Erosion occurred in some part of tidal bank with average erosional rate of 0.122 m/a. The tidal channel was filled up with sediment at a migration speed of 48–200 m/a. Geomorphologic changes have happened under the combined influences of runoff, ocean dynamics and human activities. The main source of sediment changes from river sediment to sediment driven by tidal current and longshore current.     

近20年辽河三角洲地貌演化

运用钻探和浅地层探测等最新调查成果,对近20年的辽河三角洲潮流沉积进行了研究.根据不同时期水深地形和卫星影像资料对比分析了现代辽河三角洲潮流地貌变化.现代辽河三角洲的沉积主体位于双台子河口.研究区10 m深度内的地层主要包括:潮滩相、潮道相和浅海相沉积,其下为古三角洲相.潮滩相沉积物以砂和粉砂为主,分选中等,跳跃和悬浮组分各占50%左右:浅海相和潮道相沉积物主要为软弱的粘土质粉砂和粉砂质粘土,以悬浮组分为主.全新世以来至1896年,研究区为古辽河、古大凌河和绕阳河之间的小海湾.1896年,双台子河被人工开挖为分洪河道以来,口门外形成盖州滩等潮滩,并快速发育.1958年,双台子河建闸后,人海径流量和输沙量减小.目前.双台子河口整体处于淤积状态,潮滩面积不断增加,整体向南、西、北3个方向扩展.潮滩最大淤进速率为87～683 m/a,平均淤积速率为0.189 m/a.潮滩东侧局部发生侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为0.122 m/a.潮道面积缩小,具有向西、向北迁移的趋势,最大迁移速率为48～200m/a.双台子河口地貌发育受径流、海洋动力和人类活动的影响,沉积物的主要来源由双台子河河流输沙演变为潮流和沿岸流输沙.     

长江河口最大浑浊带水沙输运机制分析

本文根据大量的实测资料，运用机理的分析方法，讨论了长江口最大浑浊带中各输沙项的作用。结果表明，平均流输沙、斯托克斯漂流效应、潮汐捕集以及垂向不流是净输沙的主要部分。     

Seismic framework and the Holocene morphological evolution of the Changjiang River mouth, China

Acoustic profiling in combination with coring has been used to examine the recent evolution of river mouth of the Changjiang. Two acoustic facies are present. Petrologic, radiometric and seismic analyses show that the upper facies I of 10–20 m thick fine sand and silt represents the sandy shoals of late Holocene age in the distributary, and the 5–20 m thick lower facies II of fine-grained silty clay with abundant marine microfossils represents the mid-Holocene prodelta facies deposited as fillings in the former large estuarine valley of late Pleistocene to early Holocene origin. Rapid accumulation during the Holocene has led to some instability of unconsolidated sedimentary strata in the distributary, such as strata collapse and mud diaper formation. The existence of large cross beddings, such as tabular and trough stratification in facies I identifies the sediment transport as predominantly bed load, driven by runoff and tidal currents. Two sets of discrete flood-ebb flow troughs, oriented NW and SE reflect controls by tidal waves generated from the sea and the superimposition of runoff and ebb flows. Symmetrical sand waves that appear at the northern trough of one of the distributaries also indicate the balancing sediment dynamics between runoff-ebb and flood currents, whereas the asymmetrical ones in the southern trough indicate superimposed sedimentation by runoff and ebb flows. A large quantity of sediment has been deposited in the slack water region between the discrete flood and ebb flows to form sandy shoals — the principal mechanism of the evolution of estuarine islands in the Holocene Changjiang mouth. The morphology of the extended river mouth to the southeast possibly indicates an external driving force, such as the Coriolis Effect, NW-prevailing wind and longshore currents.     

长江口表层沉积物分布特征及动力响应

基于长江口2003 年2 月采集的58 个表层沉积物样品及以同步水动力资料的分析表明, 表层沉积物中值粒径自江阴-口外逐渐变细, 由江阴附近的217.8 μm 减少到南槽口外的12.1 μm; 浑浊带海域表层沉积物中值粒径北港最大, 平均为126.2 μm, 北槽其次, 平均为48.4 μm, 南槽最小, 平均为14.2 μm; 口外海域则北槽最大, 为22.4 μm, 北港其次, 为16.5 μm, 南槽最小, 为12.1 μm。沉积物分选性大多为中等-很差, 中值粒径越大, 分选系数越 小; 沉积物偏度大多是近对称-极正偏; 峭度表现为中等峭度-很窄尖。横沙以上区域表层 沉积物类型以砂为主, 口外海域沉积物类型以粘土质粉砂为主, 浑浊带海域表层沉积物类型复杂多样。长江口主槽表层沉积物中值粒径与落潮历时、V_e/V_f 值和余流值等动力参数呈正相 关关系, 落潮动力条件是决定长江口表层沉积物中值粒径大小的主要动力因素。     

长江口水域悬沙浓度时空变化与泥沙再悬浮

根据近年来长江河口及其邻近水域8个测站1年的表层悬沙浓度逐日观测资料,并结合水动力状况,对悬沙浓度的时空变化进行了分析。结果发现,长江口自徐六泾以下悬沙浓度不断增高,并呈现口内夏高冬低,而口外冬高夏低,且量值为口外大于口内,杭州湾大于长江口。表明长江入海泥沙在海洋动力作用下强烈再悬浮;悬沙浓度在时间上呈现明显的大小潮周期和季节性变化。进一步分析认为,海洋动力 (风浪和潮流) 是泥沙再悬浮的主导因素,制约悬沙浓度的年内变化,其中潮流控制悬沙浓度的大小潮周期变化,风浪引起悬沙浓度的季节性变化,河流径流和海洋动力的对比制约悬沙浓度的空间分布。     

甬江河床演变及航道治理

本文分析甬江动力、泥沙、边界及河床演变的基本特征,提出甬江航道整治的原则和措施。     

40年来长江九江河段河道演变及其趋势预测

利用地理信息系统(GIS)与数字高程模型(DEM)技术定量模拟40年来九江河段冲淤演变过程,结果表明: 1963~1972年总体表现为淤积,淤积量为6.505 hm³,平均淤积速率为0.65 hm³/a。1972~2002年总体表现为冲刷,冲刷量为20.720 hm³,平均年冲刷率为1.036 hm³/a。1963~2002年九江河床总体表现为冲刷,冲刷量为14.977 hm³。2003年与1963年比较,河床淤积区域主要分布在九江河道上段近南岸区域,中下段河道的中间区域;冲刷区域主要分布在九江河道上段的中间及近北岸区域,中下段河道两岸的近岸区域。中下段南岸的不断刷深和南偏对九江的防洪带来更大的压力。     

黄河中游流域环境要素对水沙变异的影响

目前 ,黄河中游地区流域的水沙变化主要以水文法和水保法研究为主。由于黄河中游具有明显的自然地带性分布特征 ,流域系统的水沙过程受到环境要素的综合影响。本文根据黄河中游河口镇至龙门区间已控一级支流的测站资料 ,采用地理环境要素法分析水沙变异及成因。研究表明 ,河龙区间流域径流量和输沙量与地理环境因子的影响密切相关。 2 0世纪 70年代以来 ,降雨减水减沙作用不断减小 ,随着水土保持措施的提高 ,人类活动减水减沙所占比重不断增大。 70年代与 80年代气候波动和人类活动影响的平均减水减沙作用分别为5 3 4 %、 2 8 6 %和 4 6 6 %、 71 4 %。     

泾河近代洪水沉积物粒度特征分析

泾河是渭河的第一大支流,也是渭河下游和黄河潼关以下洪水的主要来源,洪枯变化量大,通过采集泾河S-剖面27个河漫滩样品,用Mastersizer 2000型激光粒度仪对其0.1~1 000 μm范围内的粒度进行分析,并根据Folk和Ward的概率公式计算出各种粒度参数。结果显示,泾河S-剖面沉积物指示了至少8次洪水的信息。剖面粒度组成以粉砂为主,其中粗粉砂不仅含量高,而且含量变化很好的对应了洪水变化阶段,可以作为泾河洪水大小的标志性粒级。     

长江口拦门沙河段潮滩表层沉积物分布特征(英文)

Sediment samples with high spatial resolution (432 samples in total) and flow data were collected on the tidal flats in the mouth-bar region of the Yangtze Estuary. The data was collected in July 2005, July 2006 and May 2007. The samples were analyzed with a particle sizer, resulting in the sediment distribution. The grain sizes and related parameters were analyzed. The results were presented in a ternary diagram. The sediment mainly consisted of sand, silty sand, sandy silt, sand-silt-clay, silt and clayey silt. And sand skeletons and clay matrices were found. At Nanhui Shoal, silt skeletons could be identified as well. Furthermore, the results were discussed per shoal. Although some depth dependencies were found per shoal, no general relation was found. The results are as follows: sediment located at these tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary was mainly composed of sand, silty sand and silt. The median grain size in sediment was relatively complex with a range from 2.5 φ to 8 φ. The distributions of sorting coefficients ranging from 1 to 2 were in agreement with median sizes. It was suggested that sediment of the tidal flats was coarser and better sorted or finer and worse sorted. The skewness in sediment distribution varied from 0.1 to 0.8. In addition, the distributions of sorting coefficient and skewness in sediment at Chongming Eastern Shoal, Hengsha Eastern Shoal and Jiuduan Shoal were of similar characteristics because there were closely positive correlated relationships among these parameters. However, due to the location difference between Nanhui Southern Shoal and Eastern Shoal, the values of sorting coefficient and skewness had relatively large distinctions. The tracks of sediment transport could be described based on the distributions of sediment, which might reveal sediment transport controlled by two dominant hydrodynamic factors of current and wave. It was appreciable that coarser sediment with lower sorted coefficient was affected by dominant ebb current action and intense wave action resulted from rapidly dissipated wave energy. Moreover, due to the effects of obstructed branches, guided current and broken wave actions of the Deep Water Channel Project, grain-size in sediment located at two sides of the groyne was of uneven distribution characteristics.     

长江河口悬浮泥沙的混合过程

根据准同步观测的悬浮泥沙及表层沉积物粒度、流速、含沙量资料, 分析了长江口及临近海域悬浮泥沙在河口的混合过程。长江河口-陆架系统悬浮泥沙中值粒径呈现“细-粗-细”的变化规律, 河口上段悬浮泥沙中值粒径为8.9 μm, 拦门沙海域为10.5 μm, 陆架区为4.5 μm, 北支为9.9 μm, 杭州湾口为5.6 μm, 泥沙类型为粘土质粉砂。河口上段和陆架区悬浮泥沙与表层沉积物的垂向混合作用较弱, 拦门沙区域二者发生强烈的混合和交换, 悬浮泥沙在由长江河口向陆架系统输移过程中仅有表层泥沙保留了流域输入的泥沙粒度特征。长江口悬浮泥沙中值粒径与含沙量呈良好的正相关关系, 水流的剪切作用是引起拦门沙海域泥沙再悬浮、近底高含沙量和悬浮泥沙粒径增加的主要原因, 悬浮泥沙粒径和含沙量的增加主要由粉砂组分的增加引起。2007 年长江河口区范围内悬浮泥沙中值粒径比2003 年普遍减小11％, 含沙量比2003 年减小22%, 河口上段含沙量对流域来沙减少的响应最为敏感, 而拦门沙区的泥沙粒径对流域来沙减少的响应最敏感。在长江流域来沙量减少的背景下, 河口拦门沙区域仍能维持较高的含沙量, 主要缘于河口系统内部的供沙     

近30 年来长江口岸滩沉积物与地貌演变特征

通过对长江口潮间带宽度、表层和浅地层柱状样沉积物、典型水下岸坡剖面的现场测量,以及对潮间带宽度及水下岸坡剖面的多幅历史海图分析,研究近30 年长江口岸滩演变特征及岸滩演变的主要原因。结果表明:(1) 岸滩沉积物整体上呈“北细南粗”的变化特征,横沙东滩北岸、长江和东海大桥下等主要大型工程附近潮间带柱状样粒序向上显著变粗;(2) 长江口部分潮间带宽度减少90%以上;水下岸坡由1980 年的“S”形向凹形、斜坡形等侵蚀型形态转变,岸坡明显变陡,侵蚀型岸滩特征凸显;南汇嘴至芦潮港岸段水下岸坡闭合水深1978-2004 年为-8 m,近10 年来滩底发生侵蚀,刷深约1 m;(3) 流域来沙量锐减导致长江口侵蚀型水下岸滩格局的形成;河口大面积围垦、青草沙水库和长江与东海大桥等大型工程建设是造成潮间带大面积损失和局部沉积物粗化的主要原因;沙体变迁是狭长型河槽局部岸滩演变的主要影响因素。     

玛纳斯河泥沙特征概述

本文通过玛纳斯河的泥沙资料，分析了玛纳斯河泥沙的一般特性，并对玛纳斯河红山嘴水文站县移质泥沙和推移质泥沙与其它水文要素之间的关系作了论证。     

西江河口(磨刀门)沉积环境分析

本文采用粒度概率曲线、频率曲线与粒度基本参数相结合的方法,分析西江河口(磨刀门)沉积环境,重点探讨河口拦门沙及其沉积结构的形成。认为波浪作用是西江河口拦门沙形成的主要动力;对粒度概率曲线的过渡式和双跃式加以区别,并探讨其成因。     

风蚀水蚀共同作用下沙漠河流泥沙级配特征

以水蚀风蚀区内蒙古河段重要入黄支流西柳沟为研究对象,通过对西柳沟流域产沙地层及河流水文站悬移质泥沙采样分析和激光粒度仪测定,对研究区河道纵向、横向断面沉积的泥沙级配特征进行了分析,揭示了流域沉积泥沙粒径分布变化规律。结果表明：西柳沟流域沉积泥沙的中数粒径从上游丘陵沟壑区到下游农田区逐渐减小;河流右岸泥沙粒径较大,左岸泥沙粒径相对较小,河床泥沙粒径介于二者之间;流域沉积泥沙粒径主要分布在0.125~0.5 mm,而流域出口水文站悬移质泥沙粒径72.5%在0.025 mm以下,说明西柳沟进入黄河干流的泥沙主要为细泥沙。     

长江口泥沙的来源分析与数量计算的研究

本文根据地学原理，建立了长江口泥沙的来源分析与数量计算的模式。定量分析了长江口泥沙来源，计算了泥沙的数量。通过验证表明沙量的计算值与验证值两者十分吻合。     

Influences of channelization on discharge of suspended sediment and wetland vegetation in Kushiro Marsh, northern Japan

The effects of wetlands on hydrology, water quality, and wildlife habitat are internationally recognized. Protecting the remaining wetlands is one of the most important environmental issues in many countries. However wetlands in Japan have been gradually shrinking due to agricultural development and urbanization, which generally lowers the groundwater level and introduces suspended sediment and sediment-associated nutrients into wetlands. We examined the influences of channelization on discharge of suspended sediment and wetland vegetation in Hokkaido, northern Japan. The impact of river channelization was confirmed not only by the sediment budgets but also by river aggradation or degradation after the channelization and by the resultant vegetational changes. The budgets of suspended sediment demonstrated that wash load was the predominant component accounting for 95% of the total suspended load delivered into the wetland. This suspended sediment was primarily transported into the wetland by flooding associated with heavy rainfall. Twenty-three percent of the wash load and 63% of the suspended bed material load were deposited in the channelized reach, which produced aggradation of about 2 m at the end of the reach. A shorting of the length of the channel, due to channelization of a meandering river, steepened the slope and enhanced the stream power to transport sediment. This steepening shifted the depositional zones of fine sediment 5 km downstream and aggraded the riverbed. Development of the watershed may increase not only the water discharge but also the amount of suspended sediments. The aggradation reduced the carrying capacity of the channel and caused sediment ladened water to flood over the wetlands. The fine sediment accumulated on the wetlands gradually altered the edaphic conditions and wetland vegetation. A low percentage (10 to 15%) of organic contents of wetlands' soil is more evidence indicating that the present condition is far different from normal. Original vegetation such as sedges and Alnus japonica were disappearing from the adjacent areas of the river channel and were being replaced by willow trees (Salix spp.).     

九龙江口南港水位变化分析

根据石码站1980年以来多年潮位统计资料,分析九龙江口南港潮位变化及其原因．结果表明,近十多年来,南港低潮位持续下降,而高潮位变化不大,2005年平均潮差达4．0m以上．大量挖取砂和径流量减少是导致低水位下降的主要原因．南港已成为受潮汐影响明显的河口潮流段,其深度基准面应按照海区性质,选用理论最低湖面．     

调水调沙以来黄河尾闾河道冲淤演变及其影响因素

2002年开始的黄河调水调沙改变了进入黄河口的水沙条件,必然引起尾闾河道地貌的显著调整.根据黄河尾闾河道利津以下的断面实测高程数据,建立基于正交曲线网格的河道DEM,结合河床形态与水沙条件变化,综合研究黄河尾闾河道冲淤的时空演变及其影响因素.结果表明,调水调沙以来尾闾河道冲刷明显,2002-2017年累计冲刷6240万...