Advances in Urban Meteorological Research in China

Over the past decades, a large number of studies have been carried out in the field of urban meteorology in China. This paper summarizes the main progress in urban meteorology research from four aspects: urban meteorological observation network and field campaign, multi-scale model of urban meteorology, interaction between urban meteorology and atmospheric environment, and the impacts of urbanization on weather and climate. Major advances are as follows. China’s major cities have established or are improving comprehensive urban meteorological observation networks characterized by multi-platform, multi-variable, multi-scale, multi-link, and multi-function. Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, and other cities carried out urban meteorological field campaigns, which were included in the WMO research demonstration project. Wind tunnel experiments and scale-model outdoor experiments were successfully conducted. Multi-scale urban meteorological and air quality prediction numerical model systems have been developed and put into operational use. The urban heat island effect; urban impacts on precipitation, regional climate, and air quality; urban planning; and interaction between urban meteorology and atmospheric environment are extensively investigated. Finally, efforts to improve observational technology, data assimilation, and urban system modeling, to explore the impacts of urbanization on environment and human health, and to provide integrated urban hydro-meteorological climate and environmental services are planned ahead.     

The multi-scale numerical modeling system for research on the relationship between urban planning and meteorological environment

Considering the urban characteristics, a customized multi-scale numerical modeling system is established to simulate the urban meteorological environment.THE system mainly involves three spatial scales;the urban scale, urban sub-domain scale, and single to few buildings scale. In it, different underlying surface types are employed, the building drag factor is used to replace its roughness in the influence on the urban wind field, the effects of building distribution, azimuth and screening of shortwave radiation are added, and the influence of anthropogenic heating is also taken into account. All the numerical tests indicate that the simulated results are reasonably in agreement with the observational data, so the system can be used to simulate the urban meteorological environment. Making use of it, the characteristics of the meteorological environment from the urban to urban sub-domain scales, even the among-buildings scale,can be recognized. As long as the urban planning scheme is given, the corresponding simulated results can be obtained so as to meet the need of optimizing urban planning.     

城市气象研究进展

中国数十年来在城市气象研究这一新兴学科领域开展了大量研究并获得了多方面的丰硕成果。文中从城市气象观测网与观测试验、城市气象多尺度模式、城市气象与大气环境相互影响、城市化对天气气候的影响等4个方面论述了城市气象的主要研究进展:中国各大城市已建立或正在完善具有多平台、多变量、多尺度、多重链接、多功能等特点的城市气象综合观测网;北京、南京、上海等地开展了大型城市气象观测科学试验,被世界气象组织列入研究示范项目;成功开展了风洞实验、缩尺度外场实验研究;建立了多尺度城市气象和空气质量预报数值模式,并应用于业务;在城市热岛效应、城市对降水影响、城市气象与城市规划、城市化对区域气候及空气质量的影响、城市气象与大气环境相互作用等研究领域取得长足进展。最后指出,未来需要重点从新观测技术及观测资料同化应用、城市系统模式研究、城市化对天气气候的影响机理、城市化对大气环境和人体健康的影响、城市水文气象气候与环境综合服务等方面开展科学研究与应用,为中国城市化、生态文明建设、防灾减灾和应对气候变化等国家需求提供科技支撑。     

城市气象研究动向的思考

基于近年来城市气象观测与模拟研究的最新进展,展望了城市气象未来的发展方向和重点研究领域,主要包括以下六个方面：城市气象数值模拟、新观测技术及同化应用、观测与数值模拟互动、城市化对天气气候影响机理、城市气候资源利用与热岛效应减缓措施,以及城市化对大气环境及人体健康的影响。指出了城市冠层模式发展、城市水文过程及城市降水、城市边界层及其他模式物理过程和模式评估等方面亟需解决的关键科学问题。     

Building morphological characteristics and their effect on the wind in Beijing

An urban boundary layer model (UBLM) is improved by incorporating the effect of buildings with a sectional drag coefficient and a height-distributed canopy drag length scale. The improved UBLM is applied to simulate the wind fields over three typical urban blocks over the Beijing area with different height-to-width ratios. For comparisons, the wind fields over the same blocks are simulated by an urban sub-domain scale model resolving the buildings explicitly. The wind fields simulated from the two different methods are in good agreement. Then, two-dimensional building morphological characteristics and urban canopy parameters for Beijing are derived from detailed building height data. Finally, experiements are conducted to investigate the effect of buildings on the wind field in Beijing using the improved UBLM.     

基于多元数据的城市工业布局气候适宜性评估——以淄博为例

本文以淄博市城市发展战略规划（2017—2030年）为例,开展了基于多元数据的城市工业布局气候适宜性评估。基于气象、遥感、环保等多元资料,对城市规划密切相关的风环境、热环境、大气环境等进行了综合分析。结果表明：研究区主导风向和风速大小存在一定空间差异,北部的桓台和临淄的主导风路径多以东—西为主,其余地区以南—北路径为主,临淄的东部地区和淄川的中部地区为常年风速大值区,而周村、张店的大部分地区和博山的南部区域为风速小值区;城市热岛范围随时间扩张明显,以两轴区域为核心,呈蔓延式发展,较强以上等级热岛面积由2009年的405 km2发展至2016年的918 km2,其中张店区的增幅速度最快;敏感性模拟试验显示,易在山前出现污染汇聚带,PM2.5污染物高浓度主要分布在淄博的中北部平原地区,而市域北部和东部区域的污染扩散条件相对较好,各区域工业排放大气污染物的扩散特征主要受不同区域的主导风影响,其中淄川北部与张店南部的污染物扩散易对整个中心城区产生较大影响。综合考虑以上风环境、热环境、大气环境的分析结果,将规划区进行大气环境敏感区等级划分,明确了5类区域的工业布局气候适宜性,从改善局地气候与大气环境角度提出规划建议,为合理配置土地功能、优化工业布局提供了科学支撑。     

城市中水体布局对大气环境的影响

城市下垫面状况在很大程度上决定城市大气物理环境的特征。在城市区域增加湿地等自然地表有利于城市的减温增湿,促使局地流场发生变化,改善局地微气象条件以及大气物理环境。城市规划大气物理环境多尺度数值模拟系统为城市规划大气物理环境定量评估提供了有效的模拟工具。利用该系统中的城市尺度模式模拟了水体布局为集中型和分散型,水体面积占有率分别为4%、8%、12%和16%条件下,城市大气温度、湿度、风速、城市大气扩散条件的变化及其对城市大气环境的影响,利用北京市城市水体气象观测数据,分析了水体周边和商业区、交通区温、湿度的差异,并对模式模拟结果进行了验证,揭示了城市水体布局对城市大气物理环境影响的可能机制。模拟和观测结果显示,城市水体布局会对城市微气象环境产生一定影响。无论分散型或集中型布局,城市水体面积的增加,都在一定程度上使城市气温降低、湿度增加、平均风速增大。比较而言,分散型水体布局对城市区域微气象环境的影响更为显著。     

甘肃省城市环境气象工作的进展与设想

“九五”期间 ,甘肃省城市环境气象工作先后开展了兰州生活气象指数、紫外线、医疗气象、空气质量等方面的预报业务服务工作 ,并建立了甘肃省省级城市专业气象服务系统。提出“十五”以后城市环境气象工作的设想 ,要加快城市环境气象监测系统的建设 ;加强城市环境气象基础性工作的研究 ;加大城市精细预报技术的研究 ;扩大城市环境气象工作的范围和领域     

Computational Fluid Dynamical Modelling of Concentration Fluctuations in an Idealized Urban Area

Turbulent mixing induces variability in concentration that is important in many applications, such as reactive plumes, risk assessments or odour impact analyses (when the effects can have time scales on the order of a second). In urban canopies, the variability may be modified by the presence of buildings. Our purpose is to study concentration fluctuation variance in built-up areas using an Eulerian approach. We performed numerical simulations with the computational fluid dynamics model Mercure_Saturne, which is a three-dimensional model adapted to atmospheric flow and pollutant dispersion. We use a k − ϵ turbulence closure and predict the concentration variance with a transport equation model. The model performance is evaluated with the near-full scale experiment MUST (Mock Urban Setting Test), a field experiment conducted in Utah’s West Desert Test Center. The modelled root-mean-square of the concentration fluctuations is compared to measurements for 20 of the MUST trials. The model shows good agreement with the measurements, with the fraction of predictions within a factor of two of observations of 60.1%, with better results for horizontal lines of detectors than for the detectors on vertical masts (with fractions of predictions within a factor of two of observations of respectively 66.4% and 52.6%). The influence of different parameters on the fluctuation variance is also studied and we show the importance of taking into account the stability of the stratification when modelling the turbulent kinetic energy.     

三维城市地表反射率计算模式

地表反射率是控制地表能量平衡的一个重要参数。城市建筑物的分布具有较大的不均一性,这不仅给地基观测城市地表反射率带来了很大困难,数值模拟城市地表反射率也是非常困难的。作者开发了一个三维城市地表反射率模式city_photo,该方法结合了蒙特卡洛方法和几何光学方法的优点,具有较高的精度和较快的计算速度。通过引入城市地图的概念,该模式能够计算具有不同结构的城市的地表反射率。2002至2004年晴空MODIS（MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,中分辨率成像光谱辐射计）1~7通道可见光和近红外通道地表反射率资料被用来检验模式的有效性,位于北京朝阳区的中国科学院大气物理研究所的AERONET站点观测得到气溶胶光学特性和水汽资料,6S（Second Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum）大气辐射传输模式被用来对其进行大气订正。模式计算的北京城市地表反射率个例与MODIS 7个通道地表反射率观测结果具有很高的相关性,相关系数在0.80~0.93之间,说明模式能够较好地模拟城市地表反射率随太阳和观测角度的变化情况。最后讨论了城市结构对城市地表反射率的影响。     

Combining a Detailed Building Energy Model with a Physically-Based Urban Canopy Model

A scheme that couples a detailed building energy model, EnergyPlus, and an urban canopy model, the Town Energy Balance (TEB), is presented. Both models are well accepted and evaluated within their individual scientific communities. The coupled scheme proposes a more realistic representation of buildings and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, which allows a broader analysis of the two-way interactions between the energy performance of buildings and the urban climate around the buildings. The scheme can be used to evaluate the building energy models that are being developed within the urban climate community. In this study, the coupled scheme is evaluated using measurements conducted over the dense urban centre of Toulouse, France. The comparison includes electricity and natural gas energy consumption of buildings, building façade temperatures, and urban canyon air temperatures. The coupled scheme is then used to analyze the effect of different building and HVAC system configurations on building energy consumption, waste heat released from HVAC systems, and outdoor air temperatures for the case study of Toulouse. Three different energy efficiency strategies are analyzed: shading devices, economizers, and heat recovery.     

城市建筑布局要素对区域热环境影响的ENVI-met模拟与分析——以南京江北新区部分区域为例

开展城市建筑物方位、高度等建筑布局要素对局地热环境时空变化的影响研究,对于合理的城市规划布局具有重要理论意义与实践参考价值。采用ENVI-met微气候模式,在南京江北新区顶山街道某区域微气候模拟的基础上,选择一个二类居住用地并设计不同的建筑布局要素作为规划场景,模拟分析了建筑物高度与建筑间距之比（H/W）、建筑布局变化对区域热环境的影响。结果表明：ENVI-met能够以较高精度模拟2 m高度气温;H/W与建筑布局形式都会影响区域热环境,适当增加H/W可在一定程度上降低夏季气温,H/W为1.4时的热环境更为舒适,而不同建筑布局形式下的不同区域温度差异较大。     

城市气象研究国际前沿动态综述

通过梳理2018年8月在美国纽约举行的第十届城市气候国际会议主要研究成果,分类汇总了城市气象研究的最新国际进展与发展趋势,包括城市气候过程、城市环境下气候变化适应与应对、气候条件下城市规划和管理、最新城市气象探测技术、城市环境数值模拟、大城市气候、城市遥感、城市地区极端天气等方面。在此基础上,根据我国城市化发展特性,探讨了我国城市气象研究的未来发展方向。     

A microscale model for air pollutant dispersion simulation in urban areas: Presentation of the model and performance over a single building

A microscale air pollutant dispersion model system is developed for emergency response purposes. The model includes a diagnostic wind field model to simulate the wind field and a random-walk air pollutant dispersion model to simulate the pollutant concentration through consideration of the influence of urban buildings. Numerical experiments are designed to evaluate the model's performance, using CEDVAL(Compilation of Experimental Data for Validation of Microscale Dispersion Models) wind tunnel experiment data, including wind fields and air pollutant dispersion around a single building. The results show that the wind model can reproduce the vortexes triggered by urban buildings and the dispersion model simulates the pollutant concentration around buildings well. Typically, the simulation errors come from the determination of the key zones around a building or building cluster. This model has the potential for multiple applications; for example, the prediction of air pollutant dispersion and the evaluation of environmental impacts in emergency situations; urban planning scenarios;and the assessment of microscale air quality in urban areas.     

A Simple Model for Spatially-averaged Wind Profiles Within and Above an Urban Canopy

This paper deals with the modelling of the flow in the urban canopy layer. It critically reviews a well-known formula for the spatially-averaged wind profile, originally proposed by Cionco in 1965, and provides a new interpretation for it. This opens up a number of new applications for modelling mean wind flow over the neighbourhood scale. The model is based on a balance equation between the obstacle drag force and the local shear stress as proposed by Cionco for a vegetative canopy. The buildings within the canopy are represented as a canopy element drag formulated in terms of morphological parameters such as λ _f and λ _p (the ratios of plan area and frontal area of buildings to the lot area). These parameters can be obtained from the analysis of urban digital elevation models. The shear stress is parameterised using a mixing length approach. Spatially-averaged velocity profiles for different values of building packing density corresponding to different flow regimes are obtained and analysed. The computed solutions are compared with published data from wind-tunnel and water-tunnel experiments over arrays of cubes. The model is used to estimate the spatially-averaged velocity profile within and above neighbourhood areas of real cities by using vertical profiles of λ _f .     

多层城市冠层模式的建立及数值试验研究

为在城市气象数值模拟中更好地体现由城市发展引起的下垫面土地利用改变及人为活动对大气过程的影响,建立了基于建筑物三维分布的多层城市冠层模式,冠层内动力方程组考虑了建筑物冠层拖曳力的作用及雷诺应力的影响,通过引入建筑物宽度、间距以及垂直分布密度指数等建筑物形态特征参数,以更好地体现城市复杂地表对大气温度、湿度及动量方程的影响.同时,该模式分屋顶、4个侧壤及地面分别考虑辐射及能量平衡求解表面温度,计算各表面与大气的通量交换,并考虑辐射阴影效应、冠层内部各个面之间的可视因子、以及与冠层内建筑物密度指数、可视因子等相关的多重反射辐射导致的辐射截陷作用.模式的离线检验结果表明:(1)冠层模式计算风廓线与风洞实验测量数据吻合良好;(2)离线冠层模式能够模拟实际小区的风速、温度垂直廓线,并能够较好地体现小区内气温日变化.冠层模式与区域边界层模式耦合检验结果表明:(1)耦合模拟的近地面(2 m处)气温及地表温度的结果明显优于传统的水泥平板方案,尤其是在夜间,水泥平板方案与实测气温最大偏差4 K左右,耦合模拟方案为1-2 K;(2)耦合模拟方案考虑了建筑物对冠层之上的拖曳力影响以及建筑物形态结构对雷诺应力的影响,风速(10 m处)计算结果与观测值相差约在1 m/s,水泥平板方案偏差3 m/s左右.     

Influence of Thermal Effects on the Wind Field Within the Urban Environment

Micrometeorological conditions in the vicinity of urban buildings strongly influence the requirements that are imposed on building heating and cooling. The goal of the present study, carried out within the Advance Tools for Rational Energy Use towards Sustainability (ATREUS) European research network, is the evaluation of the wind field around buildings with walls heated by solar radiation. Two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes were validated against extensive wind-tunnel observations to assess the influence of thermal effects on model performance. The code selected from this validation was used to simulate the wind and temperature fields for a summer day in a specific region of the city of Lisbon. For this study, the meteorological data produced by a non-hydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric model (MM5) were used as boundary conditions for a CFD code, which was further applied to analyze the effects of local roughness elements and thermodynamic conditions on the air flow around buildings. The CFD modelling can also provide the inflow parameters for a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, used to evaluate the building energy budgets and to predict performance of the air-conditioning system. The main finding of the present three-dimensional analyses is that thermal forcing associated with the heating of buildings can significantly modify local properties of the air flow.     

复杂地形城市冬季边界层对气溶胶辐射效应的响应

作者着眼于城市气溶胶辐射效应与大气边界层的相互作用问题,针对地形复杂的兰州市及周边地区,开发应用了WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting,天气研究和预报)模式,使之与包含了大气气溶胶辐射效应和气溶胶粒子扩散的综合大气边界层数值模式嵌套起来.通过个例分析,揭示了冬季气溶胶辐射效应对边界层结构的定量影响.主要特征为夜间气溶胶的长波辐射效应使地面附近的气温增高,增温幅度为0.1～0.3 K/h,使低空(25～300 m)大气层冷却,降温幅度为0.08～0.15 K/h,风速在150 m以下减小;白天气溶胶的短波辐射效应使地面层内明显增温,1 h内升温约0.5 K,增温最大值在混合层顶500～600 m高度.受增温影响,垂直风场和水平风场随之调整,风速在450 m以下增大约0.1 m/s左右,而在450 m以上风速减小0.1 m/s左右.     

城市空气污染预报方法简述

概括论述了城市空气污染预报的基本方法(潜势预报、统计预报和数值预报)、数值预报的主要特征(空间尺度与预报时效、高分辨率、多化学物质、理化生过程耦合、污染气象与污染物排放特征)及其用于天津和沈阳等城市的空气污染数值预报模式系统(σ中尺度和β中尺度气象预报模式与城市空气污染预报模式)。     

天津市夏季最大电力负荷过程个例分析

用天气学方法分析了天津市2002--2005年夏季最大电力负荷过程的天气背景场、气象要素场和人体舒适度指数。结果显示,在电力负荷上升阶段,高空由低压槽转为高压脊,副热带高压逐步北抬,地面气压、气温回升,风力减小;峰值阶段,副热带高压完全控制华北地区,地面均压,最高气温多日维持在35℃以上,综合反映气温、相对湿度和风速的舒适度指数超过1200。当高空槽再次临近,副热带高压南撤退出天津地区,强降水过程出现,气温、气压急剧下降,电力负荷极值过程宣告结束。分析表明,夏季最大电力负荷过程与天气系统的高低空配置、气象要素、舒适度指数存在一定规律性。