共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
绿洲生态环境动态调控模型及系统概念设计应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
绿洲是荒漠中的特殊景观 ,在干旱、半干旱地理系统中有着重要的生态意义 ,是该系统中物质、能量和信息交流的主要界面。绿洲的生态环境脆弱 ,随着人类活动的加剧 ,绿洲生态系统的稳定性 ,将面临更加严峻的考验。利用先进的空间信息技术 (包括遥感和 GIS) ,可以建立绿洲生态环境动态调控系统 ,使之服务于绿洲的稳定、可持续发展。本文依据水资源的供需平衡原理和水资源利用与生态环境之间的耦合关系对基于遥感 (RS)和 GIS的绿洲生态环境动态调控的模型进行了概念设计,并在此基础上讨论了绿洲生态环境动态调控系统的设计。 相似文献
2.
中国东北三省大豆虚拟水时空分异及其影响因素研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
水资源分布不均制约了地区农业生产。从虚拟水角度研究作物需水的时空变化特征及影响因素对提高水资源的合理配置与利用效率,缓解地区水资源短缺问题具有重要参考意义。本文基于Penman-Monteith模型和GIS地统计分析工具,从虚拟水视角分析1986-2012年东北大豆生长季内的需水量变化和虚拟水时空分异特征及其影响因素。结果表明:①1986-2012年,东北地区大豆生长季增温明显,平均风速下降显著,相对湿度整体下降,日照时数有增有减,气候暖干化趋势加剧。②东北大豆生长季内需水量西南多东北少,南部地区需水量减少而北部增加。平均风速的显著下降导致大豆需水量减少,其余气象因子变化均导致需水量增加,温度变化对需水量影响最大,相对贡献率为36.9%,其次为相对湿度、日照时数和平均风速。③大豆虚拟水的空间分布整体为西多东少,虚拟水变化以下降为主(80.6%站点)。虚拟水高值区集中于东北地区西部,向东虚拟水含量降低。气候变化导致了大豆需水量的增加,进而使虚拟水上升,大豆生产变化尤其是单产增长则使得虚拟水下降,气候变化对大豆虚拟水的影响抵消了部分大豆生产变化导致的虚拟水下降。因此,针对大豆虚拟水的时空分异特征,适当调整东北地区大豆的生产布局、选取如耐高温耐旱等大豆品种以及调整灌溉、施肥等田间管理措施等是气候变化背景下提高大豆水资源利用效率的有效适应措施。 相似文献
3.
本文尝试用群智能算法中的Pareto蚁群算法(PACA)求解复杂的水资源空间优化配置问题。首先,建立了以社会、经济和生态综合效益最大的目标函数,以水质、需水和供水为约束条件的水资源空间优化配置模型,并采用局部信息素强度限制,全局信息素动态更新等策略,对PACA进行改进,使蚂蚁向信息素浓度大的优化边界移动,以提高PACA的全局搜索能力和收敛速度。本文以河南省镇平县为仿真对象,借助RS和GIS,利用改进的PACA求解水资源空间优化配置模型,得到地表水、地下水、外调水的最优配置方案和最佳经济、社会、生态效益方案。通过对PACA性能指标的分析,以及对PACA改进前后解的寻优对比,表明了PACA经过改进后能有效地求解多目标、大规模的水资源空间优化配置模型,提高了寻优性能、收敛速度和全局搜索能力。 相似文献
4.
黑河流域地处西北干旱区,水资源短缺是限制其中游绿洲农业发展、下游生态环境保护的首要原因。该流域的中游绿洲农业用水约占总用水量的80%,因此农业节水对流域发展至关重要。在干旱区绿洲农业节水探索中,众多学者主张通过节水技术来提高用水效率,而关于农业种植结构调整对农业节水影响的定量研究较少。本文采用2012年黑河流域蒸散发数据、土地利用数据、降水数据和农业经济统计数据,定量分析黑河中游主要作物需水特征和用水效率差异,尝试从调整作物种植结构角度为其绿洲农业节水提供依据。结果表明:(1)研究区4种主要作物中,玉米生长期需水量最大,其次为小麦、油菜和大麦;(2)考虑降水补给,发现大麦和油菜生长需水可很大程度上依赖降水,而小麦和玉米则需要灌溉,且玉米灌溉需水量远超小麦;(3)作物用水效率由高到低依次为大麦、油菜、小麦和玉米。从用水效率角度而言,考虑种植区位,在黑河中游适当扩大小麦种植规模更有利于提高中游农业用水效率。 相似文献
5.
6.
裴太昌 《地球科学与环境学报》1993,(4)
稀土微肥对农作物增产的神奇作用,近年来引起了人们的广泛重视。因为它除了能配合土壤正常肥效提高作物产量和品种质量外,还有保水、改土、维护生态环境、提高生物成活率、缩短成熟期、增强抗寒、防病和除虫的效果。 在粤北如利用稀土矿产资源得天独厚的优势,将稀土微肥开发应用到贫脊的石灰岩农业类型地区,定能提高农作物的产量。 相似文献
7.
数字农业——数字地球的应用之一 总被引:11,自引:2,他引:9
本文描述了数字农业的概念和内容, 目前的状态和趋势。信息技术、空间技术和微电子技术使传统农业产生了革命性的变化。数字农业是以大田耕作为基础, 以先进的高技术为支撑的集约化和信息化的农业技术系统。它是指从耕作、播种、灌溉、施肥、中耕、田间管理、植物保护、产量预测到收获、保存、管理等过程实现数字化、网络化和智能化, 应用遥感、遥测、遥控、全球定位系统和计算机等先进技术, 以及智能化的农业设备, 实现农业生产和管理的数字化。使每一平方米的土地得到最优化的使用。形成一个包括对农作物、土地、土壤从宏观到微观的监测、预测农作物生长、发育状况以及环境要素的现状和动态分析、诊断预测、耕作措施、管理方案的决策支持在内的信息农业技术系统。本文首先描述遥感和遥测技术在农业监测和预报中的作用, 介绍了GPS、GIS和自动化农机的一体化技术以及数字农业技术系统的构成。 相似文献
8.
9.
叶面积指数Leaf Area Index(LAI)作为植被生物量指标之一,耕作区LAI不仅能反映作物的长势动态,且与农业生态、作物产量密切相关.本文通过对2001-2017年中国农田区域的MODIS-LAI长时序数据进行重建,利用Mann-Kendall检验、变异系数、重心迁移模型等方法分析了中国耕作区LAI的时空变化... 相似文献
10.
唐中实 《地球信息科学学报》1998,(2):26-30
城市演变模拟是全球变化研究中的一个重要内容。将澳门地区的历史GIS数据和SPOT数据相结合,用GIS+RS一体化技术模拟澳门二十世纪城市演变特征,以重建澳门城市在二十世纪中的演变过程。该内容的研究对澳门地区的持续发展有重要意义。同时,该研究中提出的GIS+RS一体化技术方案,也将丰富环境动态演变模拟的方法技术。 相似文献
11.
A dynamic model for exploring water-resource management scenarios in an inland arid area: Shanshan County,Northwestern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Water scarcity is a challenge in many arid and semi-arid regions; this may lead to a series of environmental problems and could be stressed even further by the effects from climate change. This study focused on the water resource management in Shanshan County, an inland arid region located in northwestern China with a long history of groundwater overexploitation. A model of the supply and demand system in the study area from 2006 to 2030, including effects from global climate change, was developed using a system dynamics (SD) modeling tool. This SD model was used to 1) explore the best water-resource management options by testing system responses under various scenarios and 2) identify the principal factors affecting the responses, aiming for a balance of the groundwater system and sustainable socio-economic development. Three causes were identified as primarily responsible for water issues in Shanshan: low water-use efficiency, low water reuse, and increase in industrial water demand. To address these causes, a combined scenario was designed and simulated, which was able to keep the water deficiency under 5% by 2030. The model provided some insights into the dynamic interrelations that generate system behavior and the key factors in the system that govern water demand and supply. The model as well as the study results may be useful in water resources management in Shanshan and may be applied, with appropriate modifications, to other regions facing similar water management challenges. 相似文献
12.
THE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE WATER—SAVING POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The Hexi Corridor is an important base of agriculture development in Northwest China. According to recent statistics, there
are 65.94×108m3 of water resources available in the Hexi Corridor. At present, net consumption in development and utilization is 43.33×108m3. Water supply and demand reach a balance on the recent level of production, but loss of evaporation and evapotranspiration
is as much as 25.69×108m3. So net use efficiency of water resources is 59%. Based on analyzing balance between water and land considering ecological
environment at present, there exists the serious water shortage in the Shiyang River system where irrigation lands have overloaded.
There is a comparative balance between supply and demand of water resource in the Heihe River system; and the Sule River system
has some surplus water to extend irrigation land. Use of agriculture water accounts for 83.3% and ecological forest and grass
for 6.9%. The Hexi Corridor still has a great potential for water saving in agriculture production. Water-saving efficiency
of irrigation is about 10% by using such traditional technologies as furrow and border-dike irrigation and small check irrigation,
and water-saving with plastic film cover and techniques of advanced sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation etc. cansave more
than 60% of irrigated water. Incremental irrigation area for water-saving potential in the Hexi Corridor has been estimated
as 56% – 197% to original irrigation area. So the second water sources can be developed from water saving agriculture in the
Hexi Corridor under Development of the Western Part of China in large scale. This potential can be realized step by step through
developing the water-saving measures, improving the ecological condition of oasis agriculture, and optimizing allocation of
water resources in three river systems.
Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Key innovation Project Engineering of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZcx-1-10-03)
Biography: GAO Qian-zhao (1942 –), male, a native of Changzhou, Jiangsu, Professor and supervisor of Ph. D students. His research
interests include hydrology and rational utilization of water resources in the arid zone. 相似文献
13.
CONSTRAINING FACTORS TO SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR COUNTERMEASURES IN CHINA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ZHAIJin-liang FENGRen-guo XIAJun 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2003,13(4):310-316
This paper discusses the constraining factors to sustainable utilization of water resources in China,and the countermeasures to realize sustainable water utilization.The result of comprehensive analysis shows that constraining factors to sustainable utilization of water resources in China are complicated, including physical geographi cal factors and socio-economic factors, such as uneven distribution of water resources at temporal and spatial scales,inappropriate institutional arrangement and non-water-saving and non-water-conservation production and life mode.The countermeasures against constraining factors to water resources sustainable development are put forward as follows: l) using wetlands and forests, and through spatial conversion to realize temporally sustainable supply of water resources; 2) transferring water between basins and areas and developing various water resources in water shortagearea; 3) establishing water-saving society; 4) strengthening water pollution control and water resources protection;and 5) establishing unified water resources management mechanism. 相似文献
14.
15.
northeastern China is an important old industrial base in China. Mineral resources are the foundation of industry development. However, because of long-term exploitation of mineral resources in northeastern China, the mineral resources reserves decrease gradually and some mineral resources are nearly exhausted, which restricts revitalization and sustainable development of the northeast old industrial base. On the basis of the comprehensive analysis of development and utilization status of mineral resources and supply and demand situation of main mineral resources in northeastern China, the authors put forward countermeasures on main mineral resources sustainable supply in northeastern China. 相似文献
16.
17.
18.
Energysupplyisadeterminantfactor to the developmentand the prosperity of a modern society. China is one ofthe largest energy consumers andproducersin the world,and energy supply and its security in the country aregreat issues concerned not onlybytheChina … 相似文献