北半球大气环流对北极海冰异常响应的数值试验

本文利用全球9层15波谱模式,模拟了北极海冰后退期持续异常对北半球大气环流季节变化的影响。结果表明:这种影响是明显的,它遍及近地面层,对流层和平流层等各层;波及极地——高纬——中纬——低纬整个北半球;既有同时的,又有滞后的,且还具有季节变化等特点。     

北极Ⅲ区海冰面积低频变化对北半球冬季大气环流异常的作用

北极Ⅲ区海冰面积的低频变化所引起的热力强迫作用，可以激发出ＥＡ和类似于ＷＰ的大气遥相关型。冰气系统之间存在着３￣４年的不规则振荡，在振荡过程中，它们是相互作用的。对比表明，北极Ⅲ区的重冰年和轻冰年，北半球冬季中纬度地区大气环流以及我国的天气气候特征有十分明显的差异。     

北极III区海冰面积低频变化对北半球冬季大气环流异常的作用

北极III区海冰面积的低频变化所引起的热力强迫作用，可以激发出EA和类似于WP的大气遥相关型。冰气系统之间存在着3～4年的不规则振荡，在振荡过程中，它们是相互作用的。对比表明，北极III区的重冰年和轻冰年，北半球冬季中纬度地区大气环流以及我国的天气气候特征有十分明显的差异。     

冬季赤道中东太平洋海温和北极海冰异常对大气环流影响的研究

本文从观测分析和数值试验两方面研究了冬季赤道中东太平洋海温和北极海冰覆盖面积的异常对太气环流的影响。结果表明赤道热源和极地冷源的变异是影响大气环流异常的两个重要方面因子,极地海冰变异与赤道太平洋海温异常对大气环流的影响具有同等重要的作用,必须引起足够的重视。     

2018/2019年冬季北半球大气环流特征及对我国冬季气温异常的影响

2018/2019年冬季,东亚冬季风较常年同期偏强,西伯利亚高压偏强。在北半球500 hPa高度距平场上,乌拉尔山地区为高度场正异常,贝加尔湖 巴尔喀什湖地区为高度场负异常,欧亚中高纬整体以经向型环流为主。冬季冷空气活动较频繁且强度偏强,受其影响,除东北地区、西南地区及华南地区中东部等地气温较常年同期偏高外,全国其余地区气温偏低。此外,欧亚中高纬环流季节内调整明显,导致我国气温异常表现出明显的阶段性特征。前期秋季巴伦支海 喀拉海海冰密集度偏低是造成东亚冬季风偏强的重要原因。     

七月大气环流对南极海冰异常的响应

本文用一个全球大气九层谱模式，模拟了七月份南极两个不同海区海冰区异常对大气环流的影响。主要讨论了大气环流对南极海冰异常存在的局地性的及全球性的响应。细致分析了二个区域极冰异常导致的南北半球低频波列分布的差异，以及它们对热带区域及亚洲季风区降水、越赤道气流的不同影响。最后则依据我们的模拟结果，讨论了南极海冰异常影响全球大气环流的动力学机制。     

秋季区域海冰面积异常与冬季大气环流及东亚区域气候的关系

利用北极海冰面积资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析逐月高度场、风场资料以及中国160站气温资料，探讨秋季区域海冰异常与冬季大气环流及区域气候的关系，结果表明，秋季东西伯利亚海海冰的年际变化与北半球冬季大气环流及东亚冬季风有着密切的关系，秋季该海区海冰偏多（偏少），相应冬季东亚冬季风偏强（偏弱）；进一步分析发现秋季该海区海冰面积偏大（偏小），相应冬季中国大部地区气温明显偏低（偏高）。     

极地海冰异常对我国夏季大气环流和降水影响的数值研究

利用全球大气环流谱模式分别进行了南极和北极海冰面积异常偏大和偏小的数值试验，对６－８月的结果进行了对比分析，讨论了极地海冰异常对我国夏季大气环流和降水的可能影响。结果表明，南极或北极海冰面积异常偏大，则我国夏季风变弱，特别蝇使得南亚高压、西北太平洋副热带高压等减弱。南极海冰面积偏大使得我国黄河－长江－带地区降水减少，北极海冰面积偏大，造成我国东部地区的降水量有所减少，模拟结果与统计分析相一致。可同     

北极海冰变化对新疆冬季气温的影响研究

利用1961年12月—2022年2月新疆冬季气温、北极海冰等资料,探讨北极海冰变化影响新疆冬季气温的物理模态、影响机制。结果表明,北极海冰的变化与新疆大部冬季气温呈正相关,北极海冰变化通过改变北半球大气高低空配置进而影响新疆冬季气温。另外,不同海区的海冰变化对新疆冬季气温的影响有显著区别：格陵兰海—丹麦海峡、拉普捷夫海—东西伯利亚海海冰异常偏多时,新疆大部冬季气温偏高。巴伦支海—喀拉海、鄂霍次克海—白令海峡、哈德孙湾—戴维斯海峡海冰异常偏多时,新疆大部冬季气温偏低。     

自20世纪90年代中后期夏季巴伦支海海冰与秋季中国西南地区干旱的联系加强

研究夏季7—8月巴伦支海海冰和秋季9—11月中国西南地区干旱的年际变化的联系,并探讨了其可能机制。结果表明：1979—1997年夏季巴伦支海海冰和秋季中国西南地区干旱在年际尺度上相关不显著,但到1998—2019年,海冰和干旱指数的相关系数增长至-0.69,置信水平达到99%。当夏季7—8月巴伦支海海冰增多时,有利于秋季9—11月中国西南地区发生干旱;当夏季7—8月巴伦支海海冰减少时,则反之。进一步分析其原因可知：1998—2019年,当夏季巴伦支海海冰异常偏多时,海冰异常可以持续到秋季,导致巴伦支海表面湍流热通量负异常,新地岛以西地区的大气变得更加稳定,激发了异常下沉运动。通过异常经向环流作用,进一步促进地中海附近出现上升运动。由此产生的地中海北部对流层高层300 hPa异常辐散风激发了罗斯贝波,波列沿着55°N向东传播,在贝加尔湖地区向南传播至中国北部和西南地区,导致中国西南和华东地区上空出现异常高压,这有利于中国西南地区降水减少、温度升高,进而导致干旱发生。此外,相比于1979—1997年,1998—2019年夏季巴伦支海海冰更大的年际变率可能是导致二者联系加强的一个重要原因。     

Possible impacts of Barents Sea ice on the Eurasian atmospheric circulation and the rainfall of East China in the beginning of summer

Possible influences of the Barents Sea ice anomalies on the Eurasian atmospheric circulation and the East China precipitation distribution in the late spring and early summer (May-June) are investigated by analyzing the observational data and the output of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM).The study indicates that the sea ice condition of the Barents Sea from May to July may be interrelated with the atmospheric circulation of June. When there is more than average sea ice in the Barents Sea, the local geopotential height of the 500-hPa level will decrease, and the same height in the Lake Baikal and Okhotsk regions will increase and decrease respectively to form a wave-chain structure over North Eurasia.This kind of anomalous height pattern is beneficial to more precipitation in the south part of East China and less in the north.     

The effect of wind and temperature to phytoplankton biomass during blooming season in Barents Sea

The Barents Sea is the most productive sea in the Arctic. The main causes of phytoplankton spring blooms are studied for a decadal time period of 2003–2013 at the region of (70 °N-80 °N, 30 °E-40 °E) in Barents Sea. Due to the rapidly ice melt in the southern region (70 °N-75 °N), almost no ice left after year 2005, sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed (WIND) are two main dominant factors influencing phytoplankton blooming in the southern region. Ice melt is another important factor of phytoplankton blooming in the northern region (75 °N–80 °N). SST and CHL had positive correlations during blooming season but negative correlations during summer time. The lower SST in spring could result in earlier blooming in the region. Higher SST and higher WIND could result in later blooming. Positive NAO after April 2013 caused higher SST in 2013. Increasing WIND would cause CHL reduced accordingly. Blooming period is from late April to late May in the southern region, and 1–2 weeks later in the northern region. During blooming season, SST was less than 4 °C and WIND was less than 10 m/s. The higher winds (over 15 m/s) in early spring would brought more nutrients from bottom to surface and cause higher blooming (near 10 mg/m³ in year 2010) after WIND is reduced to 5−8 m/s. Higher WIND (around 10 m/s) could generate longer blooming period (more than a week) during late May in the southern region. Decrease of WIND and increase of melting ice, with slightly increase of SST and decrease of mixed layer depth (MLD), are all the factors of phytoplankton blooming in late spring and early summer.     

3月巴伦支海海冰对中国东部8月气温偶极子型的影响及机制研究

利用NCEP/NCAR、ERA-Interim再分析资料以及观测资料,研究了3月巴伦支海海冰异常与中国东部8月"南暖北冷"的模态的联系及可能机制.结果表明,当3月巴伦支海海冰偏多(少)时,中国东部地表气温呈现"南暖北冷"("南冷北暖")的模态,东北上空对应气旋(反气旋)异常和上升(下沉)运动异常,华南上空对应反气旋(气...     

Sensitivity of sea ice to wind-stress and radiative forcing since 1500: a model study of the Little Ice Age and beyond

Three different reconstructed wind-stress fields which take into account variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation, one general circulation model wind-stress field, and three radiative forcings (volcanic activity, insolation changes and greenhouse gas changes) are used with the UVic Earth System Climate Model to simulate the surface air temperature, the sea-ice cover, and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) since 1500, a period which includes the Little Ice Age (LIA). The simulated Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature, used for model validation, agrees well with several temperature reconstructions. The simulated sea-ice cover in each hemisphere responds quite differently to the forcings. In the Northern Hemisphere, the simulated sea-ice area and volume during the LIA are larger than the present-day area and volume. The wind-driven changes in sea-ice area are about twice as large as those due to thermodynamic (i.e., radiative) forcing. For the sea-ice volume, changes due to wind forcing and thermodynamics are of similar magnitude. Before 1850, the simulations suggest that volcanic activity was mainly responsible for the thermodynamically produced area and volume changes, while after 1900 the slow greenhouse gas increase was the main driver of the sea-ice changes. Changes in insolation have a small effect on the sea ice throughout the integration period. The export of the thicker sea ice during the LIA has no significant effect on the maximum strength of the AMOC. A more important process in altering the maximum strength of the AMOC and the sea-ice thickness is the wind-driven northward ocean heat transport. In the Southern Hemisphere, there are no visible long-term trends in the simulated sea-ice area or volume since 1500. The wind-driven changes are roughly four times larger than those due to radiative forcing. Prior to 1800, all the radiative forcings could have contributed to the thermodynamically driven changes in area and volume. In the 1800s the volcanic forcing was dominant, and during the first part of the 1900s both the insolation changes and the greenhouse gas forcing are responsible for thermodynamically produced changes. Finally, in the latter part of the 1900s the greenhouse gas forcing is the dominant factor in determining the sea-ice changes in the Southern Hemisphere.

The impact of boreal autumn SST anomalies over the South Pacific on boreal winter precipitation over East Asia

The possible mechanism behind the variability in the dipole pattern of boreal winter precipitation over East Asia is analyzed in this study. The results show that the SST anomalies(SSTAs) over the South Pacific Ocean(SPO) in boreal autumn are closely related to the variability in the dipole pattern of boreal winter precipitation over East Asia. The physical link between the boreal autumn SPO SSTAs and the boreal winter East Asian precipitation dipole pattern is shown to mainly be the seasonal persistence of the SPO SSTAs themselves. The seasonal persistence of the SPO SSTAs can memorize and transport the signal of the boreal autumn SSTAs to the following winter, and then stimulates a meridional teleconnection pattern from the SH to the NH, resulting in a meridional dipole pattern of atmospheric circulation over East Asia in boreal winter. As a major influencing factor, this dipole pattern of the atmospheric circulation can finally lead to the anomalous precipitation dipole pattern over East Asia in boreal winter. These observed physical processes are further confirmed in this study through numerical simulation. The evidence from this study, showing the impact of the SPO SSTAs in boreal autumn,not only deepens our understanding of the variability in East Asian boreal winter precipitation, but also provides a potentially useful predictor for precipitation in the region.     

Variations of sea ice temperature from CHINARE 2003 and its application on sea ice model evaluation

Variation of vertical profiles of sea ice temperature and adjacent atmosphere and ocean temperatures were measured by ice drifting buoys deployed in the northeast Chukchi Sea as part of the 2003 Chinese Arctic Research Expedition.The buoy observations (September 2003 to February 2005) show that the cooling of the ice began in late September,propagated down through the ice,reaching the bottom of the ice in December,and continued throughout the winter.In winter 2003/04,some obvious warmings were observed in the upper portion of the ice in response to major warmings in the overlying atmosphere associated with the periodicity of storms in the northeast Chukchi Sea.It is found that the melt season at the buoy site in 2004 was about 15% longer than normal.The buoy observed vertical ice temperature profiles were used as a diagnostic for sea ice model evaluation.The results show that the simulated ice temperature profiles have large discrepancies as compared with the observations.     

秋季北极海冰对中国冬季气温的影响

利用海冰资料、中国地面气候资料、环流特征量资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了秋季北极海冰变化对中国冬季平均气温、日气温变率以及异常低温天气的影响。分析结果表明,秋季北极海冰异常偏多年中国冬季常为暖冬;异常偏少年中国冬季常为冷冬,且异常低温天气出现频率更高,常发生低温灾害事件。秋季北极海冰通过影响后期的北半球极涡、东亚冬季风和西伯利亚高压进而影响中国冬季的平均气温,且通过影响冬季异常强西伯利亚高压的出现频次,影响中国冬季异常低温天气的发生频次。合成分析结果表明,秋季北极海冰异常偏少年的冬季,中国以北亚欧大陆高纬度的偏北风较强,且中国及其以北的中高纬度地区空气异常偏冷,导致极地和高纬度的冷空气易向南爆发,造成中国冬季气温偏低,异常低温天气频发。     

Sensitivity of open-water ice growth and ice concentration evolution in a coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model

A coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model is applied to investigate to what degree the area-thickness distribution of new ice formed in open water affects the ice and ocean properties. Two sensitivity experiments are performed which modify the horizontal-to-vertical aspect ratio of open-water ice growth. The resulting changes in the Arctic sea-ice concentration strongly affect the surface albedo, the ocean heat release to the atmosphere, and the sea-ice production. The changes are further amplified through a positive feedback mechanism among the Arctic sea ice, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and the surface air temperature in the Arctic, as the Fram Strait sea ice import influences the freshwater budget in the North Atlantic Ocean. Anomalies in sea-ice transport lead to changes in sea surface properties of the North Atlantic and the strength of AMOC. For the Southern Ocean, the most pronounced change is a warming along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), owing to the interhemispheric bipolar seasaw linked to AMOC weakening. Another insight of this study lies on the improvement of our climate model. The ocean component FESOM is a newly developed ocean-sea ice model with an unstructured mesh and multi-resolution. We find that the subpolar sea-ice boundary in the Northern Hemisphere can be improved by tuning the process of open-water ice growth, which strongly influences the sea ice concentration in the marginal ice zone, the North Atlantic circulation, salinity and Arctic sea ice volume. Since the distribution of new ice on open water relies on many uncertain parameters and the knowledge of the detailed processes is currently too crude, it is a challenge to implement the processes realistically into models. Based on our sensitivity experiments, we conclude a pronounced uncertainty related to open-water sea ice growth which could significantly affect the climate system sensitivity.     

秋季喀拉海海冰对2020和2021年12月京津冀冷暖反相的影响

2020/2021和2021/2022年冬季京津冀气温呈明显相反的季节内变化特征,前者前冬气温异常偏低后冬偏高,而后者前冬气温极端偏高后冬转冷。这两年前冬冷暖反相的直接原因是亚洲冬季风环流异常。2020年12月欧亚地区为典型的经向环流,西伯利亚高压偏强,乌拉尔山高压脊亦偏强,造成京津冀上空对流层中低层气温一致性偏低,而2021年12月环流形势相反。这两年冬季均处在拉尼娜背景下,但夏秋季喀拉海海冰异常有明显差异,可能是京津冀这两年前冬气温异常相反潜在的外强迫信号。统计和个例分析结果均表明,喀拉海海冰偏多易导致前冬西伯利亚高压偏弱,青藏高原地区海平面气压和亚洲大陆中纬度地区500 hPa位势高度均为正距平,不利于冷空气活动,造成2021/2022年前冬京津冀气温偏高,反之海冰偏少造成2020/2021年前冬偏冷。