Analysis of undrained cavity expansion in elasto‐plastic soils with non‐linear elasticity

A large strain analysis of undrained expansion of a spherical/cylindrical cavity in a soil modelled as non‐linear elastic modified Cam clay material is presented. The stress–strain response of the soil is assumed to obey non‐linear elasticity until yielding. A power‐law characteristic or a hyperbolic stress–strain curve is used to describe the gradual reduction of soil stiffness with shear strain. It is assumed that, after yielding, the elasto‐plastic behaviour of the soil can be described by the modified Cam clay model. Based on a closed‐form stress–strain response in undrained condition, a numerical solution is obtained with the aid of simple numerical integration technique. The results show that the stresses and the pore pressure in the soil around an expanded cavity are significantly affected by the non‐linear elasticity, especially if the soil is overconsolidated. The difference between large strain and small strain solutions in the elastic zone is not significant. The stresses and the pore pressure at the cavity wall can be expressed as an approximate closed‐form solution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

亚塑性理论简介

简要介绍了亚塑性理论和亚塑性本构模型以及在颗粒材料力学分析上的应用。详细地介绍了亚塑性模型参数的确定方法。亚塑性本构模型不是从弹塑性理论发展而来,它是以非线性张量为基础,没有屈服面、塑性势、流动法则、硬化定律以及把变形分解为弹性和塑性部分等概念。亚塑性在很多方面具有一定的优越性,特别是涉及到应力水平非常低或者非常高的情况。     

基于统一状态参数模型的砂中柱孔扩张分析

目前关于不同初始状态砂土砂中柱孔扩张的研究结果还缺乏更深层次的分析,并且由于没有考虑砂土屈服面形状因素的影响,造成许多研究成果难以在不同类型砂土中推广。采用统一状态参数模型（clay and sand model,CASM）和Rowe剪胀方程来描述砂的弹塑性变形特点,结合大变形理论并引入辅助变量,推导了基于拉格朗日描述的弹塑性区内砂土体积和有效应力的一阶偏微分方程组,在此基础上结合弹塑性区的边界条件和柱孔扩张弹性解,建立了饱和砂中的排水柱孔扩张半解析解。结果表明,CASM可以通过改变应力状态参数n和间距比r*的值使砂的屈服面形状发生改变,进而使文中解答能够用于不同类型饱和砂中的排水柱孔扩张计算,其中n、r*值越大,松砂初次屈服时的偏应力和后续砂中的扩孔压力越大,但中密、密实砂土中的情况与松砂完全相反。极限扩孔压力随砂土初始状态参数的减小而增大,相应的砂土体积也从一直剪缩变为先剪胀后剪缩,弹塑性区半径先减小后增大,硬化行为从一直硬化变为先软化后硬化。静止侧压力系数增大时,极限扩孔压力也增大,但对砂的体积变化规律影响不大。本研究可为相关岩土工程问题分析提供可靠理论支持。     

基于球孔扩张理论和侧阻力退化效应的压桩力计算模拟

根据静压桩的贯入机制,将沉桩过程模拟为半无限土体中一系列球形孔的连续扩张,土体假定为Mohr-Coulomb材料。利用球孔扩张和源-源假设理论,并采用Boussinesq解进行地面应力的修正,在此基础上分别计算出桩侧极限摩阻力和桩端阻力。通过现场试验研究发现,沉桩过程中侧摩阻力退化效应带来的影响是明显的,提出了相应的侧阻力退化公式。在充分考虑以上因素的基础上推导出了静压桩压桩力的模拟计算公式。使用Matlab6.5软件进行理论计算,并与山西太原某试验进行对比分析,一定深度以下理论值与实测数据基本吻合,证明该计算模拟是可行的。     

基于广义SMP破坏准则的柱形孔扩张问题理论分析

采用应力跌落的简化应力-应变模型考虑土的应变软化特性,同时采用简化的体积应变?v与大主应变?1及大主应变?1与小主应变?3之间的相互关系反映土的剪胀特性,根据空间准滑动面(SMP)理论和平面应变轴对称问题的柱形孔扩张基本方程,推导并给出一般黏性土中柱形孔扩张问题的应力场、应变场、位移场、塑性区半径和孔扩张压力。通过算例分析,探讨了土的剪胀因素、软化特性对孔扩张问题的影响程度。为了反映中主应力的影响,将本文解与基于Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的解答进行了比较。计算结果表明,土的剪胀性和软化特性及中主应力对孔扩张问题的影响是显著的,基于Mohr－Coulomb破坏准则的孔扩张解答往往偏于保守。     

Modelling the time‐dependent behaviour of granular material with hypoplasticity

This paper presents a constitutive model for time‐dependent behaviour of granular material. The model consists of 2 parts representing the inviscid and viscous behaviour of granular materials. The inviscid part is a rate‐independent hypoplastic constitutive model. The viscous part is represented by a rheological model, which contains a high‐order term denoting the strain acceleration. The proposed model is validated by simulating some element tests on granular soils. Our model is able to model not only the non‐isotach behaviour but also the 3 creep stages, namely, primary, secondary, and tertiary creep, in a unified way.     

考虑混凝土孔隙压实效应的球形空腔膨胀理论

根据混凝土材料动态响应的特点,将常规弹速范围内混凝土球形空腔的动态响应区域划分为弹性区、开裂区和孔隙压实区,孔隙压实区的混凝土材料采用两段式线性状态方程和考虑拉伸破坏的Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则描述。运用相似变换方法推导了球形空腔动态膨胀响应的理论表达式,采用Runge-Kutta-Felhberg数值方法给出了球形空腔动态响应的数值解。结果表明,运用该理论建立的侵彻模型与试验结果具有良好的一致性。     

一种半无限土体中圆孔扩张的分析方法

在静压桩贯入问题的研究中,常用无限土体中圆孔扩张法来模拟桩端对土体的扩张。实际上,压桩问题属于半无限问题,必须考虑从无限问题转化到半无限问题后地面边界处应力的差异。针对半无限问题中地表应力的修正,在现有研究的基础上引入了应力函数解答来求解弹性条件下半无限问题,很好地修正了地表应力,得到了相应的解答。与原有的解答相比,提出的解答能够更好地反映半无限的特性,为进一步分析压桩问题奠定了基础。     

基于广义SMP准则及应力路径法的柱孔扩张分析

柱孔扩张理论广泛用于旁压试验机制分析、沉桩挤土效应等岩土工程问题中。基于经典的Vesic孔扩张理论,采用能够考虑中主应力效应的广义SMP屈服准则,并结合有限应变理论对均质土体中柱孔扩张问题进行分析,根据应力路径假设提出确定塑性区平均体应变的解析步骤。通过大量变参数计算给出具有不同刚度指标 、泊松比 和内摩擦角 的土中柱孔扩张极限状态下的塑性区平均体应变、孔扩张半径比和孔扩张系数。分析结果表明, 、 、 越大,塑性区平均体应变越小,塑性区半径比越大,孔扩张系数越大;随着 增加, 的变化对孔扩张系数的影响更显著。同时,将结果与基于Mohr-Coulomb准则的孔扩张解答进行比较,探讨不同土性参数时中主应力效应对孔扩张系数的影响。文中分析方法及给出的考虑中主应力效应的柱孔扩张系数表可为原位试验分析及桩侧摩阻力估算提供参考。     

Undrained expansion analyses of a cylindrical cavity in anisotropic sands incorporating the SANISAND model

Soils are known to be inherently anisotropic, resulting in complex responses to loading. This paper aims to develop an elastoplastic solution for the undrained expansion of a cylindrical cavity in sands adopting a non-associated and anisotropic model, SANISAND. The rigorous derivation of the stress-strain state of the soil element is provided following a standardized solving procedure. The dilatancy and crushing of the soil are invoked in the three-dimensional cavity expansion solution by adopting the critical state soil mechanics and limiting compression curve, respectively. By combining this with a governing equation that considers the undrained condition, the stress-strain state of the surrounding soil around the cavity can be determined. A subroutine is then implemented into the ABAQUS FEM simulation to verify the solution. The solutions are also validated against those based on an isotropic model, and anisotropic sand is used to investigate the effects of the initial effective mean stress, at-rest coefficient of earth pressure, and overconsolidation ratio on the stress distribution, stress path, and boundary surfaces.     

基于统一强度理论的柱形孔扩张问题研究

考虑了岩土材料的软化和剪胀特性,利用空间轴对称问题的统一强度理论分析了柱形孔扩张问题,求出了岩土材料在柱形孔扩张时的应力场、应变场、位移场和最终扩张压力的统一解表达式。对蒋明镜-沈珠江扩孔公式从不同的方面作了论述。通过算例分析了岩土材料的软化和剪胀特性以及统一强度理论参数对应力场、位移场和扩张压力的影响。已有的关于该问题的Tresca解和Mohr-Coulomb解均为本文的一个特例。     

基于SMP准则柱孔扩张问题相似解

以柱孔扩张理论为基础,将柱孔扩张后塑性区半径b作为时间刻度,引入扩孔速度概念,将塑性区内任意一点的应力、应变描述成塑性区半径b和柱孔扩张后扩张体单元距孔心距离r的函数,采用平面应变条件下无黏性土的SMP准则和不相关联流动法则,考虑到无黏性土的剪胀性,推导出柱孔扩张后极限扩张力 的相似解。通过参数分析表明,土体强度和剪胀性对塑性区半径和极限扩张力产生很大的影响,即随着土体强度和剪胀性的增加,极限扩张力明显增加,相应塑性区半径却随之减小。通过与基于摩尔-库仑准则解答进行对比分析表明,考虑中间主应力影响的SMP准则所得到的极限扩张力明显高于基于摩尔-库仑准则的解答。该解答为无黏性土中进行静力触探（CPT）试验和静压桩等岩土工程问题提供必要的理论依据。     

饱和土体小孔扩张问题的弹塑性解析解

将土体在圆孔扩张过程中的应力分布分为三个区域，基于修正剑桥模型，推导了圆孔扩张过程中土体在三个区域的超孔隙水压力的解析表达式，对比分析了固结比对土体中应力分布的影响。分析推导可为沉桩、旁压试验、静力触探等岩土工程问题提供理论依据。     

Two-dimensional elastoplastic analysis of cylindrical cavity problems in Tresca materials

This paper presents analytical elastic-plastic solutions for static stress loading analysis and quasi-static expansion analysis of a cylindrical cavity in Tresca materials, considering biaxial far-field stresses and shear stresses along the inner cavity wall. The two-dimensional static stress solution is obtained by assuming that the plastic zone is statically determinate and using the complex variable theory in the elastic analysis. A rigorous conformal mapping function is constructed, which predicts that the elastic-plastic boundary is in an elliptic shape under biaxial in situ stresses, and the range of the plastic zone extends with increasing internal shear stresses. The major axis of the elliptical elastic-plastic boundary coincides with the direction of the maximum far-field compression stress. Furthermore, considering the internal shear stresses, an analytical large-strain displacement solution is derived for continuous cavity expansion analysis in a hydrostatic initial stress filed. Based on the derived analytical stress and displacement solutions, the influence of the internal shear stresses on the quasi-static cavity expansion process is studied. It is shown that additional shear stresses could reduce the required normal expansion pressure to a certain degree, which partly explains the great reduction of the axial soil resistance due to rotations in rotating cone penetration tests. In addition, through additionally considering the potential influences of biaxial in situ stresses and shear stresses generated around the borehole during drillings, an improved cavity expansion approach for estimating the maximum allowable mud pressure of horizontal directional drillings (HDDs) in undrained clays is proposed and validated.     

压力控制的圆孔扩张数值模拟分析

受沉积历史的影响,实际工程中土体的初始应力往往呈各向异性,此时传统圆孔扩张理论的假定条件不再成立,故其适用性也受到限制。借助于FLAC有限差分数值软件,建立了以压力为圆孔扩张边界的二维圆孔扩张模型,从圆孔的变形、孔周土屈服范围、圆孔扩张产生的超静孔水压力分布等方面进行分析,获得在初始应力各向异性的条件下压力控制圆孔扩张过程土体响应规律。计算分析结果表明,初始应力各向异性时,压力控制的圆孔扩张孔口径向位移、塑性区分布、超静孔隙水压力影响范围各个方向不相等;塑性区的分布具有明显的方向性,塑性区最大半径位于孔周土体初始大主应力方向上,并且其值比在相同的扩张压力作用下各向同性初始应力条件下的塑性区半径大,因此传统的初始等应力条件下位移控制的圆孔扩张理论用于分析各向异性初始应力的工程是偏于不安全的。     

静压桩贯入地基的球孔扩张-滑动摩擦计算模式

针对静力压桩的特点,将沉桩过程中的侧摩阻力和端阻力分开计算,建立了一种新的计算模式,即球孔扩张-滑动摩擦模式。编制了计算程序,对桩端土按球形孔扩张计算;对桩侧土按滑动摩擦计算。算例证明,该计算模式是可行的。     

基于能量耗散的球孔扩张理论解答

以空间准滑动面（SMP）准则为基础,推导了扩底桩扩孔压力的理论解。从能量耗散的角度分析球孔扩张的全过程,利用应力不变量推导了符合球孔扩张的屈服准则;化简微分方程得到了弹塑性区应力表达式,进而求出位移、应变表达式;分别利用体积守恒和能量守恒性推导出扩孔压力的表达式。该法考虑了塑性区弹性变形,并得到了扩孔压力p、塑性区半径R与扩孔半径a的关系。算例分析表明,该方法计算的扩孔压力与现场试验得出的结果较好地吻合,塑性区半径和扩孔压力均随扩孔半径的增加而增大,但增幅逐渐减小而趋于稳定值,剪胀角对塑性区半径和扩孔压力影响显著,随着剪胀角的增加,塑性区半径和扩孔压力明显增加。     

基于应变梯度理论的砂土中扩孔闭合解

扩孔理论作为一种简单适用的理论工具,目前已经被广泛用于隧道、土工原位测试、桩基和锚定板承载力设计等岩土工程问题的研究中。现有扩孔理论无法考虑土体小半径扩孔的尺寸效应问题,以砂土中的圆柱孔和球孔扩张为研究对象,基于应变梯度塑性理论,引入能够考虑土体尺寸效应的力学参数——土体特征长度l并给出解释,同时考虑土体大变形特性,推导出能够考虑土体微观结构尺寸效应的扩孔问题闭合解。通过将土体归一化特征长度l/a0(a0为初始圆孔半径)退化为0（即不考虑尺寸效应）,将该解退化为经典不考虑尺寸效应的扩孔解答,验证了本文理论解答的正确性。同时开展参数分析,详细探讨了土体归一化特征长度l/a0、摩擦系数μ、剪胀系数β、形状系数k对压力扩张关系、孔周应力分布、孔周应变梯度、极限扩孔应力的影响规律。最后将提出的理论解答应用到微型圆锥贯入试验（micro cone penetration test,简称MCPT）等实际问题中,提出了MCPT贯入阻力的计算公式,通过跟既有试验结果对比,验证了本文理论的适用性。     

考虑物态变化的粗粒土亚塑性本构模型

建立了可描述粗粒土单调和循环力学特性的一个亚塑性本构模型。基于亚塑性理论的基本框架,引入临界状态参数,建立了一个新的粗粒土亚塑性模型,给出了数学公式及参数确定方法。采用该模型对粗粒土单调和循环加载试验进行了模拟和预测。该模型无需判断加卸载、参数较少、易于三维化,能够较全面地描述单调和循环荷载作用下粗粒土的主要力学特性,如强度与围压的非线性关系,胀缩规律与围压相关、卸载体缩、体变随加载过程累积等主要体变特性等。